Kami Export - Minh Le - CA Intersession Earth Science A Credit 5 SS

Rev.
5/3/2018
Earth Science A Summer Intersession

Credit 5: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions
Course Information
Teacher Contact Information

Supervising Teacher – Science Teacher –
Phone Number – Phone Number –
E-mail – E-mail –
Hours Available – Hours Available –
Tutoring Hours – Days and Times –
Tutor Names –
Grading Scale
Mark A B C D INC Indicator Points
Value 100 – 89 – 79 – 69 – 59 –
Assessment 50
90% 80% 70% 60% 0%
Homework 50
Total 100
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Lab Wherever this icon is placed students know that they need to perform a lab.
Review This provides the student with a reminder that they need to answer
questions.
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Textbook This icon lets the student know they will be reading out of the text.
Reading
Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 1

Rev. 5/3/2018
CREDIT 5A: PLATE TECTONICS AND LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM

INTERACTIONS
Learning Goals for this Credit
Develop a valid scientific conclusion, assess its validity and limitations and determine future course of actions
to inspire further questions.
Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.
Lesson Title Assignments

INTRODUCTION 
5.1 Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics  Connect to Prior Knowledge
 Exploration Activity
 Reading and Questions
 Videos (optional)
 Colorful Convection Currents Lab
 Review Questions
5.2 Reshaping Earth’s Crust  Connect to Prior Knowledge
 Shear Strain in New Zealand
5.3 Mountains, Volcanoes, and  Connect to Prior Knowledge
Earthquakes  Exploration Activity
 Earthquake Maps
ASSESSMENT  Complete Lab-Based Performance Task
Credit Materials
Materials Needed Technology Needs
 Pen  Internet
 HMH Earth Science  Computer
Textbook  HMH Online Resources
 Packet

Rev. 5/3/2018
CREDIT 5A: INTRODUCTION

Read the introduction and watch the video “The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina” below. Then answer the
essential question.
One of the most distinctive features of the Earth's interior is how it appears layered by density, with the heaviest
material in the center and the lightest material at the surface. In fact, the Earth probably looks similar to a
hardboiled egg if you could cut it open. The yellow material in the center (the yolk) of the egg represents
Earth’s core. Most scientists believe that the Earth’s core is composed of dense materials like iron and nickel.
The white material of the egg represents the Earth's mantle - the largest layer in the Earth which makes up
almost two-thirds of Earth’s mass. The egg's shell is like the Earth's crust - a thin but rigid, low density material
at the surface. Earth’s crust and upper part of the mantle form a layer called the lithosphere. The lithosphere is
made up of pieces called tectonic plates.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is under enormous heat and pressure, causing
this mantle rock to flow very slowly. The tectonic plates of the lithosphere are in constant motion, sliding along
the asthenosphere. This causes Earth’s continents to move over millions and millions of years, forming
mountains, volcanoes, deep ocean trenches, and causing Earthquakes. The theory that explains the movement
of these plates is known as the theory of plate tectonics.
An essential question is something that allows you to explore the content of the credit. Before you answer the
essential question, watch the video. Then, answer the essential question to the best of your ability. You will
revisit the essential question at the end of the credit to see if your answer has evolved.
Video: The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina (4:25)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-vNSqUy0l4
TEDEducation. “The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina.” YouTube, YouTube, 3 Feb. 2014.
Essential Question
What surface features are found in the region in which you live,
and how do they relate to plate tectonics and local geologic
events?
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A feature found in region I live are beaches and they relate to plate tectonics since they all face a plate boundary.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 5.1: CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONICS

Develop a valid scientific conclusion, assess its validity and limitations and determine future course of
actions to inspire further questions.
Learning Goals for this Lesson

 Summarize evidence for the hypothesis of continental drift.
 Describe the process of sea-floor spreading.
 Summarize the theory of plate tectonics.
 Identify and describe the three types of plate boundaries.
 Identify and describe three causes of plate movement.
Lesson Assignments
 Connect to Prior Knowledge
 Colorful Convection Currents Lab
Engage
Connect to
Prior Knowledge
The diagram to the right
depicts how the world may
look approximately 250
million years from now. Why
do you think that scientists
predict that the continents
may eventually rejoin to
form another supercontinent
like Pangaea?
It is due to the rotation of the
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earth.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
Exploration
Activity
After mapping the continents, early explorers
noticed the coastlines of Africa and South
America could fit together like puzzle pieces.
In 1912 a German scientist named Alfred
Wegener proposed a hypothesis to explain this
phenomenon called continental drift.
Wegener proposed that the continents once
formed part of a single landmass called a
supercontinent (later named Pangaea).
Around the Mesozoic Era (200 million years
ago), the supercontinent began to break apart
and the continents started drifting to their
current locations.
Evidence from fossils and rock formations

today support this theory. Examine the map to
the right. This map shows fossil and rock formation evidence for the hypothesis of continental drift.
Use the map to answer the questions. A colored version of this map can also be found on page 260 of your
textbook.
1. According to the map, which continents have mountains that formed around 410 million years ago?
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North America and Europe.
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2. Which continents have mountains that formed around 250 million years ago?
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Europe, Africa, and North America.
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3. Which continents contain fossils of Mesosaurus?
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South America, and Africa.
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4. Which continents contain fossils of Glossopteris?
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South America, Africa, and Asia.
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5. Based on the evidence from the map, which continents were once connected?
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Parts of Asia, South America. and Africa were connected and parts of North America, Europe, and Africa were also once
connected.
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Allison, Mead A., et al. “Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics/Section 1: Continental Drift.” Holt McDougal Earth Science Interactive Reader, Holt McDougal, a Division of
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Co., 2010, pp. 141

Rev. 5/3/2018
The process of continental drift is constantly shaping and reshaping Earth’s crust. Approximately 300 million
years ago, the continents formed the supercontinent Pangaea. Sometime in the far future the continents will
rejoin to form a supercontinent once again.
Directions:
1. Detach the back page of the packet labeled “Continental Drift Activity.”
2. Use scissors to cut out each of the continents on their borders. Make sure to keep the key.
3. Piece the continents together by lining up the locations where their fossils and features are found.
4. Tape or glue your assembled Pangea in the box below.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
Read the following section. Once you have completed the reading answer the questions below.
Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 10 Section 1 page 259-266
1. Explain Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift.

Alfred Wegener suggested that continental drift occurred as continents cut through the ocean floor, in the same way as this
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icebreaker plows through sea ice. The supercontinent later broke apart and the continents having been moving into their
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current positions ever since.
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2. What are some examples of evidence for continental drift?
Evidence for continental drift included the fit of the continents, the distribution of ancient fossils, rocks, and mountain
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ranges.
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3. How do mid-ocean ridges form?
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It formed and evolves as a result of spreading in Earth's lithosphere, the crust and upper mantle at the divergent boundaries
between tectonic plates.
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4. How does new sea-floor form?
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Seafloor formation occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from
the mantle's convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense.
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5. Explain how scientists know that Earth’s magnetic poles have reversed many times during Earth’s
history.
Geologists can tell how the magnetic poles were reversed at different times throughout history by examining the orientation
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of iron molecules in the rock record.
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6. Identify how magnetic symmetry can be used as evidence of sea-floor spreading.
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The symmetrical magnetic patterns in sea-floor rocks show that rocks formed at one place and then broke apart and moved
away from the center in opposite directions.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 10 Section 2 page 267 - 274
7. What are the three types of plate boundaries?

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Convergent boundaries, Divergent boundaries, and Transform boundaries.
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8. How do scientists identify locations of plate boundaries?
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They identify them by looking at the continental crust, the oceanic crust, or both.
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9. What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
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The lithosphere is the strong, upper 100 km of the Earth. The lithosphere is the tectonic plate we talk about in plate
tectonics. The asthenosphere is the weak and easily deformed layer of the Earth that acts as a “lubricant” for the tectonic
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plates to slide over.
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10. Describe the 3 types of collisions that take place at convergent boundaries.
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When plates converge, they do so in one of three settings: oceanic plates collide with each other forming oceanic oceanic
boundaries, oceanic plates collide with continental plates forming oceanic continental boundaries, or continental plates
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collide with each other forming continental continental boundaries.
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11. Explain mantle convection.
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Mantle convection is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying
heat from the interior to the planet's surface.
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12. Describe how ridge push differs from slab-pull.
. _______________________________________________________________________________________
Ridge push is caused by the potential energy gradient from the high topography of the ridges. Slab pull is caused by the
negative buoyancy of the subducting plate.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Videos
If you would like to learn more about this topic, watch the videos below for more information. (Optional)
Alfred Wegener: Great Minds (4:54)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbU809Cyrao
"Alfred Wegener: Great Minds." YouTube. SciShow, 4 Apr. 2012. Web. 22 May 2014.
Who was Alfred Wegener? How did he discover continental drift? This video talks about the discoveries of
Alfred Wagener and the difficulties he had convincing the scientific community that continental drift was in fact
happening.
Continental Drift (HMH)

http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/80084.htm
What is continental drift? This video explains how the continents once formed a supercontinent called Pangaea
and how it broke up and the continents moved to their current locations.
Seafloor Spreading (HMH)

What is seafloor spreading and how does it happen? This video explains the process of seafloor spreading and
how new ocean floor forms.
Plate Tectonics (9:21)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmC-vjQGSNM
"Plate Tectonics." YouTube. Bozeman Science, 22 May 2011. Web. 27 Jan. 2015.
How do plate tectonics shape our planet? What are the differences between continental and oceanic plates?
Paul Anderson discusses these topics in the following video.
Plate Tectonics Explained (2:36)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwfNGatxUJI
"Plate Tectonics Explained." YouTube. MinuteEarth, 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 27 Jan. 2015.
Are Earth’s plates giant conveyor belts just pushing the continents along? Find out from this short video by
MinuteEarth.
Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion (HMH)

What causes tectonic plate motion? Learn about convection currents, slab pull, and ridge push by watching this
video.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
Colorful Convection Currents Lab

Temperature affects the density of a liquid. Density differences can cause convection cells to form. Convection
is a pattern of heat movement that takes place within fluids (liquids and gases). An example is the constant
turning of the waters in the oceans. Cold water from polar regions mixes with warmer water at lower latitudes.
The colder, denser water sinks below the lighter warmer water and moves toward the equator. As it becomes
warmer and less dense, it begins to rise again.
Convection currents occur in any fluid environment and have been identified within the Earth’s lithosphere, as
well as in the atmosphere. Geologists believe the rock within the mantle is thought to be in a semi-solid state
due to intense pressure and temperature. This rock has the consistency of warm wax or heated plastic and is
able to move or flow. Convection may be occurring from the top of the mantle to the bottom in numerous
“cells”. When the hot rock reaches the upper mantle, where the temperatures are lower, the heat is lost through
the crust. As the rock cools, it becomes denser and sinks back down. Just as a hot air balloon will rise when
surrounded by cooler air, any hot fluid will travel upward in relation to the cooler surrounding fluid.
This activity is a simple representation of convection cells in

water. If there is a heat source in or below a container of a
fluid, the resulting heat flow:
 Travels upward until it reaches the surface of the liquid.

 Once it reaches the surface, the fluid spreads out to the
sides.
 As the fluid gets further and further from the heat
source it cools and the cooler denser liquid sinks.
 The convective loop is completed when the cooler
sinking fluid flows inward toward the heat source and it
is heated and replaces the upward-moving hotter fluid.
Materials:
 Four empty identical bottles (mouth of the bottle should be at least 1 1/2 inches in diameter)
 Access to warm and cold water
 Food coloring (yellow and blue)
 2 laminated - 3 x 5 inch index cards (a playing card can be used as a substitute)
 Colored pencils

Rev. 5/3/2018
Procedures:
For additional instruction watch the video: Colorful Convection Currents –

Sick Science! #075 (1:01)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCO90hvEL1I
"Colorful Convection Currents - Sick Science! #075." YouTube. Sick Science!, 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 16 June 2014.
1. Fill two bottles with warm water from the tap and the other two bottles with cold water.
2. Use food coloring to color the warm water yellow and the cold water blue. Each bottle must be filled to
the brim with water.
3. Hot over cold: Place the index card over the mouth of one of the warm water bottles.
4. Hold the card in place as you turn the bottle upside down and rest it on top of one of the cold water
bottles. The bottles should be positioned so that they are mouth to mouth with the card separating the
two liquids. You may want to do this over a sink.
5. Carefully slip the card out from in between the two bottles. Make sure that you are holding onto the top
bottle when you remove the card. Observe what happens to the colored liquids in the two bottles.
6. Record your observations in the table below.
7. Using colored pencils, sketch a picture of what you saw take place in the table below.
8. Cold over hot: Repeat steps 2-5, but this time place the bottle of cold water on top of the warm water.
Observe what happens.
9. Record your observations in the table below.
10. Using colored pencils, sketch a picture of what you saw take place in the table below.
Observations:
Hot Over Cold Cold Over Hot
Observations: Observations:
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
___________________________________________ ___________________________________________
Sketch: Sketch:

Rev. 5/3/2018
Evaluate
Review Questions
Answer the following questions.
1. Explain what you observed during your experiment and how it relates to convection currents.
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2. Did the contents of both bottles mix? Why or why not?
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3. Give an example of a convection current on our planet and explain what is being cycled.
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4. How do convection currents inside Earth’s mantle affect the movement of the plates that make up
Earth’s crust?
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Convection currents describe the rising, spread, and sinking of gas, liquid, or molten material caused by the application of
heat. Tremendous heat and pressure within the earth cause the hot magma to flow in convection currents. These currents
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cause the movement of the tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust.
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5. How may density differences in the rock at a mid-ocean ridge help to drive plate motion?
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The less dense a rock is, the easier it would be to drive plate motions.
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6. Turn back to the picture on page 4 and review your answer to the question “Why do you think that
scientists predict that the continents may eventually rejoin to form another supercontinent like
Pangaea?” Revise your answer using evidence from the lesson.
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I don't think it would be the earth's rotation but rather constant movement of Earth's tectonic plates that will move the
continents back together. Convection currents and the density of ocean floors and rocks will also play a role in the
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movement of the continents.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 5.2: RESHAPING EARTH’S CRUST


 Summarize the principle of isostasy.
 Identify the three main types of stress.
 Compare folds and faults.
 Identify how movements of tectonic plates change Earth’s surface.
 Summarize how movements of tectonic plates have influenced climates and life on Earth.
 Describe the supercontinent cycle.
Lesson Assignments
 Shear Strain in New Zealand
Engage
Connect to Prior
Knowledge
The San Andreas is one of the most famous faults
in the world. This transform fault boundary spans
the entire length of California and is responsible
for the large-scale Earthquakes experienced in the
state. This image shows an aerial view of the fault.
Why do you think faulting like this most likely
occurs on Earth’s surface and not deep within
Earth?
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I think it is because Earths surface has moving plates that collide and pull apart from each other whereas the inside of Earth
does not have such.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
Exploration Activity
Plate tectonics is the study of how continents move, and how features of Earth’s surface form. Large pieces of
Earth’s crust are called tectonic plates. Scientists have identified 15 major tectonic plates and many smaller
ones. As these tectonic plates move they carry the continents with them, therefore the movement of these
tectonic plates explains the movement of the continents. Where one tectonic plate ends and another begins is
known as a plate boundary. An area where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other is called a
divergent boundary. An area where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other is called a convergent
boundary. An area where two tectonic plates are sliding past each other is called a transform fault boundary.
Use Table 1 from page 271 in your textbook to complete the table below. Then use the table to answer the
questions.
Type of Boundary Description Example

Divergent Boundary
←→
Convergent Boundary
→←
Transform Fault Boundary
↓↑
Adapted from Allison, Mead A., Arthur T. DeGaetano, and Jay M. Pasachoff. "Chapter 10 Section 2 Table 1: Plate Boundary Summary." Holt McDougal Earth
Science. Austin, TX: Holt McDougal, a Division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. 271. Print.
1. Which plate boundary causes plates to collide forming mountain ranges, volcanoes, and island arcs? What
is an example of this type of plate boundary?
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2. At which plate boundary do rifts and mid-ocean ridges form? What is an example of this type of plate
boundary?
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3. At which plate boundary do plates slide past each other while moving in opposite directions? What is an
example of this type of boundary?
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 10 Section 3 pages 275-280
1. Explain how rifting occurs.

Rifting can be caused when hot material from a mantle plume reaches the base of a continental plate and causes the
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overlying lithosphere to heat up.
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2. How does accretion add to the surface area of a continent?
Accretion adds materials to the surface area of the continent.
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3. Summarize how continental rifting may lead to changes in plants and animals.
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It can break apart their habitat and make them lose their land which may lead to plants and animals not being able to adapt
and dying.
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4. Describe the supercontinent cycle.
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The supercontinent cycle is a periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust. One complete supercontinent
cycle is said to take 300 to 500 million years. Continental collision makes fewer and larger continents while rifting makes
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more and smaller continents.
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Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 11 Section 1 pages 293-300
5. What is happening between Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere when they are in a state of isostasy?
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The state of isostasy makes it so that the Earth's lithosphere is floating over the asthenosphere.
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6. Which two kinds of stress pull rocks apart?
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Compression and tension.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
7. Give examples of 2 types of permanent strains on rocks.
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Ductile and brittle.
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8. What are the 3 types of folds that can form in rocks?
Anticlines, Synclines and Monoclines.
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9. What type of fault is the San Andreas fault?
A strike slip fault.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Videos
Convergent Boundary (HMH)

What type of collisions occur at convergent plate boundaries? This interactive video will explain how colliding
plates result in different surface features on Earth.
The Principle of Isostasy (2:39)

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/principle-isostasy
"The Principle of Isostasy | HHMI's BioInteractive." The Principle of Isostasy. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
Can the weight of massive objects like glaciers cause Earth’s crust to deform? This video will explain how
continents rose after ice sheets from the last ice age retreated.
Types of Rock Layer Folding (HMH)

What are the types of folding that occur in rocks? This interactive video will explain the different types of
folding and the types of stress that are responsible for these deformations.
Types of Faults (HMH)

What types of faults occur from stress on rocks? This interactive video will explain why different faults form
and what kinds of stress cause them to occur.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
Shear Strain in New Zealand
The map on the left shows the plate boundary zone of New Zealand. In this region, the Australian plate is
moving north, while the Pacific plate is moving west. These complex plate movements create areas of tension,
compression, and shear stress, which result in strain. The map on the right shows strain in New Zealand.
Strain is measured in parts per million (ppm) per year (yr).
Use the two maps to answer the questions below. These maps can also be found on page 310 of your Earth
Science textbook. You will need to use color versions of the maps to complete this activity.
1. What is the highest amount of shear strain shown in the map on the right?
0.4 ppm/yr.
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2. What is the approximate length of the area of maximum shear strain shown in the map on the right?
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530 km
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Rev. 5/3/2018
3. According to the map on the left, what type of plate boundary is located along the east coast of the North
Island? Explain your answer.
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A subduction zone because it is where the Pacific tectonic plate subducts.
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4. In what areas of New Zealand might you expect to find compression? Explain your answer.
The east coast of the North Island because it is always being compressed and lifted by this collision,
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5. According to the map on the left, what type of fault is the Alpine Fault? Explain your answer.
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A transform fault because the plate is sliding horizontally towards the north east and at the same time as the Pacific plate is
pushing it all up.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
Allison, Mead A., Arthur T. DeGaetano, and Jay M. Pasachoff. "Chapter 11 Maps in Action: Shear Strain in New Zealand." Holt McDougal Earth Science. Austin, TX:
Holt McDougal, a Division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. 310. Print.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Evaluate
Review Questions
1. Explain how the theory of plate tectonics relates to the formation and breakup of Pangaea.
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Pangaea formed as a single landmass and then broke apart. Most hot spots form where columns of solid, hot material from
the deep mantle rises and reach the lithosphere away from the tectonic plate boundaries. The reason for this is because the
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continents and the oceans laid on giant plates of the crust that float above the mantle.
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2. Explain how mountains on land can be composed of rocks that contain fossils of marine animals.
Converging plates are responsible for the existence of fossil marine life in rocks on top of compressional mountains.
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3. Identify and describe three types of stress.
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Tensional stress is when slabs of rock are pulled apart. Compressional stress is when slabs of rock are pushed together.
Shear stress is when slabs of rock slide past each other horizontally in opposite directions.
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4. Turn back to the picture of the San Andreas Fault on page 13 and review your answer to the question
“Why do you think faulting like this most likely occurs on Earth’s surface and not deep within Earth?”
Revise your answer using evidence from the lesson.
I still think it is this way because of plates that affect the surfaces and not due to what is below.
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Rev. 5/3/2018
LESSON 5.3: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES


 Identify the types of plate collisions that form mountains.
 Identify four types of mountains.
 Identify the three tectonic settings where volcanoes form.
 Describe the three main types of volcanoes.
 Explain why earthquakes generally occur at plate boundaries.
 Explain how the structure of Earth’s interior affects seismic waves.
Lesson Assignments
 Earthquake Maps
Engage
Connect to Prior Knowledge

In 1980, after 123 years of inactivity, Mount St. Helens literally blew its top. This
was the first volcanic event in the continental United States in 63 years. By the
time it was over, more than 150 miles of trout and salmon streams and 26 lakes
had been destroyed. Volcanic ash circled Earth in just 17 days. Steam and ash spit
from the vent for weeks before the eruption. The hot ash created a new crater in
the glacial snow and earthquakes shook the mountain. What role do you think
volcanoes have played in the formation of Earth’s surface features as they exist
today?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volcano's helped form many mountains and terrain that makeup the Earth's surface features.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Rev. 5/3/2018
Explore
Exploration Activity
Scientists use bar graphs as a way to display data. Bar graphs can make it easier to visualize a comparison of
data values. A bar graph may be created from data in a table or from data described in text. Typically, a bar
graph has item names or numerical values on the x-axis and numerical values on the y-axis. This allows
scientists to compare the relative heights of the bars. Scientists might use a bar graph like the one below to
indicate the elevations of mountain peaks on various continents.
Use the bar graph answer the following questions.
1. Which mountain has the second lowest elevation?

Mount Elbrus.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. On which continent is the mountain with the lowest elevation?
Antarctica.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
3. What is the approximate elevation of Mount Aconcagua?
7,000 m
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the approximate elevation of Mount Kilimanjaro?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6,000 m
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Using the data in the table below, create a bar graph comparing the elevations, in feet, of some North American
mountain peaks. Make sure to provide proper labels for the x-axis, y-axis, and all graph information.
Mountain Elevation (feet)

Mount McKinley 20,320
Mount Rainier 14,410
Bear Mountain 7,166
Mount Washington 6,288
Black Dome Mountain 3,980
Holt McDougal. Graphing Skills Worksheet: Bar Graphs and Mountain Elevations. Austin, TX: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. PDF.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Explain
Reading
1. At what type of plate boundary do collisions between tectonic plates occur?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Convergent plate boundary.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What type of plate collision formed the Mariana Islands?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Convergent boundary.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What type of plate collision does not result in subduction of one plate under the other?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Continent Continent Collision.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What type of mountains are commonly found throughout the Sierra Nevada range in California?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Asymmetric mountains.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. How did the Cascade Mountain Range of Washington, Oregon, and California form?
The Cascade Volcanoes were formed by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca, Explorer and the Gorda Plate under the North
_______________________________________________________________________________________
American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Explain elastic rebound.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
7. What causes the speed of seismic waves to change?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Temperature tends to lower the speed of seismic waves and pressure tends to increase the speed.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Why would earthquakes generally take place at plate boundaries?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
They occur at volcanoes because the stress on the rocks are the greatest compared to other areas.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Explain the difference between magma and lava.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's
surface.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. How do subduction zones lead to the formation of volcanic activity?
A subduction zone leads volcano formation when continental and oceanic crust collide.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain how the Hawaiian Islands formed.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
The Hawaiian Islands were formed by a volcanic hot spot, an upwelling plume of magma, that creates new islands as the
Pacific Plate moves over it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. What type of volcanoes are found on the Hawaiian Islands?
Hawaii's main volcanoes are “shield” volcanoes, which produce lava flows that form gently sloping, shield-like mountains.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. What type of volcano commonly develops to form large volcanic mountains?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Stratovolcanoes.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
Videos
Types of Mountains (HMH)

What are three of the most common types of mountains, and how do they form? This interactive video will
explain the different tectonic processes that cause different types of mountain formations.
Volcano Formation at Convergent Plate Boundaries (HMH)

How do volcanic mountains form from convergent plate boundaries? This video will show how the collision of
two plates can result in volcanic mountains to form.
Geography Lesson: What is a Volcano? (3:14)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgktM2luLok
Geography Lesson: What Is a Volcano?" YouTube. YouTube, 12 Nov. 2012. Web.
Have you ever wondered what exactly a volcano is? This video will explain the basics of volcanoes, how they
form, and how they function.
Plate Motion & Earthquake Characteristics (HMH)

https://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/80100.htm
How does plate motion relate to Earthquake characteristics? Discover how different plate boundaries have
different effects on the type of Earthquakes that occur.
Earthquake Science, and the Disaster That Create It (8:12)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOCxNVDiOnE
"Earthquake Science, and the Disaster That Created It." YouTube. SciShow, 13 June 2014. Web. 28 Jan. 2015.
What is the science behind Earthquakes and when did it all start? Hank Green discusses the March 27, 1964
Earthquake in Alaska that changed scientists’ views on Earthquakes and plate tectonics.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Elaborate
Earthquake Maps
Earthquakes happen all the time. Many of them are mild and do not cause much damage. Some are devastating.
Where do these earthquakes happen? Is there a pattern? In this lab, you will use actual earthquake data to
explore the relationship between earthquake location and tectonic plate boundaries.
Materials:
 Holt McDougal Earth Science textbook

 Colored pencils
 Ruler
Procedures:
Part I:
1. Open your Earth Science textbook to page 323 and find Figure 5.
2. On the “Plates of Earth” map on page 36 of this packet, place a dot where there have been earthquakes
just like in Figure 5.
3. In a different color on the “Plates of Earth” map, trace the divergent oceanic environments boundaries
4. In a different color on the “Plates of Earth” map, trace the convergent oceanic environment boundaries
5. In a different color on the “Plates of Earth” map, shade the continental environments boundaries just like
in Figure 5.
6. Create a legend on your “Plates of Earth” map to show what each color represents, just like on Figure 5.
Part II:
7. Open your Earth Science textbook to page 331 and find Figure 3.
8. On the map of California found on page 37 of this packet, draw the fault lines you see on Figure 3.
9. In a different color, highlight the locked segments just like on Figure 3.
10. In a different color, highlight the creeping segments just like on Figure 3.
11. Create a legend on your California map to show what each color represents just like the Figure 3 legend.

Rev. 5/3/2018

Rev. 5/3/2018
California County Map. Digital image. California State Association of Counties, 2014. Web. 3 Nov. 2015. <http://www.counties.org/general-information/california-
county-map>.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Evaluate
Review Questions
1. What is the relationship between where most earthquakes occur and where tectonic plate boundaries are
located? Use evidence from your maps to support your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Are there any examples in the earthquake data you have collected that do not fit the pattern you
identified? If so, where do they occur? Use evidence to support your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What can you infer about the relationship between fault lines and plate boundaries?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Why do you think there are earthquakes in mid-America where there are no known fault lines?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. If you wanted to live in an area of California with the least probability of earthquake activity, where
might you move? Is the data you collected for your maps sufficient to help you make this decision?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Describe the 3 types of plate collisions that form mountains.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. How do folded mountains form?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
8. How do fault-block mountains form?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Identify 3 tectonic settings where volcanoes commonly occur.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Yellowstone National Park is located in the middle of the United States far from any plate boundary.
How would you explain the volcanic activity located there?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Explain how plate tectonics and volcanoes are related.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Think back to your answer of the question from page 21 “What role do you think volcanoes have played
in the formation of Earth’s surface features as they exist today?” Revise your answer using evidence
from the lesson.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Revisit the essential question. Did your answer change? Why or why not?
Essential Question
What surface features are found in the region in which you live, and how do they relate to plate tectonics and
local geologic events?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
Lab-Based Performance Task

The Race is On...With Seafloor Spreading!
The process of seafloor spreading forms new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) when magma rises to Earth’s
surface at oceanic ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridge. While still in
liquid magma form, the magnetic particles are free to move, and will point towards the north and south poles,
just like a compass. Once the rock hardens and becomes solid, those particles become locked in place.
Throughout Earth’s history, its magnetic field has changed. Not only do the north and south poles move a little
each year, sometimes they reverse. This means that the south and north pole swap places entirely. This
swapping of magnetic poles has occurred a great number of times, and will continue to do so in the future.
This phenomenon can be detected in the magnetic particles without the sea floor. Once hardened, these particles
are locked in place, and will remain that way regardless of pole reversals in the future. As the sea floor spreads,
these particles create bands across the ocean floor, on either side of an oceanic ridge. These bands alternate
directions, just as the magnetic poles did at the time they solidified. Rock that was created when the poles are
placed the way they are now are referred to as “normal”, and rock that was created when the south pole was
currently located where our north poles is are referred to as “reversed”.
Notice the three lithospheric plates on the map below: Pacific plate, Cocos plate, and Nazca plate. The black
double lines shown in the diagram represent oceanic ridges, where new rock is made. The shaded areas
represent the paleomagnetic anomalies (labeled I, II, III, IV, or V), each representing a magnetic pole reversal.
The ages of these anomalies are shown in the key at the top of the diagram, and a scale of 500 kilometers is
given as well. To gain the distance from the ridge across an anomaly in km you will estimate using the 500 km
scale at the top of the map.
It may be useful to mark off half-centimeter increments on the scale at 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm.

Rev. 5/3/2018
0.5 cm
Directions:
1. Along line A, use the centimeter side of a ruler to measure the distance for the width of each anomaly (I,
II, III, IV), then record each measurement in the first row of Table 1 on the following page. Anomaly I
has been completed for you as an example (refer to the arrow along line A in the diagram).
2. Use the scale on the map to convert each of the measurements into kilometers. Record this distance in
the second row. Anomaly I has been completed for you as an example.
3. Convert the distance of kilometers into real-world centimeters using the following conversion. Write
your answer in the third row. Anomaly I has been completed for you as an example.
𝟏 𝒌𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎
4. Calculate the average rate of seafloor spreading by dividing your measurement from row 3, by the age of
the anomaly in row 4. This answer will be in centimeters-per-year (cm/yr). Write this in row 5. Anomaly
I has been completed for you as an example.
5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 using line B on the map to calculate the rate of seafloor spreading between the
Pacific and Nazca plates. Record these measurements in Table 2.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Data:
Table 1
Cocos-Nazca Plates
Anomaly I Anomaly II Anomaly III Anomaly IV
(Use line A)
Measured distance from
oceanic ridge across anomaly 0.5 cm
on the map (cm)
Scale conversion distance
from oceanic ridge across 125 km
anomaly (km)
Scale distance from oceanic
ridge across anomaly 12,500,000 cm
converted to cm
Age (years) 5,000,000 yrs 10,000,000 yrs 15,000,000 yrs 20,000,000 yrs
Average Seafloor Spreading

2.5 cm/yr
Rate (cm/yr)
Table 2
Pacific-Nazca Plates
Anomaly I Anomaly II Anomaly III Anomaly IV
(Use line B)
Measured distance from
oceanic ridge across anomaly
on the map (cm)
Scale conversion distance
from oceanic ridge across
anomaly (km)
Scale distance from oceanic
ridge across anomaly
converted to cm
Age (years) 5,000,000 yrs 10,000,000 yrs 15,000,000 yrs 20,000,000 yrs
Average Seafloor Spreading

Rate (cm/yr)
Adapted from Simon-Waters, Barbara. The Race Is On...With Seafloor Spreading! N.p.: Deep Earth Academy: Consortium for Ocean Leadership, 2007. PDF.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Analysis:
1. Review the diagram. Why is anomaly V not included in your calculations?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. According to your data, which anomaly has the fastest estimated rate of sea-floor spreading?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Between which two plates is the rate of seafloor spreading greater?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain how seafloor spreading provides an explanation for how continents move across the surface of
the planet.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Rev. 5/3/2018
Develop a valid scientific conclusion, assess its validity and limitations and determine future course of actions to inspire further questions.
Lesson Title Learning Goals For Each Lesson

5.2 Continental Drift and  Summarize evidence for the hypothesis of continental drift.
Plate Tectonics  Describe the process of sea-floor spreading.
 Summarize the theory of plate tectonics.
 Identify and describe the three types of plate boundaries.
 Identify and describe three causes of plate movement.
5.3 Reshaping Earth’s  Summarize the principle of isostasy.
Crust  Identify the three main types of stress.
 Compare folds and faults.
 Identify how movements of tectonic plates change Earth’s surface.
 Summarize how movements of tectonic plates have influenced climates and life on Earth.
 Describe the supercontinent cycle.
5.4 Mountains, Volcanoes,  Identify the types of plate collisions that form mountains.
and Earthquakes  Identify four types of mountains.
 Identify the three tectonic settings where volcanoes form.
 Describe the three main types of volcanoes.
 Explain why earthquakes generally occur at plate boundaries.
 Explain how the structure of Earth’s interior affects seismic waves.

Rev. 5/3/2018
Summer Intersession Science Rubric
Credit Grading 4 3 2 1
 My responses show  My responses show  My responses show  My answers to the
clear reasoning and basic reasoning and basic reasoning but questions are either
use of evidence. use of evidence. limited evidence to unscientific or
support it. overly simplistic,
Responses to  My responses show  My responses show and have limited
Homework Packet clear reasoning and basic reasoning and  My responses show evidence.
50 pts. use evidence. use of evidence. basic reasoning but
limited evidence to  My answers to the
support it. questions are either
 I made connections unscientific or
to other ideas overly simplistic,
within and across and have limited
science credits. evidence. ___x 12.5 = ___/50
 I developed a  I developed a  I developed a  I struggled to
scientific claim scientific claim that scientific claim but develop a scientific
based on isolates a variable struggled to see claim on my own
research/prior to test out how one how the variables which made me
knowledge that thing affects affect one another. very dependent on
isolates a variable another. the teacher.
to test out how one  The way I recorded
thing affects  I accurately and presented my  The way I recorded
another. recorded and data was and presented my
presented my data. scientifically data didn’t make
Lab-Based
 I accurately questionable due to sense.
Performance Task
recorded and  My conclusion attention to details
50 pts.
analyzed my data answers my (ex. inaccurate  My conclusion is
to determine scientific claim labels, units of not connected to
patterns. using data from the measure). my scientific claim. ___x 12.5 = ___/50
experiment.
 My conclusion  My conclusion
answers my partially answers
scientific claim and the scientific claim
inspires future but either there is
questions/ limited or irrelevant
limitations using data to support it.
data from the
experiment.
Total: ___/100

Rev. 5/3/2018
LAB SUPPLY LIST

Colorful Convection Currents Lab
 Four empty identical bottles (mouth of the bottle should be at least 1 1/2 inches in diameter)
 Access to warm and cold water
 Food coloring (yellow and blue)
 2 laminated - 3 x 5 inch index cards (a playing card can be used as a substitute)
 Colored pencils
Earthquake Maps
 Holt McDougal Earth Science textbook
 Colored pencils
 Ruler

Rev. 5/3/2018
Continental Drift Activity

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Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 1

CREDIT 5A: PLATE TECTONICS AND LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Lesson Title Assignments

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 2

CREDIT 5A: INTRODUCTION

Video: The Pangaea Pop-up - Michael Molina (4:25)

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 3

LESSON 5.1: CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONICS

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Learning Goals for this Lesson

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 4

Evidence from fossils and rock formations

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 5

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 6

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 10 Section 1 page 259-266

1. Explain Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift.

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 7

7. What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 8

Alfred Wegener: Great Minds (4:54)

Continental Drift (HMH)

Seafloor Spreading (HMH)

Plate Tectonics (9:21)

Plate Tectonics Explained (2:36)

Causes of Tectonic Plate Motion (HMH)

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 9

Colorful Convection Currents Lab

This activity is a simple representation of convection cells in

 Travels upward until it reaches the surface of the liquid.

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 10

For additional instruction watch the video: Colorful Convection Currents –

Hot Over Cold Cold Over Hot

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 11

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 12

LESSON 5.2: RESHAPING EARTH’S CRUST

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Learning Goals for this Lesson

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 13

Type of Boundary Description Example

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 14

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 10 Section 3 pages 275-280

1. Explain how rifting occurs.

Holt McDougal Earth Science Chapter 11 Section 1 pages 293-300

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 15

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 16

Convergent Boundary (HMH)

The Principle of Isostasy (2:39)

Types of Rock Layer Folding (HMH)

Types of Faults (HMH)

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 17

Shear Strain in New Zealand

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 18

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 19

Earth Science A Credit 5 L4L Earth Science A (2018) Page 20

LESSON 5.3: MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES, AND EARTHQUAKES

Collect, analyze and evaluate the quality of evidence in relation to a question.

Learning Goals for this Lesson