Electric Circuit Analysis

Lab Work

Name Haider Abbas

Registration Number SP20-BSE-030

Class Section A

Instructor’s Name Pro. Asad Ali Malik

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 Voltmeter Design Using Galvanometer
In Lab, we take voltage v = 5V and current i = 300µA. We measured internal
resistance Rm of the galvanometer which is 107Ω then using KVL equation:

v=iR+ i Rm R=
( v−i R m )
i
( 5−(300 μ)(107) )
R= R=16.5 kΩ
(300 μ)
Vg(V) Ig(A) Rm meas. Rm calc.(Ω) R meas.(Ω) R calc.(Ω)
(Ω)
5V 300µA 107 Ω 166Ω 19.95kΩ 16.5kΩ

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 Experimental Validation of Node Voltage Method

Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage Simulated Voltage

Nodes
(V) (V) (V)
A 10V 10.07V 10V
B 6.43V 6.4V 6.43V
C 5V 4.96V 5V
Calculation results Measurement results Simulation result
Resistance
values Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current
(V) (A) (V) (A) (V) (A)
R1 = 3.70V 1.08m 3.59V 1.0m 3.70V 1.079m
R2 = 5.99V 0.6m 6.4V 0.5m 5.99V -0.6m
R3 = 1.87V 0.45m 1.49V 0.36m 1.87V 0.48m
R4 = 5.01V 0.05 5.1V 0.05 5.01V 0.05m

100kŸ

R4
3.3kŸ 3.3kŸ
a b c
R1 R3
R2 10kŸ
10V 5V

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Answer the following Questions:
1) What is the difference between Nodal Analysis and Mesh
Analysis methods?
Nodal analysis is the application of Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) to
solve for the voltages at each node in a particular circuit loop. And Mesh
analysis is the application of Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to solve for
mesh currents. Both are used to find current and voltages in a circuit.

2) What is the difference between node and essential node?

A node is any point on a circuit where the terminals of two or more
circuit elements meet. An essential node is a node where three or more
elements meet.

3) What is the criterion for selecting reference node out of

various essential nodes?
Reference node is one of the essential nodes. While the choice of
reference node is arbitrary. Reference node is a node which has most
branches. While choosing reference node, we observe all essential node’s
branches. Reference node is always grounded.

Conclusion of the Lab:

In today’s lab, we studied how to find current and voltage in an
electric circuit using node-voltage method. We construct a circuit
on bread board and we measured values of current and voltages
at nodes. We also learned how to covert a Galvanometer into
voltmeter. We also measured internal resistance of galvanometer
and verify it with calculated value. We also verify the value of
variable resistance.

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 Islamiyat
Assignment No# 04

Name Muhammad Farhan

Registration Number SP20-BSE-049

Class Section A

Teacher’s Name Pro. Farhat Nisar

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Question:
What are the basic conditions for a deed to be acceptable in
view of Allah (SWT)? Why some of the deeds are the best
and the most accepted one near Allah (SWT) and some are
not acceptable? Classify both types of deeds whether
acceptable or unacceptable with the help of examples.

A deed is an action that you perform with intent. The word deed is often used
to describe acts of charity but an action doesn't have to be good to be called a
deed .
For our deeds to be accepted near Allah there are several conditions which
should be followed. Islam is religion of faith. Allah has promised us reward on a
single and small deed but what if we strive hard but didn’t get any reward and
make all these deeds get rejected. In order to get high rewards for our deeds we
must fulfill the criteria.

First Criteria:
Allah alone is worshipped i-e, there is no God but One. The act of worship
should be devoted to Allah alone. The intentions of all his deeds must be for the
sake of Allah and happiness of Allah.
Allah SWT mentioned in Quran:

“Whosoever desires the life of the world and its glitter, to

them We shall pay in full (the wages of) their deeds
therein, and they will have no diminution therein.
They are those for whom there is nothing in the Hereafter
but Fire, and vain are the deeds they did therein. And of
no effect is that which they used to do.”
[Hood 11:15-16] 

And Allah also said in quran that:

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 “And
they were commanded not, but that they
should worship Allah, and worship none but Him Alone
(abstaining from ascribing partners to Him).”
[al-Bayyinah 98:5] 

The meaning of worshipping Allah alone is that the person should

intend in all his words and deeds, both inward and outward, to seek the Face of
Allah ( His pleasure)

Second Criteria:
The second condition is that the action should be in accordance with the only
way which Allah has prescribed for worship, which is by following the Prophet
(PBUH)  in the laws that he has brought.Purity of intentions and strict following
of Shariaa’h is required for acceptance. Our actions must be done according to
the teachings of Prophet (PBUH). The way He (PBUH) told us to do otherwise
our actions get rejected as they are against the law.
In a Hadees, Prophet SAWW said:
“Whoever does any action that is not in accordance with this
matter of ours (i.e., Islam), will have it rejected.” (Narrated by
Muslim, al-Aqdiyyah). 
The Prophet (PBUH) enjoined following his Sunnah (ways) and
teachings, and made them binding. He (peace and blessings of Allah be upon
him) said: “You have to follow my Sunnah (way) and the way of my rightly-
guided successors (al-khulafa’ al-rashidoon); bite onto it with your eyeteeth
(i.e., cling firmly to it).” And he warned against bid’ah (innovation), as he said:
“Beware of newly-invented matters, for every newly-invented matter is a going
astray.” (narrated by al-Tirmidhi) 

Deeds to be Accepted:
As mentioned above the criteria for acceptance of our deeds we must act
accordingly. There are many many deeds that Allah loves and want us to do so
that our status in this life and hereafter would raise.

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Here are few mentioned deeds that are highly acceptable.
 Fearing Allah
 Sincerity
 Honesty
 Belief in Allah
 Pray five times a day on time
 Good character and moral
 Speaking truth
 Being patient
 Doing zikr
 Charity for sake of Allah
 Reading Quran. 
It was narrated that ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Masood said: The Messenger of
Allah (PBUH) said: “Whoever reads a letter of the Book of Allaah will be
credited with a good deed, and a good deed gets a tenfold reward. I do not
say that Alif-Laam-Meem is a letter, rather alif is a letter, laam is a letter
and meem is a letter.”

Allah mention in Quran:

“He who purifies it (the soul) will indeed be successful, and he
who corrupts it is sure to fail.”
And there are many other good deeds. The Muslim should seek the help of his
Lord to do good deeds, and do his best to do them. He should persist in doing
these good deeds even if they are little, for that is better than doing a lot of good
deeds then stopping. 

Unacceptable Deeds:
Deeds that are not accepted by Allah because we don’t follow the
guidance given to us or we are not truthful to our actions. if deeds are sincere
and incorrect, they will not be accepted. If deeds are correct and insincere, they
will not be accepted. Rather, they are only accepted if they are both sincere and
correct. Sincere means they are done for Allah alone and correct means.
Examples:
 Telling a lie
 Torture anyone

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  Shirk

 If a Muslim fight with pride in war but fails to follow the strict rules of
war, then there is no use of his act
 If someone do good deeds just to show off people, then this is a bigger
sin after Shirk. Prophet SAWW said;
o “It is ostentation (or “showing off”). Allah
Almighty will say to them on the Day of
Resurrection, when people are being
recompensed for their deeds: Go to those for
whom you made a show in the world and look,
do you find any reward with them”?

o As sincerity towards Allah is the starting point in the fulfillment of

all religious duties—inward and outward, for Allah and for fellow
creatures—it cannot be forced upon anyone in any way. Sincerity
must come organically from within the heart of a person, either by
self-discovery or persuasion. Compulsion in religion has no place
in Islam at all.