2017 and 2018 AP Chem Final review

2017 and 2018 AP Chem Final review

Terms in this set (120)

(1) The mass spectrum of an Zr

average sample of a pure
element is shown in the
figure above

The ideal gas law best N2

describes the properties of
which of the following
gases

at 298k and 1 atm, Br2 is a forces among Br2 molecules are stronger than
liquid with a high vapor those among Cl2 molecules
pressure, and Cl2 is a gas

which of the following has H-F>N-F>F-F

the bonds arranged in
order of decreasing
polarity
:
 (5) If the absorbance of the 4x10^-6
mixture is .2 at 453 nm how
many moles of Fe were
present in the 100 ml
sample

(6) The first ionization Al + Mg --> Al + Mg

energy of an element is the
energy required to remove
an electron form a gaseous
atom of an element

(7) In the reaction before sp^2 after sp^3

represented above, what is
the hybridization of the C
atoms before and after the
reaction occurs

(8) Based on the diagram MgO consists of separate Mg ions and O ions
above, which of the held in a fixed lattice, but in MgO the ions are
following best helps to free to move and conduct electricity
explain why MgO is not
able to conduct electricity,
but MgO is a good
conductor of electricity
:
 (9) A mixture of CO and O [4-3 molecule, 1-2 molecule]
is placed in a container, as
shown above. A reaction
occurs, forming CO2.
Which of the following best
represents the contents of
the box after the reaction
has proceeded as
completely as possible

(10) Each student in a class It is a redox reaction, because CU is oxidized

is placed a 2 g sample of a and the nitrogen atom in NO3 is reduced
mixture of CU and AL in
fume hood. The students
slowly poured 15 ml of
15.8M HNO3 into their
beakers

(11) To determine the the student labelled the cuvettes incorrectly,

number of moles of Cu in reversing the labels of the solutions of known
the sample of the mixture, concentrations
the students measured the
absorbance of known
concentrations of CuNO3
using a spectrophotometer

(12) The students 32%

determined that the
reaction produced .01 mol
of CuNO3.
:
 (13) In one student's the student used a 1.5M solution of HNO3
experiment the reaction instead of 15.8 solution of HNO3
proceeded at a much
slower rate than it did in the
other student's experiments

A student is given a sample testing the electrical conductivity of an

of a pure, white crystalline aqueous solution of the substance
substance. Which f the
following would be most
useful in providing data at
determine if the substance
is an ionic compound

Ne, HF, C2H6, CH4 HF, because its molecule form hydrogen
Which of the substances bonds
listed above has the
highest boiling point, and
why?

A sample of a solid labeled the sample contains NaCl and LiCl

as NaCl may be impure. a
student analyzes the
sample and determines that
it contains 75 percent
chlorine by mass. Pure
NaCl contains 61 percent
chlorine by mass
:
 If a pure sample of an SO3
oxide of sulfur contains 40
percent sulfur and 60
percent oxygen by mass,
then the empirical formula
of the oxide is

When 4 L of He, 6 L of N2 2.5 atm

and 10 L of Ar, all at 0 C
and 1 atm, are pumped into
an evacuated 8 L rigid
container, the final pressure
in the container at 0 is

(19) The complete photo Element Y has a greater nuclear charge when
electron spectra of neutral element X does
atoms of two unknown
elements, X and Y are
shown above. Which of the
following can be inferred
from the data

(20) Based on structures compound 2, because it forms hydrogen

shown above, which of the bonds, whereas compound 1 does not
following statements
identifies the compound
with the higher boiling
point and provides the best
explanation for the higher
boiling point
:
 on the basis of molecular NH3
structure and bond
polarity, which of the
following compounds is
most likely to have the
greatest solubility in water

(22) If P(N2O4) is 1.33 atm 2 atm

when the system is at
equilibrium at 70 C which is
P(NO2)

(23) Which of the following the forward reaction is endothermic

statements best helps to
explain why the contents of
the tube containing the
equilibrium mixture turned
a lighter color when the
tube was placed into an ice
bath

(24) Which of the following no change will take place

best predicts how the
partial pressures of the
reacting species will be
affected if a small amount
of Ar(g) is added to the
equilibrium mixture at
constant volume
:
 (25) Which of the following H>0 because energy is required to break the
statements about H for the N-N bond
reaction is correct

(26)The reactions above 4HCL + O2 --> 2 Cl2 + 2H2O

are carried out in sealed
rigid containers and
allowed to reach
equilibrium. if the volume
of the container is reduced
from 1 L to .5 L at constant
temperature, for which of
the reactions will the
amount of products be
increased

(27)The table above the additional carbon atoms within the alloy
provides some information make it more difficult for the iron atoms to
about 2 types of steel, both slide past one another
of whihc are alloys of iron
and carbon. Which of the
folloinw best helps to
explain why high-carbon
steel is more rigid than low
carbon steel

(28) Which of the following rate = K[NO2]2

is the rate law for the
overall reaction that is
consistent with the
proposed mechanism
:
 Cl-(aq) +ClO-(aq) + 2H+(aq) the frequency of collision between H ions and
--> Cl2(g) + H2O(l) CLo ions will increase
What effect will increasing
H at constant temperature
have on the reaction
represented above?

(30) NH3 reacts with BF3 to [3H on N connected with 3F on B]

form a single species.
which of the folloing
structural diagrams is the
most likely representation
of the product of the
reaction.

(31)Based on the Ecell = 1.63, G = -944

information in the table
above, which of the
following shows the cell
potential and gibbs free
energy change for the
overall reaction that occurs
in a standard galvanic cell

(32) Which of the following O3 + NO --> NO2 + O2

mechanisms for the
catalyzed reaction is
consistent with the
equation and diagram
above?
:
 (33) The equilibrium system the mixture will become more yellow because
represented by the Oh will shift the equilibrium toward products
equation above initially
contains equal
concentrations of Cr2O7
and CrO4. Which of the
folloinf statements
correctly predicts the result
of adding a sample of 6M
NaOH to the system, and
provides an explanation

(34) The process of H+ S+, H+ S+, H- S-

dissolution of NaCL isH2O
is represented in the
diagram above. Which of
the following summarizes
the signs of H and S for
each of teh dissolution
process

(35) Which of the following 5 H2O2 ions and 2 Mn ions

particle views best
represents the mixture
when the titration is halfway
to the equivalence point?
:
 (36) Under which of the it is not favored with any temperature
following temperature
conditions is the reaction
thermodynamically
favored?

(37) Based on the bond 300kj/mol

energies listed in the table
above, which of the
following is closest to the
bond energy of the C-N
bond

(38) Based on the 0<k<1

thermodynamic data, which
of the following is true at
298 K

(39) Three saturated Z<X<Y

solution are prepared at 25
C based on the information
in teh table above, which of
the following lists the
solutions in order of
increasing Ag
:
 When 5 g of NH4ClO4 is 24.7 C
added to 100 ml of water in
a calorimiter, the
temperature of teh solution
formed decreases by 3 C. if
5 g of NH4ClO4 is added
to 1000 mL of water in a
calorimeter initially at 25 C,
the final temperature of the
solution will be
approximately

(41) For the system the amount of O3 will decrease because Q>Kc
repressed above, O2 and
O3 initially are .15mol/L and
2.5 mol/L respectively.
Which of the following best
predicts what will occur as
the system approaches
equilibrium at 570K

(42) Which of the following the value of H for the overall reaction is large
statement identifies the and negative
greates single reasont aht
the value of Kp for the
overall reaction 298 k has
such a large magnitude

(43) What is the value of -93 kJ

the enthalpy change per
mole of HCl (g) produced
:
 The compound CCl4 is CBr4
nonflammable and was
once commonly used in fire
extinguishers. On the basis
of periodic properties,
which of the following
compounds can most likely
be used as a fire resistant
chemical

(45) Based on the K=(K1)(Kw)/(Ka)

information above, which of
the following expressions
represents the equilibrium
constant, K, for the reaction
represented by the
equation below
La 3+ + CO3 2- <-> La CO3+

ClO 2- (aq) +HCOOH (aq) Acid Strength:

<-> HClO2 (aq) + HCOO- HClO2 > HCOOH
(aq)
Keq < 1 Base Strength:
What are the relative ClO2 - < HCOO-
strengths of the acids and
bases in the reaction
represented by the
equation above?
:
 Ag + (aq) +NH3 <-> Ag(NH3)2 + (aq), because Keq3 =1.6E7
AG(NO3)+ (aq) Keq1 = 2E3
Ag(NH3)+ (aq) +NH3 <->
Ag(NH3)2 + Keq2 = 8E3
Equal volumes of 0.1M
Ag(NO3) (aq) and 2.0M
NH3 (aq) are mixed and the
reactions above occur.
Which Ag species will have
the highest concentration
in the equilibrium system
shown below, and why?

Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) <->

Ag(NH3)2 + (aq) . Keq3=?
:
 2H2 (aq) + O2 (g) --> 2H20 The reaction has a large activation energy at
(g) 25 C.
When H2 (g) and O2 (g) are
mixed together in a rigid
reactio vessel at 25 C, no
reaction occurs. When the
mixture is sparked,
however, the gases react
vigorously according to the
equation above, releasing
heat. Which of the
following statements
correctly explains why the
spark is needed of the
reaction to occur when the
gases are originally at 25
C?

A student prepares a H+(aq) +NO2-(aq) -> HNO2 (aq)

solution by combing 100mL
of 0.3M HNO2(aq) and
100mL of 0.3M KNO2(aq).
Which of the following
equations represents the
reaction that best helps to
explain why adding a few
drops of 1.0M HCL(aq)
does not significantly
change the Ph of the
solution?
:
 2H2O2 (l) -> 2H2O(l) +
O2(g)
The exothermic process
represented above is best
classified as a... ? :( :/
Chemical change, because covalent bonds
are broken and new covalent bonds are
formed

(51) Which of the following H-Bond

is the strongest type of
interaction that occurs
between the atoms within
the circled areas of the two
molecules represented
above

An acetate buffer solution C2H3O2-, pH > 4.7

is prepared by combining
50mL of 0.2M acetic acid,
HC2H3O2(aq), and 50mL of
0.2M sodium acetates
NaC2H3O2(aq). A 5.0mL
sample of 0.1M NaOH (aq)
is added to the buffer
solution. Which of the
following is the correct
pairing of the acetate
species present in greater
concentration and of the
pH of the solution after the
NaOH (aq) is added (the
pKa of acetic acid is 4.7)
:
 Mg(OH)2 (s) <-> Mg 2+ (aq) decreaseing the pH
+ 2OH- (aq)
The exothermic dissolution
of Mg(OH)2 (s) in water is
represetnted by the
equation above. The Ksp of
Mg(OH)2 is 1.8E-11. Which of
the following changes will
increase the solubility of
Mg(OH)2 in an aqueous
solution

(54) 2XY (g) <-> X2 (g) + Y2 The reaction will form more reactant
(g) . Kp =230
A certain gas, XY (g),
decomposes as
represented by the
equation above. A sample
of each of the three gasses
is put in a previously
evacuated container. The
initial partial pressures of
the gases are shown in the
table below
XY . 0.010
X2 . 0.20
Y2 . 2.0
The temperature of the
reaction mixture is held
constant. in which direction
will the reaction proceed?
:
 (55) A 0.35 g sample of Li Using a 0.35 g sample of Li(s) cut into smaller
(s) is placed in an pieces
Erlenmeyer flask containing
100 mL of water at 25 C. A
balloon is places over the
mouth of the flask to
collect the hydrogen gas
that is generated.
After all of the Li (s) has
reacted with H2O (l), the
solution in the flask is
added to a clean, dry buret
and used to titrate an
aqueous solution of a
monoprotic acid. The pH
curve for this titration is
shown in the diagram
below.

Which of the following

changes will most likely
increase the rate of the
reaction between Li(s) and
water?
:
 (56) A 0.35 g sample of Li Some gases will be produced but less than
(s) is placed in an the amount of gas produced with Li (s)
Erlenmeyer flask containing
100 mL of water at 25 C. A
balloon is places over the
mouth of the flask to
collect the hydrogen gas
that is generated.
After all of the Li (s) has
reacted with H2O (l), the
solution in the flask is
added to a clean, dry buret
and used to titrate an
aqueous solution of a
monoprotic acid. The pH
curve for this titration is
shown in the diagram
below.

What will be the effect on

the amount of gas
produced if the experiment
is repeated using 0.35 g
K(s) instead of 0.35 g Li (s)?
:
 (57) A 0.35 g sample of Li 5
(s) is placed in an
Erlenmeyer flask containing
100 mL of water at 25 C. A
balloon is places over the
mouth of the flask to
collect the hydrogen gas
that is generated.
After all of the Li (s) has
reacted with H2O (l), the
solution in the flask is
added to a clean, dry buret
and used to titrate an
aqueous solution of a
monoprotic acid. The pH
curve for this titration is
shown in the diagram
below.

On the basis of the pH

curve, the pKa value of the
acid is closest to.....
:
 (58) A 0.35 g sample of Li 2Li (s) + 2 H2O --> 2 Li + (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) +H2
(s) is placed in an (g)
Erlenmeyer flask containing
100 mL of water at 25 C. A
balloon is places over the
mouth of the flask to
collect the hydrogen gas
that is generated.
After all of the Li (s) has
reacted with H2O (l), the
solution in the flask is
added to a clean, dry buret
and used to titrate an
aqueous solution of a
monoprotic acid. The pH
curve for this titration is
shown in the diagram
below.

Which of the following is

the balanced net ionic
equation for the reaction
between Li (s) and water?
:
 (59) Benzene, C6H6, has a The dipole-induced dipole and LDF between
structure shown above, water and benzene
considering the
observation that benzene is
only sparingly soluble in
water, which of the
following best described
the intermolecular forces of
attraction between water
and benzene.

(60) Acid dissociation solution 1 has a higher pH at the equivalence

constants of two acids are point because CH3CO2H has a stronger
listed int eh table above. A conjugate base.
20mL sample of 0.1M
solution of each acid is
titrated to the equivalence
point with 20mL of 0.1M
NaOH. Which of the
following is a true
statement about the pH of
the solutions at the
equivalence point?
:
 2018 (1) Which of the Diagram with 4H2O and 2O2
following particle diagrams
best represents the
products when four
molecules of H2O2 (l)
decompose into water and
oxygen gas at room
temperature?

2018 (2) The masses of Sample B

carbon and hydrogen in
samples of four pure
hydrocarbons are given to
the left. The hydrocarbon in
which sample has the same
empirical formula as
propene, C3H6?

2018 (3) Three substances X- Network Cov. Y-Metallic. Z-Ionic.

were studied in the
laboratory, and the data in
the table above were
collected. Based on the
data, which of the following
shows the type of bonding
in each substance?
:
 2018 (4) Based on the Propanoic acid, because it can form
information in the table to intermolecular hydrogen bonds
the left, which of the
compounds has the highest
boiling point, and why?

2018 (5) A 1.0 L sample of a Are attracted to each other and do not exert
pure gas is found to have a as much force on the container walls as they
lower pressure than that would if they had no mutual attractions
predicted by the ideal gas
law. The best explanation
for the observation is that
the molecules of the gas

2018 (6) Equal volumes of CaCl2 with twice the molarity of the solution
solutions in two different in vessel 1
vessels are represented
above. If the solution
represented in vessel 1 is
KCl (aq) then the solution
represented in vessel 2
could be an aqueous
solution of

2018 (7) A 20. mL sample of HC2H3O2(aq) + OH- (aq) ---> H2O (l) +
0.5 M HC2H3O2 (aq) is C2H3O2- (aq)
titrated with 0.5 M NaOH.
Which of the following best
represents the species that
react and the species
produced in the reaction?
:
 2018 (8) The standard Ecell= +.02 V
reduction potentials for the
half-reactions related to the
galvanic cell represented
above are listed in the
table below. Which of the
following gives the value of
Ecell for the cell

2018 (9) The ionization X3P2

energies of an unknown
element, X, are listed in the
table to the left. Which of
the following is the most
likely empirical formula of a
compound formed from
element X and phosphorus,
P?

2018 (10) Which of the The atomic radius of Cl is smaller than that of S
following correctly because Cl has a larger nuclear charge than S
compares periodic does
properties of two elements
and provides an accurate
explanation for that
difference?
:
 2018 (11) On the basis of the 2.0%
information above, what is
the approximate percent
ionization of HNO2 in a 1.0
M HNO2 (aq) solution?

2018 (12) The equation k[NOBr]^2

above represents an
elementary step in a
chemical reaction. Which of
the following is the correct
expression for the rate law
of the elementary step?

2018 (13) A balloon is filled The volume will increase because the
with .25 moles He (g) at 273 decrease in air pressure will have a greater
K and 1.0 atm is allowed to effect than the decrease in temperature.
rise through the
atmosphere. Which of the
following explains what
happens to the volume of
the balloon as it rises from
ground level to an altitude
where the air temperature
is 220 K and the air
pressure is .10 atm?
:
 2018 (14) Which of the A physical change takes place because
following best describes intermolecular attractions are overcome
the change that takes place
immediately after the
CH3OH (l) is introduced
introduced into the
previously evacuated
vessel?

2018 (15) The value of Kp 0.2

for the evaporation of
CH3OH (l) at 300 K is
closest to

2018 (16) The temperature 0.15 atm

of the CH3OH (l) is
increased from 300k to
400k to vaporize all the
liquid...

2018 (17) Compared to the lower, because London dispersion forces

equilibrium vapor pressure among C2H5OH (l) molecules are greater
of CH3OH (l) at 300k, the than those among CH3OH (l)
equilibrium vapor pressure
of C2H5OH (l) at 300k is...

2018 (18) Which of the Br-F

following Lewis electron-
dot diagrams... most polar?
:
 2018 (19) Based on S^2- (because of smallest radius with biggest
Coulombs law and the charge)
info... strongest interactions
with nearby water
molecules in an aqueous
solution?

2018 (20) For which of the PCl5 (g) --> PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
equilibrium systems
represented below will the
amount of products at the
equilibrium increase if the
volume... increased at a
constant T?

2018 (21) In an experiment a -84 kJ/molrxn

student mixes a 50.0 mL
sample of 0.100 M AgNO3
(aq) with a 50.0 mL sample
of 0.100 M NaCl (aq) at 20
degrees C. Which of the
following is the enthalpy
change... final temperature
is 21 degrees C?

2018 (22) If 3.8 g of 0.30 M

Cu3(PO4)2 (s) was
recovered from step 1, what
was the approximate Cu^2+
in the OG solution? (molar
mass 381 g/mol)
:
 2018 (23) The mass of the Some unreacted Zn (s) was mixed in with the
Cu (s) produced in step 3 Cu (s)
was slightly more than the
mass predicted... Which of
the following could
account for the
discrepancy in the yield of
Cu (s) from step 3?

2018 (24) ...Which of the PO4^3- (aq)

following chemical species
had the lowest
concentration among the
products of step 2?

2018 (25) Which of the It is a brittle, water-soluble electrolyte that is a

following most likely poor thermal and electrical conductor as a
describes the solid solid
represented in the diagram
to the left?

2018 (26) Which of the
following best helps to
explain why CCl4 is a liquid
whereas CI4 is solid when
both are at 25 C?
LDF are stronger in CI4 than CCL4 because
CI4 has a more polarizable electron cloud
than CCl4

2018 (27) Maxwell- Gas A

Boltzmann.... greater molar
mass?
:
 2018 (28) Which of the Adding some NaF (s) because the reaction will
following changes will proceed towards towards the reactants
decrease Ca^2+ in a
saturated solution of CaF2
and why?

2018 (29) Based on the Ksp Pb(OH)2

values for the compounds
listed in the table... which of
the compunds will have the
lowest Pb?

2018 (30) Which of the CH3NH2 + H--> CH3NH3

following equations
represents the reaction that
accounts for the fact that
the pH does not change
significantly when the
HNO3 (aq) is added?

(31) The pH of a solution 12

made by combining 150 mL
of .10 M KOH with 50.0 mL
of .20 M HBr is closest to...

The step-wise dissocitaion Removing the first H... requires less energy
of selenous acid H2SeO3 is than removing the second H...
represented... above...
Which of the following
helps to explain whe Ka2 is
smaller than Ka1?
:
 When 70 g of Li3Ni (s) 25
reacts with excess H2, 8 g
of LiH is produced. The
percent yield is closest to...

Which of the following H is both oxidized and reduced

happens to H atoms in the
forward reaction?

Which of the following is The reaction has a high activation energy

the most likely reason that
the reaction occurs at a
significant rate only if the
temperature of the reaction
mixture is greater than 200
C?

The amount of H2 present increasing temp and decreasing pressure by

at equilibrium can be increasing volume
maximized by

... According to the info More HI will be produced because Q<Kc

above, which of the
following will occur as the
system approaches
equilibrium?

Based on the values of G -1320

for the three reactions
above, what is the value of
G for the reaction below?
:
 ... Which of the following (ICE table) 2, HCHO2
provides the best estimate
of the pH of .5M HCHO2
and identifies the species at
the highest concentration
in the solution?

A student studied the Plot ln[X] versus time and determine the
kinetics of the reaction magnitude of the slope
represented below by
measuring the
concentration of the
reactant, X, over time.
Which of the following will
allow the student to
determine the rate
constant, k, for the
reaction?

... what can be concluded O-H strongest

regarding the strength of
the C-H, N-H, and O-H
bonds in the molecules
shown?

Which of the following k2= 1/(k1)^2

shows the relationship
between K1 and K2 in the
reactions represented
above?
:
 Which of the following Spectrometry
experimental techniques
will allow the most accurate
determination of the
concentration of NO2 at
the equilibrium?

The forward reaction is Low temperatures only

thermodynamically favored
at which of the following
temperatures?

A 0.03 mol sample of NO2 12.5

is placed in a rigid 1 L
reaction vessel and
allowed to reach
equilibrium at a certain
temp. What is the value of
Kc... if 0.005 mol N2O4 is
present?

A mixture of NO2 and [N2O4] will increase and the mixture will turn
N2O4 is at equilibrium... if LIGHTER
the temp decreases then...

problem 47 black 1 goes to white 2

:
 The rate of the reaction One of the reactants binds on the surface of
represented above P... lower activation energy
increases significantly in the
presence of P. Which... best
explains this reaction?

Entropy decrease? l-s

Which of the following The heat energy lost by the Fe will be equal to
statements is true? the heat energy gained by the water

In which of the following CH2F2

liquids do the IMAF include
dipole-dipole forces?

Which of the following best At high temp, high energy collisions happen
help explain why an more frequently
increase in temp increases
the rate of chem. reaction?

Which of the following Adding some N2

changes would result in
more NH3 in the mixture
after equilibrium is
reestablished?

Acid base graph WA with SB

:
 What happens to the temp Decrease b/c endothermic
of the contents of the
vessel as the reaction
occurs?

What can be inferred about positive because -G and +H

S for the reaction at 600k

Which of the following Kc will decrease b/c exothermic

explains the effect on Kc
when the temp... is
increased to 650 K

A 1 mol sample of CO and a [H2]<[CO]

1 mole sample of H2... what
must be true at
equilibrium?

...What will be the total Less than 1.2 atm

pressure of the system if
volume of the reaction
vessel is reduced to 1 atm
at constant T?

Which of the following The energy absorbed as the bonds in the

statements is true about reactants are broken is less than the energy
bond energies in this released as the bonds in the product are
reaction? formed.
: