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Computer Servicing

Tuesday, August 23, 2021


9:00 - 10:00 AM

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NETWORK

INDEX
 Definition & applications of computer network
 Components of computer network
 Network benefits
 Disadvantages of computer network
 Classification by their geographical area
 Network classification by their component role
 Types of servers

DEFINTION & APPLICATIONS


 DEFINTION:
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate
and share available resources.
 APPLICATIONS:
I. Sharing of resources such as printers
II. Sharing of expensive software's and database
III. Communication from one computer to another computer
IV. Exchange of data and information among users via network
V. Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK


 Two or more computers
 Cables as links between the computers
 A network interfacing card (NIC) on each computer
 Switches
 Software called operating system (OS)
NETWORK BENEFITS
 The network provided to the users can be divided into two categories:
I. Sharing
II. Connectivity
 
SHARING RESOURCES
 Types of resources are:
1. Hardware: A network allows users to share many hardware devices such as printers, modems, fax machines, CD ROM, players, etc.
2. Software: sharing software resources reduces the cost of software installation, saves space on hard disk.
OTHER BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
 Increased speed
 Reduced cost
 Improved security
 Centralized software managements
 Electronic mail
 Flexible access

DISDAVATAGES OF NETWORKS
 High cost of installation
 Requires time for administration
 Failure of server
 Cable faults

CLASSIFICATION OF AREA BY THEIR GEOGRAPHY


 NETWORK
o LAN
o WAN
o PAN
o CAN
o MAN

 
LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)
 LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area such as an office, factory or a group of buildings.
 LAN's are easy to design and troubleshoot
 Exchange of information and sharing of resources becomes easy because of LAN.
 In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
 Different types of topologies such as star, tree, bus, ring, etc Can be used
 It is usually a privately owned network.

WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN)


 When network spans over a large distance or when the computers to be connected to each other are at widely separated locations a
local area network cannot be used. A wide area network (WAN) is installed.
 The communication between different users of WAN is established using leased telephone lines, satellite links and similar channels.
 It is cheaper and more efficient to use the phone network for the link.
 Most WAN networks are used to transfer large blocks of data between its users.

PERSONAL AREA NETWORK(PAN)


 A personal area network is a computer network organized around an individual person.
 It generally consists of a mobile computer, a cell phone or personal digital assistant. PAN enables the communication among these
devices.
 It can also be used for communication among personal devices themselves for connecting to a digital level network and internet.
 The PANS can be constructed using wireless or cables.

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK(CAN)


 The campus area network is made up of an interconnection of LAN with limited geographical area.
 Network equipments such as switches, routers and the transmission media i.e. optical fibre etc are almost entirely owned by the campus
owner.
 
 
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK(MAN)
 It is in between LAN & WAN technology that covers the entire city.
 It uses similar technology as LAN.
 It can be a single network such as cable TV network, or a measure of connecting a number of LAN's or a large network so that resources
can be shared LAN to LAN as well as device to device.
 

 
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN LAN, WAN, MAN
PARAMETERS LAN WAN MAN
Ownership of Private Private or public Private or public
network
Geographical Small Very large Moderate
area covered
Design and Easy Not easy Not easy
maintenance
Communication Coaxial cable PSTN or satellite links Coaxial cables, PSTN,
medium optical fiber, cables,
wireless
Bandwidth Low High moderate
Data rates(speed) High Low moderate

NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR COMPONENT ROLE


 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
o PEER TO PEER NETWORK
o CLIENT SERVER NETWORK

 
PEER TO PEER NETWORK
 In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for making its own resources available to other computers on the network.
 Each computer is responsible for setting up and maintaining its own security for these resources.
 Also each computer is responsible for accessing the required network resources from peer to peer relationships.
 Peer to peer network is useful for a small network containing less than 10 computers on a single LAN .
 In peer to peer network each computer can function as both client and server.
 Peer to peer networks do not have a central control system. There are no servers in peer networks.
 Peer networks are amplified into home group.

 
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PEER TO PEER NETWORK
Advantages:
 Use less expensive computer hardware
 Easy to administer
 No NOS required
 More built in redundancy
 Easy setup & low cost
Disadvantages:
 Not very secure
 No central point of storage or file archiving
 Additional load on computer because of resource sharing
 Hard to maintain version control
 
 
CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK
 In client-server network relationships, certain computers act as server and other act as clients. A server is simply a computer, that
available the network resources and provides service to other computers when they request it. A client is the computer running a
program that requests the service from a server.
 Local area network(LAN) is based on client server network relationship.
 A client-server network is one n which all available network resources such as files, directories, applications and shared devices, are
centrally managed and hosted and then are accessed by client.
 Client serve network are defined by the presence of servers on a network that provide security and administration of the network.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-SERVER NETWORK


Advantages:
 Very secure
 Better performance
 Centralized backup
 very reliable
Disadvantages:
 requires professional administration
 More hardware- intensive
 More software intensive
 Expensive dedicated software

TYPES OF SERVERS
 SERVER
o File server
o Print server
o Application server
o Message server
o Database server
 
 
TYPES OF SERVERS
 File server: These servers provide the services for storing, retrieving and moving the data. A user can read, write, exchange and manage
the files with the help of file servers.
 Printer server: The printer server is used for controlling and managing printing on the network. It also offers the fax service to the
network users.
 Application server: The expensive software and additional computing power can be shared by the computers in a network with he help
of application servers.
 Message server: It is used to co-ordinate the interaction between users, documents and applications. The data can be used in the for of
audio, video, binary, text or graphics.
 Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows the uses to access the centralised strong database.

COMPUTER NETWORK DEVICES


Lesson 2

What are Networking Device?


• Network devices are components used to connect computers
or other electronic devices together so that they can share
files or resources like printers or fax machines. Devices used
to setup a Local Area Network (LAN) are the most common
type of network devices used by the public. A LAN requires a
hub, switch, router.
• Networking Devices are also called Communicating Devices.

Networking Devices
 NIC (Network Interface card)
 Repeater
 Modem
 Bridge
 Switch
 Router

Connecting Devices
1. Networking Devices
1.1. Repeaters
1.2. Bridges
2. Internetworking Devices
2.1. Routers
2.2. Gateways

NIC (Network Interface card)


 NIC provides the physical interface between computer and cabling.
 It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to understand.
 It has specific MAC address (48 bit)
 Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area networks (LANs).

Repeater
 Network repeaters regenerate incoming electrical, wireless or optical signals. With physical media like Ethernet or Wi-Fi, data
transmissions can only span a limited distance before the quality of the signal degrades. Repeaters attempt to preserve signal integrity
and extend the distance over which data can safely travel.
 Repeaters remove the unwanted noise in an incoming signal.
 It can't filter the signal traffic.
 it works in physical layer of OSI Model.

Modem
 The word "modem" comes from "modulator- demodulator"
 Modulation: digital information to analog signals
 Demodulation: analog signals back into useful digital information
 An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is required to complete a connection to the Internet.
Two Type of Modem
 DSL
 ADSL
 Digital Subscriber Line.
 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

Hubs
Active (It can amplify the Signal)
Passive (It can't)
 There are two types of hubs: active and passive.
 Passive hubs simply connect all ports together electrically and are usually not powered.
 Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
 Hubs are devices used to link several computers together.
 They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called broadcasting).
 It works in physical Layer of OSI Model.

Bridges
 They join similar topologies and are used to divide network segments.
 It can filter traffic on the basis of MAC address.
 If it is aware of the destination address, it is able to forward packets; otherwise a bridge will forward the packets to all segments. They
are more intelligent than repeaters but are unable to move data across multiple networks simultaneously.
 Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.
 Works in Data link Layer of OSI Model.
 Multiple collision Domain but single Broadcast Domain.
 The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can't connect dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection. For that
function, you would need a router.

Switches
 A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments.
 Populates MAC address table on the basis of source MAC address of a Frame.
 Network switches are capable of inspecting data frames as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that
frame, and forwarding it appropriately.
 Data Link Layer or Layer 2 Device.
 Multiple collision Domain but single Broadcast Domain.
 A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to a hub share the bandwidth among themselves, while a
device connected to a switch port has the full bandwidth all to itself.
 For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a IO- Mbps network, then each node may only get a portion of the 10 Mbps
if other nodes on the hub want to communicate as well.
 But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
Router
 Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple network types and determine the best path for sending data.
 Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
 These devices examine incoming packets to determine the destination address of the data. It then examines its internal routing table to
choose the best path for the packet through the network and switches them to the proper outgoing port.
 However, they are slower than bridges because they are more intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing packet-
forwarding delays. Because of this intelligence, they are also more expensive.
 Routers are OSI network layer 3 devices
 Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers used.
 Multiple collision Domain but single Multiple Domain.
 Filter traffic on the basis of IP address.

CONFIGURING HOME NETWORK


Starter:
Jamie's house now has a broadband connection. There is one computer connected to it. What problems do you think this might cause for him
and his family?
Type your answer here: They might fight over the computer.

Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you will be able to:
• list the advantages of creating a network
• describe the differences between cable and WiFi networks
• explain the advantages of cable and WiFi networks
• explain the role played by a router in a network.
 
Advantages of a home network
Jamie has carried out some research and has discovered that his family needs to set up a Local area network (LAN). This Will connect all the
computers in the house so that everyone will be able to share the same Internet (broadband) connection.

You need to find out about the advantages of networking so Jamie can convince his
family. use one Of these two websites to help you
Benefits of networking or Building a home network

Five advantages for the family of home networking


File Sharing Multi-player Home Printer Sharing Internet
Games Entertainment Telephone Service

Ethernet
-Ethernet (sometimes called IEEE 802.3) is a set of software and hardware rules or protocols for linking computers together to form a LAN.
It was first developed in 1973 and has been modified and improved many times.
Ethernet defines the ways in which computers 'talk' to each other, but they can be connected together in two ways: cable and wireless.

Ethernet cable
-Ethernet cable is the original method for connecting computers. Modern cable is often referred to as Cat5 or Cat5e — these are the standards
that show it is high- quality cable. The cable is connected to the computer's network interface cards (NICs) by plugs like those that connect
telephones. In the past these would be separate ethernet cards, but nowadays they are built into the computer's motherboard.

-Ethernet cards provide the following transmission speeds:


Basic — up to 10 Mb (10 megabits per second) — not really used now
Fast— up to 100 Mb
Gigabit — 1000 Mb (Ibillion bits per second).

Ethernet Wi-Fi
-Wireless networks allow computers to communicate by radio or microwaves if they have wireless network cards installed. The speeds of
transmission vary, depending on the types of cards, from 11MB to 54 Mb.
-Wireless transmission can be affected by household appliances such as microwave ovens and cordless phones, and even walls and ceilings. Wi-
Fi performance is distance-sensitive, so speeds drop the further a computer is from the transmitter. It is also greatly affected by the number of
devices using the wireless LAN.

WiFi router
IP addresses
-Whichever method is used, a router is needed to connect to the ADSL or cable modem.
-The ISP has issued Jamie's family With an IP address that can be used externally on the Internet, but the computers in the house will each need
an internal IP address so that they can communicate with each other. The router assigns each computer with an internal IP address, so it 'knows'
where to send the web pages they are each looking at.
-Most routers on sale have both wireless and cable connection, so it is possible to have a mixed cable/wireless network.

An example of a mixed cable/ wireless network

TWO WAYS TO SETUP INTERNAL IP ADDRESS


1. DHCP- DOMAIN HOST CONTROLLER PROTOCOL
2. STATIC IP

Advantages and disadvantages


What are the advantages and disadvantages of cabled and wireless networks?
Use etask 3.12 as a class to learn more, then complete the table below.
Advantages Of cabled network Advantages of Wireless network
Better Security Easy to use
10Mb-100Mb (Faster) Cheaper
No interference Can use anywhere Within range of the
Better for playing online games Doesn't have wires all over the place

Jamie is determined that he wants a cabled network as this is better for playing games, over the internet. The speed of the connection is better
and there is less chance of the connection being lost in the middle of a game.

Recommendations
What type of network would you recommend for Jamie and his family?
The choice is:
1. Fully cabled
2. Fully wireless
3. Mixed cabled and wireless
For Jamie and his family I would recommend mixed cables and wireless.

My reasons for this are, Jamie would be better off with cabled, as he plays games so they won't lag and have no interference. The rest of his
family could use the Wi-Fi, and it wouldn't make Jamie's computer lag, as he has cable. Also, if all the family had cable, it would be quite
expensive, so with only one room having cable, it won't be. Wi-Fi isn't expensive so the family will be ok.

Jamie's family has decided on a compromise of a mixed network. Jamie will have the router in his bedroom
and use a cabled connection, while the rest of the family will use WiFi access around the house.

network you can probably see all of the others in your street,

Encryption — for security, data is translated into a secret code according to a set of rules in a special 'key'. To convert the data back into plain
text, the receiver must also have the key.

Likewise, others will be able to see your network and, if its not secure, they will be able to use your Internet connection for playing games and
downloading files. Some Internet sites have lists of so- called 'hot spots' where there are unsecured networks in homes and offices, where you
can get free Internet access.
The most important thing is to change the default password on your router. Most of them come with 'admin' as the default one. It is then then
easy for anyone to connect to it and change the settings.
You should also set up some encryption which scrambles the data on your network. This is usually

Assignment:
“The bandwidth and latency of the Internet connection are both important factors when playing online games.”
Explain why both are important.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network Topologies
-Another way to classify computer networks is by how they are setup, meaning the arrangement of the hardware that makes up the
connections.
-This is called the network topology, and there are a great many different ones.
-In the next slides are the most basic network topologies (basic, because, in practice, most networks are a combination or variation on these in
some way.)

BASIC NETWORK TOPOLOGIES


Star Topology
-The star topology is by far the most common network topology.
-This is because it is cheap and easy to set up and maintain, and it is highly versatile
and can be easily integrated with other networks. In a star topology, all nodes are
connected to a central switch that allows all the devices to communicate with each
other.
-To connect this network to another network, the switch just needs to be connected
to a router. A major drawback of this topology though is that if your switch goes
down, the entire network goes down. See the diagrams below to learn how a star
topology looks.

Bus Topology
-The bus topology is probably the simplest of all the topologies.
-In a bus topology, all devices in a network are connected to a main (bus) line.
-To work properly though, a special device called a terminator needs to be placed at the ends of the bus lines to absorb the signals and prevent
echoes (repeated commands).
-Bus networks can be connected to other networks by adding a router to the end.
-A drawback to a bus line is that it requires more wiring, and if the wiring breaks or a connection is loose, it can cause a break in the network.
See the diagram below to see how a bus topology is set up.

Ring Topology
-The ring topology is similar to a bus, but instead, the main line is set up as a ring.
-This prevents signal echoing.
-However, many of the same problems that we see with a bus topology persist in this one: more wire needed and a single problem with wiring
can cause the network to go down or disrupt communication.
-In practice, most rings are set up as a double ring. See the diagrams below to see how a ring topology looks.

Mesh Topology
-The mesh topology is the most stable and most elaborate of the topologies.
-In a mesh set up, all devices are connected to each other.
-While this creates high costs because of all of the necessary wiring, it ensures that even if one device goes
down (or if a break in the wire occurs) the rest of the network remains unaffected.
-The Internet is a good example of a mesh topology. When one server or transfer hub goes down, your signal
is rerouted through another connection so you can always find the files (webpages) you need. See how a
mesh topology is set up in the diagram below.
Network Cabling
IP Addresses
To keep all of the machines on the Internet straight, each machine is
assigned a unique address called an IP address.

IP stands for Internet protocol


and these addresses are 32-bit numbers normally expressed as four "octets" in a
"dotted decimal number." A typical IP address looks like this:
216.183.103.150
The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they can have
values between 0 and 255 (28 possibilities per octet).

Types of Cables used in Networks


Every machine on the Internet has its own IP address. A server has a static IP address that does not change very often. A home machine that is
dialing up through a modem often has an IP address that is assigned by the ISP when you dial in. That IP address is unique for your session and
may be different the next time you dial in. In this way, an ISP only needs one IP address foreach modem it supports, rather than for every
customer.

Twisted Pair
Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties:
shielded and unshielded.

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks

 The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable.
 The cable has four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help eliminate
interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices.
 The tighter, the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater the cost per foot.
 The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has established standards of UTP and rated six
categories of wire (additional categories are emerging).

Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair


Category Speed Use
1 1 Mbps Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
2 4 Mbps LocalTalk & Telephone (Rarely used)
3 16 Mbps 10BaseT Ethernet
4 20 Mbps Token Ring (Rarely used)
5 100 Mbps (2 pair) 100BaseT Ethernet
1000 Mbps (4 pair) Gigabit Ethernet
5e 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
6 10,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is
a plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector

RJ stands for Registered Jack

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable


 Although UTP cable is the least expensive cable, it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency interference

(it should not be too close to electric motors, fluorescent lights, etc.)
 If you must place cable in environments with lots of potential interference, or If you must place cable in extremely sensitive
environments that may be susceptible to the electrical current in the UTP, shielded twisted pair may be the solution. Shielded cables can
also help to extend the maximum distance of the cables.

Shielded twisted pair cable is available in three different configurations:


1) Each pair of wires is individually shielded with foil.
2) There is a foil or braid shield inside the jacket covering all wires (as a group).
3) There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as around the entire group of wires (referred to as double shield twisted pair).

Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and a
braided metal shield.
 The metal shield helps to block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.
 Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference.
 In addition, it can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.

The two types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial and thin coaxial.

 Thin coaxial cable


o Is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals.

 The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters.
 Thin coaxial cable has been popular in school networks, especially linear bus networks.

Thick coaxial cable


 is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick coaxial cable carrying Ethernet signals.
 The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters.
 Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center conductor. This makes thick
coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear bus network.
 One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.

Coaxial Cable Connectors


 The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC) connector.
 Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-connector, barrel connector, and terminator.
 Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any network. To help avoid problems with your network, connectors that crimp,
rather screw, onto the cable.

Fiber Optic Cable


 Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than
electronic signals eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
 This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical interference. It has also made it the standard for
connecting networks between buildings, due to its immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
 Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair. It also has the capability to
carry information at vastly greater speeds.
 This capacity broadens communication possibilities to include services such as video conferencing and interactive services.
Fiber Optic Cable (CON…)
 The cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and modify. 10BaseF refers to the
specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
 The center core of fiber cables is made from glass or plastic fibers. A plastic coating then cushions the fiber center, and kevlar fibers help
to strengthen the cables and prevent breakage. The outer insulating jacket made of teflon or PVC.

Fiber Optic Cable


 There are two common types of fiber cables
single mode and multimode.
Multimode cable has a larger diameter; however, both cables provide high bandwidth at high speeds.
Single mode can provide more distance, but it is more expensive.
Fiber Optic Cable
Specification Cable Type
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
10Base2 Thin Coaxial
10Base5 Thick Coaxial
100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
100BaseFX Fiber Optic
100BaseBX Single mode Fiber
100BaseSX Multimode Fiber
1000BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair
1000BaseFX Fiber Optic
1000BaseBX Single mode Fiber
1000BaseSX Multimode Fiber

Installing Cable Guidelines


 When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:
 Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
 Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have problems that will be difficult to isolate later.
 Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical interference.
 If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors. Label both ends of each cable.
 Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together.

Installing a Network Adapter Card


Network Cabling Guide
 Poor or incorrectly installed network cabling can cause numerous problems with your computer network.
 To make your own network cables, you need some raw CAT 5, 5e, or CAT 6 cable some RJ45 connectors, and a proper crimping/wire-
cutting tool.
 Ideally, you also want a network-cable tester, to easily confirm that your custom cables are correctly wired and working properly.
 A cable tester isn’t a necessity, but it will save time and prevent headaches down the line should you have a problem with a cable or
connection.

Wiring Schemes
 You'll find a couple of standard wiring schemes and types of network cables.
 The Telecommunications Industry Association's T568A and T568B standard wiring schemes define the order of the individual wires and
pin-outs for eight-pin modular connectors and jacks, such as those used for network cables.
 Depending on how you wire the cables, you can make, “straight-through” or “crossover” cables
It is essential that you DO NOT MIX T568a and T568b on the same network.

Ethernet Cable
There are two basic Ethernet cable pin outs.

 A straight through Ethernet cable, which is used to connect to a unlike


device
 Crossover Ethernet cable, which is used to connect to a unlike device

Standard, Straight-Through Wiring Diagram(both ends are the same)


Crossover Cable Wiring Diagram(T568B)

`
Hardware and Software tools
Overview of Hardware Troubleshooting Tools
 There are different types of troubleshooting tools
 We have discuss 5 types of troubleshooting Tools
1) Cable tester
2) Crimper
3) Multimeter
4) Post Card
5) LSA punch down tools

Cable Testers
 Cable Testers also known as a media tester
 that is used for find network problems involves bad cabling and connectors.
 Generally it is used for test whether the cable works properly or not
 that was finding to the pinpoint the distance to a break in a cable.

Crimper
 to attach the RJ-45 type connectors to end of the cables.
 was generally used for network and telephone line cabling.

Multimeter
 to check the shorts in the coaxial cable.
 know as multitester as well as volt ohm meter (VOM)
 Multimeter can be used to directly measure electrical vales of voltage (V), current in ampier(A) and resistance in ohms.

POST Cards
 tests the activity of the system as it boots up.
 used when the framework can't read from a floppy or hard drive.
LSA Punch down tool
 also known as a krone tool
 for embeddings the wire into protection removal connectors
 utilized by the network and telecommunication technicians.

TONE PROBE / TONE TRACER / CABLE TRACER


Put simply, the toner and probe are used in tandem to trace a single copper-based (twisted-pair or coaxial) cable among a bundle or
cluster of cables. The tone generator does just what its name indicates, sending tone down the circuit that the technician is trying to identify.
• How does a tone and probe kit work?
The tone generator injects a signal onto the cable to be traced. Typically it's a Square wave (with high harmonic content), or a warbling
tone. The probe tool is usually called an Inductive Amplifier, but in reality it works by capacitive coupling from the tone injected onto the wire.

Overview of Software Troubleshooting Tools


 There are different types of Software troubleshooting tools
 We have discuss 5 types of troubleshooting Tools
1) Putty
2) Ping
3) Tracert
4) Network Monitor
5) Ipconfig

Putty
 Putty is a free and open-source troubleshooting tool.
 Putty was created for Microsoft Windows, but it has been working on various operating systems like as Linux.
 Utilizing putty we can perform different basic actions such as creating folders, copying them and so on.

PACKET INTERNET GOPHER


Ping
 was first developed in 1983
 used to check whether the problem exists within the office or within the network of the (ISP) Internet service provider
 used to provide a basic connectivity test between the requesting host and a destination host.
TTL and ms
• What is time-to-live (TTL)?
Time-to-live (TTL) is a value for the period of time that a packet, or data, should exist on a computer or network before being discarded.
• Ping (latency is the technically more correct term) means the time it takes for a small data set to be transmitted from your device to a
server on the Internet and back to your device again. The ping time is measured in milliseconds (ms)

TRACERT or TRACE ROUTE


Tracert
 troubleshooting tool
 which displays a list of all the routers between computer and a specified destination computer
 check the speed of connectivity.

Network Monitor
 One of the most popular networking Monitoring Tool is Microsoft Network Monitor.
 was originally designed and developed by Raymond Patch,
 Used for troubleshooting network problems and applications on the network

ipconfig
 Ipconfig stands for internet protocol configuration.
 used to troubleshoot internet issues and find information about the host computer TCP/IP configuration.
 used to know current local IP address, default gateway, TCP/IP settings for troubleshooting a networking issue

Nslookup
 Nslookup used for domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record.
 it is a network administration command-line trouble shorting tool.
 Generally, nslookup used for find the ip address of a host and find the domain name of an ip address and find mail servers for a domain.

What is DNS?
DNS, or the Domain Name System, translates human readable domain names (for example, www.amazon.com)to machine readable IP
addresses (for example, 192.0.2.44).
 
Nslookup
Nslookup www.google.com
Netstat
 displays network connections for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (both incoming and outgoing),number of network interface
and network protocol statistics.
 accessible on all operating system
 used for finding problems in the system and to decide the measure of traffic on the system as a performance measurement.

Netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-0] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-v] [interval]

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