07-Ethernet Principle-20080528-A

Ethernet Principle
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Know the technical background of the Ethernet and its basic
concepts
 Describe the common Ethernet equipment and their working

principle
 Understand the function of VLAN
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. Ethernet Concept
2. Ethernet Port Technology
3. VLAN Basis
Ethernet MAC Address
 00.e0.fc.39.80.34
 MAC address includes 48 bits and it is shown as 12 dotted hexadecimal
notations
 MAC address is exclusive globally which is allotted and managed by IEEE.
Every MAC address is composed of two parts. The first 24 bits part is the
vendor code and the other 24 bits part is serial number
 If 48 bits are all “1”, it means the address is used for broadcast
 If the 8th bit is “1”, it means the address is used for multicast
00000001 10111011 00111010 10111010 10111110 10101000
Do you know why IP address is not

It means this is a multicast address. fixed as MAC?
Ethernet Frame Structure
46---1500 bytes
DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS
64---1518 bytes
Length/Type Mean
Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Type of the frame
802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Length of the frame
Ethernet Principle---CSMA/CD
 CS: carrier sense
 Sense before sending data to ensure the cable is idle and reduce collision.
 MA: multiple access

 The data from every station can be received by other multiple stations.
 CD: collision detection

 Detect collision while sending data and stop it when the station find
collision then continue to send after waiting for a random time.
Working Principle of HUB
1 2 3 4 5
OUT OUT OUT OUT

IN
HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet,

It is half duplex.
Collision Domain
LAN
LAN LAN
HUB
LAN LAN
HUB only repeats all the signals coming from connected LAN and
all the physical equipment construct a collision domain.
Defects of Traditional Ethernet
 The transmission efficiency is low in case of many hosts
connected
 A lot of collisions
 Broadcast storm
 No security
 Use HUBs to construct the LAN as a sharing Ethernet
L2 Work Mode
(BRIDGE/Ethernet switch/L2) equipment work mode
Application layer Application layer
Presentation layer Presentation layer
Conversation layer Conversation layer

L2 switch
Transport layer Transport layer
Network layer Network layer

Data link Data link
Data link layer layer layer Data link layer
Physical Physical
Physical layer Physical layer
layer layer
L2 Work Principle
Segment 1 Segment 2
A C
PORT1 PORT2
B switch
typical use of the switch
MAC ADD. port
MAC A 1
MAC B 1
MAC C 2
 Learning based on source
MAC D 2
L2 Work Principle (Cont.)
 Forwarding based on destination address
MAC ADD. port

MAC A 1
MAC B 1
MAC C 2
MACD MACA ………
MAC D 2
Port 1
Port 2
L2 Switch MACA MACD ………
L2 Switch Principle
 Receive all the data frames from the network segment
 Save the source MAC addresses of the received frames to establish MAC address
table( self-learning based on source address) and maintain the address table by
aging mechanism
 Check the MAC address table to find out the port corresponding to the
destination address. If it is the receiving port, it will take the frame; if it is not
the receiving port, the data will be broadcasted to all the other ports (except
the source port)
 Forward broadcast and multicast frames to all other ports (except the source
port)
Three Switch Modes
 Cut-Through：
 Switch forward the frame immediately after it receive destination address
 Short time delay
 Switch don’t check the error
 Store-and-Forward：
 Switch forward the frame after it receive the whole frame
 Long time delay
 Switch check the error so no error frame will be forwarded
 Fragment-free：
 Switch forward the frame after it receive 64 bytes( the shortest frame length)
 Integrate the advantage of the cut-through and store-and-forward mode
Broadcast Domain
Broadcast domain
LAN
collision domain
LAN LAN
SWITCH
collision domain collision domain
LAN LAN
collision domain collision domain
L2 will forward the received frames according to the MAC address so

collision domain is limited to one port. But it can not limit the
broadcast domain.
Contents
1. Ethernet Concept
3. VLAN Basis
Ethernet Connection Requirements
 Ethernet connection must ensure the performance of the
network
 Bandwidth
 Delay
 Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:

 Increase the overall network bandwidth
 Build switching Ethernet, and use bandwidth exclusively.
 Increase link rate: 10M--100M--1000M

 Decrease the number of equipment attached to the same shared
medium
Transmission Distance of Fast Ethernet
Transmission
Technical Standard Types of Cable
Distance
100BaseTX 2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair 100m
100BaseT4 4 pairs EIA/TIA Type 3, 4 and 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair 100m
100BaseFX Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable 550m-2km
1000BaseCX Copper shielded twisted-pair 25m
1000BaseT Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair, 4 pair 100m
1000BaseSX Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use 850nm laser 550m/275m
EIA: Electronics Industries Association

TIA: Telecommunications Industries Association
Ethernet Technology---Auto-Negotiation
 If there is no auto-negotiation mechanism, the following
problems will arise:
 Cannot realize the auto dual-rate configuration function of the port
(such as 10Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s)
 Cannot confirm the operation mode of duplex
 Cannot confirm whether it's in need of the flow-control function or
not
 If both of the equipment provide auto-negotiation then, it is the

best choice.
Ethernet Technology---Auto-Negotiation
(Cont.)
 The basic mechanism of the auto-negotiation function is to
encapsulate the negotiation message into the link integration test
pulse.
Fast link pulse

16ms
Every pulse includes 16 digital sequence
……
Fast link pulse includes a series of clock/digital
sequence comprised of link integration test pulse.
Auto-Negotiation
Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
10M Support Support
100M Support Support
1000M - Support
10G - Support
 If one device can not support auto-negotiation, the other device that
can support auto-negotiation will work at the default work method.
Auto-Negotiation on Optical Fiber
 For the optical fiber Ethernet, the conclusion is:
 The operation modes at two ends of the link must be manually
configured (speed, duplex modes, flow-control and etc.)
 The auto-negotiation of Gigabit Ethernet has been realized
Flow Control
 The function of flow control is to prevent frames from being lost
in case of congestion
 Under half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved by

backpressure technology
 Under full duplex mode, the flow control generally abides by

standard IEEE 802.3x
Half Duplex Flow Control
Pretend that there is

collision, then you will not
constantly transfer!
backpressure
Full Duplex Flow Control
 IEEE802.3x standard defines a new method named PAUSE frame,
to realize the flow control in the full duplex environment.
 PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address which wouldn't

be repeated by bridge or switch
Stop PAUSE Frame Congestion
DATA Frame
Contents
1. Ethernet Concept
3. VLAN Basis
Disadvantage of Full Duplex and L2 Switch
 Full duplex and L2 make Ethernet progress, resolve the conflict
problem and improve the Ethernet performance. Furthermore
the security is enhanced to some extent. But the following
disadvantages are still in the Ethernet:
 Broadcast flooding
 Security can’t be guaranteed completely
Broadcast flooding is the main disadvantage of L2 switch
Cause of VLAN Generation---Broadcast
Storm
broadcast ……
Prevent Broadcast Storm
Broadcast domain1 Broadcast domain3

VLAN 10 VLAN 30
Broadcast domain2
VLAN 20
Marketing Department Financial Department
Engineering Department
Prevent Broadcast Storm via VLAN
VLAN Based on MAC or Port
Switch Switch
Port 1 Port 10
Port 7
Port 3
MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D PC A PC B PC C PC D
MAC VLAN Port VLAN

MAC A 5 Port 1 5
MAC B 10 Port 3 10
MAC C 5 Port 7 5
MAC D 10 Port 10 10
VLAN Based on Protocol or Subnet
Switch Switch
IPX IP UDP IP 1.1.1.1/24 1.1.2.1/24 1.1.3.1/24 2.1.1.1/24
Protocol VLAN IP VLAN

IPX 5 1.1.1.1/24 5
UDP 10 1.1.2.1/24 10
IP 2 1.1.3.1/24 2
………. 11 ………. 11
Frame Format of VLAN
DA SA Type Data CRC
Standard Ethernet Frame
DA SA tag Type Data CRC
TCI
TPID Priority CFI VLAN ID
Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag
Frame Changes in Network Communication
Ethernet frame
VLAN 2 with VLAN tag 1 VLAN 1
Ethernet frame
without VLAN flag
Ethernet frame
with VLAN tag 2
VLAN 1 VLAN 2
Ethernet Card Port Tag Mode
Packets
Tag flag Untag flag
Port
Tag aware (In) Transmit transparently Drop
Tag aware (Out) Transmit transparently －

Access (In) Drop Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN ID)
Remove the Tag flag (default VLAN
Access (Out) －
ID)
Hybrid (In) Transmit transparently Attach a Tag flag (default VLAN ID)
If VLAN ID is the same, remove the
Hybrid (Out) Tag flag, otherwise transmit －
transparently
Advantage and Disadvantage of VLAN
 VLAN technology resolves the broadcast problem and enhances
the communication security.
 Disadvantage of VLAN:
 Improve the bandwidth utilization rate by dividing a physically
interconnected network into several small logic networks. But what
should we do if different VLANs need to communicate with each
other?
Questions
 Please describe the working mechanism of L2 Switch?
 What is the advantage of VLAN?
Summary
 Ethernet Concept
 Ethernet Port Technology
 VLAN Basis
Thank you
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Ethernet Principle

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Describe the common Ethernet equipment and their working

 Understand the function of VLAN

2. Ethernet Port Technology

Do you know why IP address is not

DMAC SMAC Length/T DATA/PAD FCS

Ethernet_II Length/T > 1500 Type of the frame

802.3 Length/T <= 1500 Length of the frame

 MA: multiple access

 CD: collision detection

OUT OUT OUT OUT

HUB only changes the physical topology of Ethernet,

 Use HUBs to construct the LAN as a sharing Ethernet

Application layer Application layer

Presentation layer Presentation layer

Conversation layer Conversation layer

Network layer Network layer

MAC ADD. port

L2 Switch MACA MACD ………

collision domain collision domain

L2 will forward the received frames according to the MAC address so

2. Ethernet Port Technology

 Two methods to increase bandwidth for users:

 Increase link rate: 10M--100M--1000M

100BaseTX 2 pairs EIA/TIA Type 5 (UTP) Unshielded Twisted Pair 100m

100BaseFX Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) cable 550m-2km

1000BaseCX Copper shielded twisted-pair 25m

1000BaseT Copper EIA/TIA Category 5 (UTP) Unshielded twisted-pair, 4 pair 100m

1000BaseSX Multi-mode fiber, 50/62.5um fiber, use 850nm laser 550m/275m

EIA: Electronics Industries Association

 If both of the equipment provide auto-negotiation then, it is the

Fast link pulse

Every pulse includes 16 digital sequence

10M Support Support

100M Support Support

 The auto-negotiation of Gigabit Ethernet has been realized

 Under half duplex mode, the flow control is achieved by

 Under full duplex mode, the flow control generally abides by

Pretend that there is

 PAUSE frame uses a reserved multicast address which wouldn't

Stop PAUSE Frame Congestion

2. Ethernet Port Technology

 Security can’t be guaranteed completely

Broadcast flooding is the main disadvantage of L2 switch

Broadcast domain1 Broadcast domain3

Marketing Department Financial Department

MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D PC A PC B PC C PC D

MAC VLAN Port VLAN

IPX IP UDP IP 1.1.1.1/24 1.1.2.1/24 1.1.3.1/24 2.1.1.1/24

Protocol VLAN IP VLAN

DA SA Type Data CRC

Standard Ethernet Frame

DA SA tag Type Data CRC

TPID Priority CFI VLAN ID

Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag

Tag aware (In) Transmit transparently Drop

Tag aware (Out) Transmit transparently －

 What is the advantage of VLAN?

 Ethernet Port Technology

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