Diksiyonaryong Biswal NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng
ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO
VISUAL DICTIONARY ON FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
Foreword by
DR. GERARD REY A. LICO
____6_ University of Santo Tomas

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Publishing House
201 s
Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng
ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO
VISUAL DICTIONARY ON FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE
CONTENTS~~~~~~~-
Contents .................................................................................................................................................... xi
Preface ....................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... xv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................... xvii
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. xix
Part I First Societies .............................................................................................................................. I

Apayao House ......................................................................................................................... 2
Badjao House .......................................................................................................................... 5
Bahay Kubo .............................................................................................................................. 7
Bontoc House ......................................................................................................................... I0
House, Early Form ................................................................................................................ 13
lfugao House ........................................................................................................................... 14
lfugao Rice Terraces, Zoning ............................................................................................ 17
lfugao Rice Terraces, Parts ................................................................................................ 18
lvatan Thatch House ............................................................................................................ 19
Kalinga House ......................................................................................................................... 20
Kankanay and lbaloi House .............................................................................................. 24
Sagada House .......................................................................................................................... 27
Samal House ............................................................................................................................ 30
Tausug House .......................................................................................................................... 32
Yakan House ............................................................................................................................ 34
Part II Hispanic Period .......................................................................................................................... 36
Church, Basic Parts and Plan Type ................................................................................ 37
Church Type, Cathedral ...................................................................................................... 38
Church Type, Fortress Church ........................................................................................ 39
Church Type, Funerary Chapel ....................................................................................... 40
Church Type, Monastic ........................................................................................................ 42
Church Type, Parish .............................................................................................................. 44
Church Type, Pilgrim ............................................................................................................ 46
Church Architectural Style, Earthquake Baroque ................................................. 47
Church Architectural Style, Fil-Hispanic Rococo .................................................. 48
Church Architectural Style, Gothic Revival .............................................................. 49
Church Architectural Style, High Renaissance ....................................................... 50
Church Architectural Style, Romanesque Revival ................................................ 51
Church, Altarpiece ................................................................................................................ 52
Church, Door ........................................................................................................................... 53
Published by
the University of Santo Tomas Publishing House
Beato Angelico Building
Espana, Manila 1015 Philippines
Telefax: (63-2) 731-3522 ·Tel. Nos. 406-1611 Loe. 8252/8278
E-mail: publishing@mnl.ust.edu.ph
Copyright © 2015 Rino D.A. Fernandez
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No portion of this book may be copied in any

form or by any means---mechanical, graphic, photocopying, or stored in
a database or any retrieval system---without a written permission from the
copyright owners.
Text, layout, and illustrations: Rino D.A. Fernandez

Cover design: Patrick Henry Castaneda
Published with the assistance of the

National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)
lntramuros, Manila
NCCA
Recommended entry:
Fernandez, Rino D.A., author, illustrator

Diksiyonaryong biswal ng arkitekturang filipino =Visual dictionary on
Filipino architecture I text, layout and illustrations by Rino D.A. Fernandez;
foreword by Dr. Gerard Rey A. Lico.
-- Manila : UST Publishing House, c2015.
xv, 112 pp.; 28 cm.
ISBN 978-971-506-770-6
1. Architecture -- Dictionaries -- Filipino. 2. Architecture --

Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Title: Visual dictionary on Filipino architecture
NA31.F391 2015
PREFACE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The Phil ippines' archipelagic habitat with terminology in Tagalog/Filipino as counterpart to the
thousands of tropical islands having fertile soil, lush English architectural terminologies which were not
forests, and freshwater rivers and lakes, around shallow used during the historical periods. Thus, to ensure that
reefs and deep blue ocean with its location being at the readers understand and familiarize with the
crossroads of trading routes, resulted to its being a terminologies, its local colloquial, and English
melting pot of various cultures due to trades and translation will be included whenever applicable. In
colonization . The richness of these cultures is evident, First Societies, the local dialect (bold type) will be
not only in the people's dialects, costumes, rituals, followed by its English (regular font) equivalent. For
customs and traditions, foods, but also, in their built Hispanic Period, the Tagalog/Filipino (bold type) will be
heritage. This is the purpose of this book: to present the followed by its Spanish (italicized), and English (regular
rich vocabulary in architecture of our country in a clear font) equivalent. For American Period, if there is an
and easy-to-use format. equivalent term in Tagalog/Filipino, it will be presented
(bold type); however if there is none, only the English
The book has been organized in three parts: terms (regular font) will be mentioned.
First Societies, Hispanic, and American Periods. The use
of these historical periods is simply to guide the reader The illustrations were carefully chosen from
on the proper context of a particular built heritage. First the rich architectural structures of the country and will
Societies presents the architectural terminologies of surely aid in both understanding and appreciation of
the early communities or societies, who settled in the the country's built culture. For First Societies, 3-
country prior to the colonization of Spain. Hispanic dimensional representations of the traditional houses
Period showcases the rich vocabulary of the was used instead of the 2-dimensional floor plans to
architectural legacies of the Spanish Empire during give the reader a better sense of visualizing the spaces
their more than 300 years of stay in the country. Lastly, and its material finishes. With these in mind, this book
American Period focuses on the architectural will not only be useful for architecture professionals and
terminologies of the American built legacy during the students but also for other design-related professionals
50 years of rebranding the country as a democratic such as interior design and urban planning. This will also
nation. The Contemporary Period was removed due to be very helpful for courses in history, tourism, and
limited entries of terminologies since majority of the cultural heritage aside from those involved in
terminologies in this period were also part of other restoration and preservation of the historic buildings of
historical periods . our country.
For each part, the rich vocabulary of a particular The author believes that this publication is stil l
period is presented with a contextual definition with a work in progress since one can never capture the
illustrations to better aid understanding and ensure entire working vocabulary of a people, past or present.
retention of information. It is also not the intention
of the author to invent or fabricate an equivalent
Church, Vault ........................................................................................................................... 54
Filipino House ......................................................................................................................... 55
Filipino House, Stair ............................................................................................................. 61
Fort .............................................................................................................................................. 62
lvatan, Stone House ............................................................................................................. 64
Lighthouse ................................................................................................................................ 66
Maranao House ...................................................................................................................... 68
Mosque ....................................................................................................................................... 72
Town Plan, Plaza Complex ................................................................................................ 73
Town Plan, Fortress City .................................................................................................... 74
Part Ill American Period ...................................................................................................................... 76
American Period Architectural Style, Italianate .................................................... 77
American Period Architectural Style, Victorian ..................................................... 78
American Period Architectural Style, Mission Revival ........................................ 79
American Period Architectural Style, Neoclassic ................................................. 80
American Period Architectural Style, Neo-Renaissance .................................... 82
American Period Architectural Style, Neo-Gothic ............................................... 83
American Period Architectural Style,Art Deco .................................................... 84
American Period Architectural Style, Streamlined Deco ................................. 86
American Period Architectural Style, Bauhaus ...................................................... 87
Capitol Building ..................................................................................................................... 88
Gabaldon Schoolhouse ....................................................................................................... 90
Guide to Illustrations and Illustrators .................................................................................................. 91

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 97
Filipino Index .............................................................................................................................................. 99
English Index .............................................................................................................................................. I04
Spanish Index ............................................................................................................................................. I09
About the Author ..................................................................................................................................... I 13
FOREWORD _ _ _ _ _ __
Dr. Gerard Rey Lico
Architecture constitutes our visual culture, but further reclaimed from obscurity through exquisite
unlike painting and sculpture, it pervades every thread hand drawings. The author's monochrome renderings
of our existence, creating a tapestry of meaningful valorizes the directness and human materiality offinely
experiences. As an art form, architecture has its own detailed hand drawings in this age of digital media and
language and signifying conventions to generate its three-dimensional computer-generated models, to
own systems of meaning. Buildings are text, being encapsulate the ideas and articulate concepts which
made up of visual elements and typological archetypes, mere words could not easily capture . The tandem of
and configured by syntax of architectural word definitions and hand drawn illustrations endeavor
representation. Being pa rt of our quotidian to reintroduce to a new and highly visual generation,
encounters, built forms are often overlooked, under- who reared in the infographical didactics, the hetroglot
appreciated and misunderstood. language of Philippine vernacular construction and
building heritage. A clear understanding of the key
To understand architecture one must be terms used in Philippine architecture will aid the reader
familiar w ith its unique vocabulary and to decipher its to better understand, analyze and interpret the local
mean ing one should master the language of its form. In built tradition, articulate local architectural knowledge
knowing the visual language of architecture, we see a and accurately transmit this knowledge through a
building with fresh eyes and looking at a building now common vocabulary across generations.
becomes a source of aesthetic pleasure . In doing so, we
gain the confidence in recognizing quality in design and Most drawings are plans with cross-sections
discern what this quality and beauty does for the and exploded isometrics that offer a substantial
building. This visual knowledge of buildings can lead to amount of fine detail, each legibly expounding on the
enlightenment, and an enlightened public will demand underlying ideas and conceptual strategies of how
better architecture. particular Filipino building typologies are crafted
across geographical locations and historic timeframes.
Philippine built forms communicate through a Extended captions provide a comprehensive naming of
range of visual devices, morphologic arrangements, architectural terminology in the vernacular languages
and regional variants and this book revel in illustrated and its English and/or Spanish equivalent. From cover-
explanations of building's components. In this book, to-cover, Diksiyunaryong Biswal ng Arkitekturang
author Rino D.A. Fernandez, diligently compiles local Filipino is a pioneering work and comprehensible guide
terminologies employed in traditional and enriched with hand drawings, distinguished for their
contemporary buildings from the plural architectural elegance and delicacy of line. It is an engaging,
cultures of the Philippines . Most of these vernacular thoughtful and beautiful introduction to Philippine
terminologies are forgotten and obscured by time and architecture, ensuring that Filipino built heritage will
onslaught global culture. These vocabularies were never be forgotten.
recovered from extensive research and fieldwork, and
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS_ _ __
This book could never have been completed without the wonderful people especially the owners and
caretakers of the built heritage ofourcountrythat I have visited during my research, and the authors and contributors
of the works cited in the bibliography. Without them, this book simply would not exist. That is a humbling thought.
And I am deeply thankful to them all.
Particular gratitude is owed to Manuel Maximo Noche and Gerard Rey Lico, my editors for the architectural
component; Rachelle Lintao and Ofelia Breva for the language component; and Dean John Joseph Fernandez for
reviewing the manuscript. Their expertise, insightful comments, and inspiring suggestions were indeed valuable.
My heartfelt gratitude also to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) for funding the
research and manuscript preparation; the executive members of the National Committee on Architecture and Allied
Arts (NCAAA) 2011-2013 1 particularly, Tristan Jove Ilana, Mylen Yara non, Lore lie de Viana, Angeline Chua-Chiaco, Anna
Marie Bautista, Gabriel Lopez, Zenaida Galingan, Omar Maxwell Espina, Wilfredo Sy, Ildefonso Torres, and Jemma
Semafia forthe encouragement, guidance and invaluable support.
I would also like to extend my deepest appreciation to the NCCA Librarians, Evangeline Toque and Roderick
Bayonito; Arnulfo Dado of National Museum; Mary Rajelyn Javier-Busmente and Juanita Malaga of UST-College of
Architecture; Bishop Julita Cortes and Father Milan Ted Torralba of CBCP - Permanent Committee for the Cultural
Heritage of the Church; Eugene Jamerlan of lloilo Heritage Society; UAP Sugbu Chapter, particularly, Tony Abelgas,
Loloy Castro, and Francisco Noel ; UAP Legazpi Chapter members namely, Rosalyn Narce-Bongalon, Jobe!
Bartolome, and Ricky Astor; Ma. Elaine Banzuela-Cuera of UAPTabaco Chapter; and Jaime Sy, owner of Cebu's Jesuit
House.
Thanks also to Director John Jack Wigley and Deputy Director Ma. Aili I Alvarez and the team of UST Publishing
House, Nida de Guzman-Bernaldez and Felicisimo Tejuco Jr. for proofreading the draft manuscript, Kristina Mae
Banzon for encoding the manuscript and Patrick Henry Castaneda forthe cover design.
I am also indebted to the following illustrators and contributing artists:
Assistant Illustrators:
ArvienAlcazar lkko Benjie Mediavillo
Mary Christine Bautista Wizza Farra Palanca
Monique Bautista Kimberly Ronquillo
Donna Rose Buenaflor Kath Sapungay
Menard Don Liza Marie Sia
Kimberly Anne Loring Liza Patricia Sia
INTRODUCTION _ _ _ _ __
Rogelio D. Caringal, MM, uap, piid
Executive Director
UAP Sentro ng Arkitekturang Filipino (2012-2015)
Filipino Architecture has evolved through the years in many aspects and stages that are truly significant. From
Spanish colonization to the contemporary period, the Philippines' built heritage is regarded highly enriching,
resulting to several studies brought about by intense attention and appreciation more-so on its cultural heritage.
Remarkably, we are not fortunate enough to have an available reference on the prolific architectural
vocabulary of the Philippines' built heritage covering traditional Pre-Hispanic structures up to the Contemporary
Period.
The "Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng Arkitekturang Filipino" answers to the need, set in visual format, as a multi-
lingual, easy-to-use and comprehensive dictionary on Filipino Architecture to support arrangement and possession of
information.
The author, Ar. Rina D.A. Fernandez, wrote the book based on historical periods to assist the reader on the
appropriate context of a particularword or term resulting to widen national consciousness and identity.
It is noteworthy to state that the very first Illustrated Dictionary on Filipino Architecture is influential in
promoting appreciation of Philippine Culture and Arts, to alleviate the vital need of the Filipinos . It serves as a basic
source of information and learning materials caused by the limited publications on Filipino Architecture .
Contributing Artists :
Jose Vicente Al caber Justin Joshua Giron Sharleen Salazar
Marian Ira Lorraine Alejo Sean Immanuel Go Jeff Mcdaniel See
Arlene Christine Apela Paolo Manuel Guanzon Alyssa Kathryn Sevilla
Rey Baldos Janine Marie Hung Mariah Josefina Solidum
Kristina Mae Banzon Kristine Claude Lau Jessica Anne Stevens
Margarita Inez Barcia Ana rose Libang Stephanie Suarez
Erica Dominique Cabreros Carmela Dawn Linarez Erica Joyce Tangalin
Jet Catrina Cari Glenn Liana Alyssa Rae Tejada
lvanJudeCerezo Angelica Mabutas DaleVillaceran
Maria Kristina Cortez CidricAngelo Magno Klaradelle SolVillamayor
Jayson Darwin Dela Cruz Francis Miguel Malig Dee JayVillanueva
Shaimaine Joy Duay Mary Ann Maputi Mariel le Anne Villanueva
Janyssa Eladia Ira Kristina Medina Alyanna Riezel Zafe
Jillianne Espinosa Kimberly Ong
Charmaine Garcia Sarah Faith Ramirez
I give special thanks to my parents, AmparoAntivola Fernandez and the late Ramon Fernandez, who instilled
in me a love of knowledge and a passion for travel and research. This work is also dedicated with love and gratitude to
my wife, Josie, who has patiently endured my absence while I was working and finishing this book.
Dias maba/as sa inda gabas!
Rina D.A. Fernandez

Legazpi City, April 2a15
APAYAO HOUSE
balai, house
The traditional type of house in Apayao with an

elevated rectangular one-room structure and
protected by a high-pitch thatch roof that
resembles a pointed barrel vault. Interesting
features of this house include the removable
wall panel which can be opened during the hot
season and returned back as a wall durinj) cold
days, and the removable and washable floor
mats placed above a closely-spaced wood floor
that allows natural ventilation thru its floor.
'
I
Apayao is the only region in
the Cordillera that has a
navigable river.
atap, roof
High-pointed arch shaped roof
with layers of thick cogon grass bobong, roof ridge
or nipa leaves. · · · .. · .... · · · · · · · Layers of thick cogon grass
meticulously laid above the
ridge to cover the space
dindin, wallboards created along the ridge after
cogon roof was installed.
Rectangular wooden panels
vertically fitted on a groove of
the wall sill and girt to enclosed
upper floor space. Wallboards
can be removed if the house sakkar, tie beam
owner prefers to have an · · .
opening, as window, for A camber-shaped
natural ventilation. . rectangular beam that holds
the roof beam on its ends to
keep the roof beam in place.
ribayan, eaves
The lower end of the
thick cogon roof
projecting beyond the toldog, floor joist
wallboards.
.·· A hand-hewn rectangular
lumber with cove ends laid
above the posts to hold the
tapi, floor beam flooring .
A horizontal timber
member attached above
the floor joist and the·.. sidung/linung,
outer post to provide basement
support for the raised
section of the floor. • The unusable space below
the house primarily
intended to keep the house
lawang, drain gutter .. . . .. .from dampness and
A shallow drain canal, ·· .. humidity of the ground.
located just below the
roof eaves, and
constructed along the
~'r-_...__._ _._.J----- talaxatag, wood floor ~-===_,__,,,__,,.._...__a_n_
adixiyan, girder
perimeter of the house to A fixed wooden floor attached A rectangular member
capture and redirect to the floor joist with spacing · · · .. connecting posts and supporting
rainwater. almost twice its size. floor beams. .
2 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

part ~
FIRST SOCIETIES
• Apayao House
• Badjao House
• Bahay Kubo
• Bontoc House
• House, Early Form
• lfugao House
• lfugao Rice Terraces, Zoning
• lfugao Rice Terraces, Parts
• lvatan Thatch House
• Kalinga House
• Kankanay and lbaloi House
• Sagada House
• Samal House
• Tausug House
• Yakan House
APAYAO HOUSE
tabungan, gable
opening
rarat, roof undersheating An opening above the
upper-end of the gable wall
An undersheating for the roof used as smoke exhaust.
made from closely-knit driec!
reed grass which forms a mat.
dapug, hearth
The earthen hearth of the house
located inside the bamboo
extension and attached to the
main house. The hearth has soba, breadth of the house
three (3) stones called "taxang" The overall width of the main .. ....... sotan/lamdaw, window
for cooking and is originally ho.use. ..· ·····•_,_.,,.__
inside the traditional wooden A portion along the exterior
house. wall where wallboards can be
removed to have an opening for
Above the hearth is a 3-layer · ·. -· windows.
shelf which has specific uses.
The lowest section is called
pasalan where woods for fuel .. ·· ·
are stored. It is occasiona~y ..-.::"
used to store meat of a wild ·JJ;...
boar. Above the pasalan is paxa -.._,,,._ _
which is used for storing bundles ri-~~~~~2
of rice that have to be dried
before pounding. Paratag, the
last layer situated above the
paxa, is used for storing rice, .•
basket, etc.
·...
banga, cooking jar

Earthen pot used for cooking.
padurot, length of the
amoto, jar for holding house
water The overall length of the house gawayan, interior of house agdan, ladder
Earthen jar used for storing water which includes both the wooden The wooden or bamboo ladder
for cooking, washing and drinking main house and the kitchen The spacious hall of the main used both at the main house
purposes. extension made from light house, without partitions and and the kitchen extension.
(bamboo) materials. with portion offloor adjoining
wall raised to about 4" which
can function as a seat or any balatad, pathwalk
arangat, shelf related use.
The shelf above the dishwashing Stone pavers laid over muddy
area used for storing plates, ground serving as a pathwalk
bowls, etc. from one house to another, or
from one settlement to another.
FIRST SOCIETIES I 3
APAYAO HOUSE
talabawan, ridge beam

A horizontal member at the
apex of the roof, made from
wood branches and used to
irat, binding rafter sokar, collar beam support the roof of the house. patuna/pantud, king post
A horizontal roof member made A three-layer wooden branch, A hand-hewn lumber, vertically
from wooden branches, tied placed below the binding rafter fitted on its ends with mortise
under the rafter to prevent which serves to tie and unite the .. Joints to the tie and collar
them from moving. two opposing bent rafters. beams, used to provide
additional support to the heavy
roof
.· tadawag/baday, rafter
A thin, pliable board, hand-hewn
into bent form, tied to the ridge
beam at the apex of the roof and
the roof beam above the wall to
support the thick cogon grass
roof
adixi~ outer post agnadan, wall sill

A square hand-hewn timber A horizontal wooden member
post, approximately twice the placed above floor beams and
length of the inner post, which datag/xas.saran, flooring ainpakan, roof beam grooved to hold the enclosing
supports the heavy roofing (bamboo/rattan mat) wallboards.
framework and its thick cogon A rectangular beam connecting
grass roof A flooring made from closely- the outer columns that support
knit bamboo strips or dried reed the roof's structural framework.
mat which can be removed and
sinit, inner post washed along rivers.
axeran, girt
A square hand-hewn timber A rectangular horizontal
post supporting the elevated wooden member along the
floor space. perimeter of the house
supporting the closing
wallboards and the upper
roofing frameworks.

BADJAO HOUSE
.0
I
'
The trad it ional house of the Badjao communities at Southern Ph ilippines

comprised of a windowless one-room house of light materials and thatch roof
built above coastal waters.
The Badjao or Bajao is the second largest ethnic community in the Sulu
Archipelago afterTausug . Originally, they were known as "orang selat" or
"orang laut" and were living on their lepa-lepa (boats) .
,
: tl :
I
'. Houses are built separately in a staggered
: ~\ ~
I
!I
.'
, 1 ,,
': ''
:• pattern but connected to the neighborhood thru
I:
i• .. .i
, I , I '' '· jambatan (footbridge) and own taytayan
I 1 1
11
:: :· (catwalk) and to the waters by harunan (ladder)

I ! f: 1.
- - - - - ~ - _;~ - - - - - - - - - . J .L - - -- - ~ - - - - - - -;...:. · - - - !--! - ---

:: {:
I f
::
:;
(,.,:
I;
:;
I I
i'
:.i
t . .:
FIRST SOCIETIES I 5
BADJAO HOUSE
batang-bubungan, ridge
beam
_.: A straight trunk of wood or
atup, roof · bamboo at the apex of the
A thin layer thatch covering gable roof to support the rafters
made from palm or coconut and the thatch roof
leaves, fixed with moderate
inclination to protect the
house dwellers from both
intense heat of the sun and
occasional rainshower.
A piece of bamboo or wood

placed above the tie and ridge
beams to support the thatch
The central post of the house·· ..... roof
located at the portion with
gable walls and used as support
of the ridge beam.
The structural element
of wood or bamboo that
madeyon;· ········ ····· · encloses the top-most
portion of the wall and
living space provides support to the
Pertains to the open, rafters.
multi-use space of a
Badjao house.
ding-ding, wall· · · lantay, floor

The windowless vertical Small strips of bamboo
enclosure of the house that is closely-laid above
comprised of individual thatch the floor joist and girder,
panels made from palm or to serve as the floor of
coconut leaves horizontally tied ---....z-"'.:.A..-. the house.
to closely spaced bamboo
studs.
dagan, floor joist nd girder ....- ~ harunan, ladder

The horizontal structural A thick piece of lumber tightly
member of wood or bamboo secured to the girder to serve as
that ties and stabilizes the .. ~ ladder with a carved and
wood posts and provides ·... hag, post closely-spaced conical-shaped
support for the main living footrest.
structure. A piece of wood or thick bamboo
that is burried to about o. 60 meters
below the sea bed and extend
beyond coastal waters line to
about half a meter during high tide
and tightly secured by floor joists
and girder.

BAHAYKUBO
bahay kubo, cube-shaped house

0
A common type of dwelling in
lowland and coastal areas during
the Pre-Hispanic Philippines.
"Bahay" is a Tagalog word for
house while "kubo" is from the
Spanish "cubo'~ meaning cube.
Bahay kubo is a one-room house, raised above the ground to protect the dwellers from
the dampness and humidity of the earth .
sibi, eaves
The portion of the
thatch roof that
extends beyond the
wall.
The bahay kubo has three distinct horizontal divisions, namely: the The bahay kubo is often built with whole bamboo
stilts or posts, the one-room upper living unit, and the steep roof. or tree branches as structural framework, and
The posts are often covered or enclosed with bamboo latticework finished with bamboo strips for floors, palm leaves
to serve as usable space underneath the house for house for roof, and bamboo strips or palm leaves for
implements and livestock. walls.
FIRST SOCIETIES I 7
BAHAY KUBO
~ · ...................... ...... .. .. · balangkas,

framework
pasibi, lean-to roof
The skeletal
A single slope extension structural element
of a jJable or hip type of a roof or wall,
roof. assembled or fitted
together to handle
the exterior
elements or
finishes .
batalan, washing area

A small space adjacent to the
cooking area with a service door
banguerahan ,. " leading outside. It is used for
washing hands and feet, bathing
An elevated counter kids and washing pots and dishes
made of bamboo
strips usually
projecting beyond
the kitchen wall abuhan, cooking area
which is used to An elevated earthen
store food and fireplace with a stone stove
kitchen utensils. for cooking and layers of
open shelves for drying
firewood ancfsmoking fish.
sagang, railing bulwagan, main house

A waist-level railing, made The main section of the house
using bamboo, used as an used as living, dining, and
enclosed and protected porch sleeping areas.
area.
.·
silong, underneath the
house
hagdan, stair An enclosed/open space under
The main access to the house the house where harvests are
with the entire framework stored, tools and implement are
made from bamboo or kept, and livestock (chicken,
combined with wood. pigs, goats) are tended.
---------
BAHAY KUBO
bubong, roof
The steep thatch roof made
from either bamboo cogon
grass, anahaw leaves or nipa
shingles as protection and
shade from the sun and
torrential rains.
nipa, nipa sahig, flooring

"Nypa fruiticans," a tropical Bamboo strips laid
palm with a short trunk and perpendicular to the floor joists,
broad pinnate leaves that grows either closely laid or with ample
abundantly along rivers and spaces, allowing natural air to
estuaries; its leaves are utilized enter through the floor.
both as roofing and walling
materials.
·. patukuran, secondary
beam
dingding, wall yawi, main beam ...... . A whole bamboo laid over the
main beam (yawi) to carry the
Finished walls assembled on the A whole bamboo, horizontally floor joist (soleras) .
ground and tightly secured using laid to define the perimeter of
rattan strips on the bamboo wall the house and tied firmly on
studs. The wall siding is either each post with rattan strips. haligi, post soleras, floor joist
bamboo latticework (sala-sala),
interlaced bamboo (amakan), A whole bamboo, vertically set A whole bamboo laid parallel
woven bamboo (sawali), or up to support the floor and roof with each other of about 12 to
woven coconut leaves (sulirap). members. A post buried on the 15inches over the secondary
ground is called binaon (buried) beam (patukuran) as support
and a post set up above a stone for the flooring.
slab is referred to as pinatong
(placed on).
gililan, floor sill

A whole bamboo laid around
the perimeter of the house
used to hold and support the
walls.
FIRST SOCIETIES I 9
BONTOC HOUSE
afung, house .
0
The traditional type of house
in Bontoc, Mountain Province
comprised of perimeter
wooden walls enclosed in an
open living space, and central
granaries. It is covered by a
steep, thick roof that is
almost covering the
perimeter wall.
I
Afung is the Bontoc house for
married couples and children
up to eight years old.
babarey, village Afung is one of the houses in the Cordillera that is built directly
on the ground and its ground space serving as the main living
The settlement area in a
Bontoc community.
and working areas.
The village usually consists of

ator (men's meeting place),
afong (houses), pabafunan
(boy's dormitory), pangis (girl's
dormitory), chap-ay(open
space with flat stone in circular
layout), and akhamang (rice
granary).
The steep roof, made from cogon grass that grows The roof and the granary are both supported by
abundantly nearthe village, extends beyond the walls independent wooden posts and function distinctively:
and much lower than a standing Bondoc man. the covered roof space as the main house, and the
elevated central granary for storing rice grains.

BONTOC HOUSE
falig, granary
.. · · · · · · An elevated one-room structure
· supported by four hand-hewn
wooden posts and enclosed by
wooden plank walls. It is used
as space for storing rice grains.
li-im, eating area soklut, cooking area

The most spacious in the house .. The area, at the left corner of
since it contains only an the house, is intended for
elevated stick rack (patyay) cooking and as fireplace for the
suspended on the wall, and the adjoining sleeping area.
water jar (panannom) in one
corner.
Stored in patyay are the
following :
khyag (rattan plates)
palato (enamel plates)
ungot (coconut shells or
wooden bowls)
tasa (enamel cups)
mallakong (enamel bowls)
fanilag (rattan trays)
fanga (pots)
tap-an, pounding area ang-an, sleeping area

The section of the house with The area utilized for sleeping
stone pavement and a pounding with a tag (reed mat) as bed for
hole where the task of pounding the couple and children up to
rice is done. eight years old.
FIRST SOCIETIES/ 11
BONTOC HOUSE
atep, roof fogsor, rafter

A steep, thick cogon roof Long wooden branches, tied to
protecting the central granary the roof beam above the wall
and the living space below the and to the ridge beam at the
granary. apex of the roof It is used to
support the reed mat
undersheating and thick cogon
roof
oway, roof undersheating kaew, floorboard

Closely- knit reeds, parallel to .. Thick, hand-hewn wooden
the ridge beam, as brace for the·· .. planks as floor panels of the
cogon grass roof granary.
tokod, post chingching, wallboard

A heavy square or circular .... Hand-hewn wooden planks,
member as support for both .. ······ laid horizontally above every
granary and roof structures. panel, used to serve as the
tey-tey, ladder primary wall protection of the
A wooden ladder, made from ground living space.
branches of trees, intended for
accessing the central granary.

HOUSE, EARLY FORM
balangay, boathouse
An impressive boat,
approximately 25 meters in
length and carbon-dated to 320
AD, that was built entirely of
wood and used for seafaring by
;) the ancient Kingdom of Butuan.
Pinanahang, Lean-to Tree House

A form of dwelling common to the Negritos, an A single-room house of light materials that are
ethnic group regarded as wanderers, hunters, either integrally built on high trees or above a
and farmers practicing slash and burn tree stump serving as the house's main support.
agriculture even during the Hispanic period. The
lean-to is a single-pitched structure of grass or
thatch on wood branches framing with the
lower end resting on the ground and the upper Tree Dwellers in the Philippines:
end supported by wood posts. - Gad dang and Kalinga of Luzon
- Manobos and Mandaya of Mindanao
- Moros of Lake Lanao
Lungib/Kweba, Cave - Negritos of Bukidnon and North-
A natural chamber on the side of a hill utilized as central Mindanao
one of the earliest forms of dwelling. The Tabon - Bagobo of Davao
Cave in southwest of Pala wan is one of the oldest - Mandaya
and largest caves with an approximate length of - Bilaan
41 . 00 meters and an opening of 8.oo meters in
height and 16. 00 min width. - llongot
FIRST SOCIETIES I 13
IFUGAO HOUSE
bale/fale, house
The traditional lfugao housei an
elevated square and
windowless one- room structure
dominated by a high, heavy,
pyramidal roof
The framework of the balelfale is done using hand-hewn

t imber, mortised without nails or hardware. It can be
disassembled, moved and raised again on a new site
within a day.
hagabi, bench
A bench that provides
status symbol for the rich .... .
lfugao due to the cost of
its construction and the
ceremonies involved.
atop, roof
The steep pyramidal rooffrom
<II · · ·: thick bundled cogon grass
'. (9olun) used to provide shade
'. from the sun and shield the
: torrential rains.
j gaob, wallboard
'. Rectangular wooden planks of
: about 1 in inches thick with
: varying widths and heights
'. vertically fitted at an angle on
: grooved floor beams, joists &
'. wall headers. ·.
........ : ··· ··· ····•
tukud, post
Made of large round logs, 8-12
. inches wide by 6-10 feet in
. .......... · · · · · · length and buried about 2-3
·· · · · · · · · · ·· · · feet below the ground and
secured in with stone boulders
around.
Parts of trees with truncated .J_ .· -- .
roots are also used as posts and
The thick and heavy roof of a bale/fa le house placed above stone boulders. The roof and the floor of a bale/fale house
covers its wall and exposes only the are never supported by the same posts.
supporting posts.
14 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWALNG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

IFUGAO HOUSE
palan, attic
The third level space of an
Jfugao house with reed mat
flooring and used as storage
area for rice grains.
patyie, shelf punchapalan, fireplace

A shelfformed by fitting An earthen fireplace about 3-5
rectangular wood boards from square feet with layers of open
the wall header to the roof shelf used for drying firewood
andstacks of rice and
preserving other food .
nundatu, male side ...... . . . . na-ulya, female side

The spacious section inside the The space inside an Jfugao
house intended for the male house intended for the wife.
head of the family.- It has a much smaller space
fi.ue to the presence of the
fireplace (punchapafan).
halipan, cylindrical disk panto, door

A wooden disk of about 2-14 A detachable wooden panel
inches thick and36-40 inches in door tied to a girt and locked in
diameter, placed along the place by a wooden bar.
upper portion of the post to
prevent rats from entering the
house.
silong, basement _ .· teteh, ladder

The space underneath the main A wooden or bamboo ladder
house with stone pavement which can be removed and
aligned with the edge of the hanged on the wall for security
roof eaves. and protection.
IFUGAO HOUSE
ambubulan, square box taknang, king post

A wooden square frame box The vertical wooden member
attached to a king post used to where the square box
carry the upper end of the supporting the pyramidal roof is
rafters thus making the apex attached.
pyramidal.
pumpitolan, central beam
wanan, purlins
A long piece of heavy squared
A horizontal member of a roof timber centrally located to
made from split bamboo and reinforce the attic floor space
rono sticks laid out across the and the roof's king post.
rafters and tied by rattan vines.
bagat, upper column

An upper wood column mortised
at the base of the floor beams
and enclosed by a girt above.
A horizontal timber resting

above the upper columns to
support the rafters of the roof
and the central cross beam.
bughol, rafter·· huklub, transverse beam

Long, round tree trunks or A chest level transverse wooden
chopped flat boards tied to beam where wallboards are
ambubulan (square box) and rabbeted.
/iub (girt) to support a roof
dotal, floor board gawaan, central floor joist

Rectangular wooden planks of An inverted wooden tee beam
about 2 inches thick, 12-30 that supports the floorboards.
inches in width and 7 feet 7
inches in length which are
horizontally laid above floor ·.
joists as boards in a floor.
mundilig, outer end floor · kuling, girder pognad, stone foundation

joist A wood transverse girder, 12-14 Huge stones that serve as
Side-end floor beams above the inches thick, 14-16 inches in foundation of the house as well
girder with right angle grooves depth and 12-14feet long, with as protection from the ground
to receive the floorboards . a flat top surface and a rounded termites and moisture.
base. This member holds the
posts and holds up the floor
beams and central floor joist.

IFUGAO RICE TERRACES, ZONING
Bable, village
The settlement of an Jfugao
community, usually comprised
of house (balelfale) and
granary, built in an area that
cannot be irrigated and not
following a regular pattern or
straight line.
bale/fale, house
A single-room structure that
serves as living quarters of an
Jfugao family.
alang, granary ·· ········ ··············· ··

A building intended primarily as
storehouse for harvested rice
grains.
betel palm
An endemic pinnate-leaved
palm (Areca catechu) with nut
. ................ .... used both for medicinal and
chewing purposes.
inalahan, public forest
: A forest that serves as hunting
: · · · · · ground and source of wood for
: construction.
• ··· ····· · hinaob, forest adopted by

terrace communities
payo, stonewalled terrace
: The forest adopted and protected by pond-field
:· · .. · ·the people owning the rice field
terraces as it is the source of water A series of stone-walled
for the rice field. structures, usually 3. oo meters
•· ·· ···· · .. .. .. ... ... .. ..: in height, built in a hillside,
primanly used as ricefields.
:· · · · · · · · uma/kaingin, swidden farm
A swidden farm cultivated • ···· ··· .. ················.
through a rotation of users.
latangan,
residential area
The area below the
rice terraces intended
as place of residence.
RICE TERRACES, PARTS
payo, stonewalled terrace

pond-field
A series of stonewalled
structures, usually 3 . 00 meters
in height, built in a hillside and
designed primarily as
ricefields.
banong, dike/pond-field
rim
bawang, enclosed pond- pumpudungan, property The topmost part of the retaining
field surface marker wall (topeng) that is relatively
flat and used both as a pathwalk
The area enclosed by each A marker that is intended to and water confinement at the
terrace dike that primarily identify the limit of one's : pond-field.
functions to cultivate rice. property, especially in a ricefie/d.
topeng, stone retaining lobong, water

tau', fish sump inado, vegetable mulch wall
The irrigated water from the
A low portion in an mounds Quarried a_ngular broken stones forest, naturally distributed to
enclosed pond-field laid tn a sltght angle, one above every ricefield to foster rice
An earthen mound intended for the other, to serve as terrace growth.
that is usually stocked cultivating vegetables. walling. .. ... .. .. ... ..
with mudfish.
guheng, spillway
A water outlet constructed at
the retaining wall, just above the
· · · · .. · · · · .... · ·· ·· · .. · · · .... ·· ··· ··required water level of the pond-
field, as means of passage for
surplus water as well as a
drainage conduit.
adog, rough gravel fill

Small pieces of rock or gravel
that work both as support for the
terrace stone walling and the
artificial pond-field.
'aldoh, second-course gangal, course fill/small .. 'anul, drainage conduit

walling stone stones
The second layer of stones The space in a stonewalled An artificial stone conduit for
of the terraces resting distributing and draining excess
terrace composed of small, water constructed based on the
above the "gonad" or broken stones /aid directly on the
foundation stones. hill's bedrock. natural topography of the land.
doplah, bedrock/original
valley-floor earth
Refers to the natural mountain
slope or terrain that serves as the
terrace's foundation or bed.

IVATANTHATCH HOUSE
Other types of lvatan

••
0
Thatch House:
kamadid
An Iva tan type of house with its
enc/osing's lower portion built of
wood, while the upper portion is
built of cogon grass. It has a
thick hip type cogon roof
rahaung
An lvatan structure used as a
working area and a place of
storage for fishing implements.
The structure does not have any
wall enclosure, exposing posts
that support the roof, and the
jinjin, thatch house thick gable cogon roof, either
with or without gable wall, made
A type of house with a timber- from cogon and reeds.
framed structure which uses reeds
and cogon materials for its walls
and roof
sakong, ridge cover vuvong, lower ridge cover

A thick bundle of cogon laid to The lower portion of the ridge
pakaw, rafter cover the ridge of the roof _.: cover that is tightly pressed by supit, reed mat tie
the top layer ofyayis or
4 "x4 "parallel wood beams battens. ... A rattan strip parallel to the
attached to the ridge and the rafters laid above and tied to
roof beams to support the thick the reed mat.
and heavy cogon gra~s roof
panganivucan, roof beam

A long piece of heavy 6"x6"
square timber resting above the
longer wall of the house to
support the roof's rafters.
tukah, tie beam

A 4"x6" piece of timber sppawan, ridge beam
with both of its ends
connected by lap joints . A 4 "x4" wood beam at the ridge
to the roof beams to ........... · · · -~ · of the roof to support the upper
keep them from ........._ ends of the rafters.
spreading.
paninjinan, wall stud

A 4" diameter piece of log
vertically laid in parallel with
the post to support the parey, corner post pasunen~ king post ·. jinjin, cogon wall
lightweight cogon wall. Its
lower end is buried about 24" A vertical piece of log, about 7'' A vertical piece of log, about 12" Cogan grass wall securely tied
underground and the upper end in diameter, situated at the in diameter, situated at the to the wall studs.
is fastened to the roof beam. corner of the house and buried center of the shorter wall of the
at least 1.00 m deep to hold up house to bear the ridge beam of
the roof beams. the roof
KALINGA HOUSE
foruy, house .
0
The traditional house of the

Kalingas. It is comprised of an
elevated, rectangular, one-room
house of timber materials, and
thick roofing made from 8-10
layers of cut bamboo laid one
above the other. An interesting
feature of the house is the
removable wall panel for
ventilation and the elevated floor
I
along the perimeter of the wall
that can be used both for seating
and sleeping purposes.
.. talob, roof
Thick roofing made from 8-10
layers of bamboo, cut into
halves with the lower layers
laid in concave arrangement
and the upper layer in convex
layout covering the concave
joints and the rest.
agakan, secondary ridge

beam
A square, heavy timber beam
constructed above the apex of
the rafters to provide support for
the rafters and the thick bamboo
roofing.
sawang, door
The opening in both exterior an(i,
interior walls that serves as
entrance and access to
adjoining spaces.
·. · ·...
·I . ..
1i~~;~;;;;~~~; ina, main interior post

I ,......,.. -,-. · · · ·
-,. ,. . ·-The interior timber post that
supports the wood structure
:
1{_2JJllllllll.llll-ll serving as the main living space.
tukud, external post
·~~!~il~~ii~~li~~::::IC~
i
····· The external timber post
· · · · · · supporting the thick, heavy roof
and the external wallboard.

KALINGA HOUSE
batangan, tie beam

A rectangular timber, constructed
horizontally at the mid-section of
the rafters to hold the two-
opposing rafters in place.
manukdon salakab, rafter

. · · · · · · ·· · ·· · ·" · · ·· · · · · ·. A rectangular timber roof
member, laid at an angle
daipong, stove sagpatan, shelf above the upper tie beam and
the lower roof beam. It is used
The hearth located at the rear A thick flat piece of to hold and provide support
corner of the house and slightly wood fastened for the thick and the heavy
raised above the floor by thick horizontally on a wall to bamboo roof
wood panels that hold the hold O.bjects.
earth.
dattagon, upper floor

The main section of the house
elevated to about 1.20m used
as living and sleeping area.
sipi, elevated flooring
The side portion inside the
house, running from front to
rear walls, that is elevated to ....
about 4 "from the main floor.
ban-oga sawang, window
An opening that suggests a
window created in the outer
wall once a wallboard is
removed.
lutud, floor joist

The horizontal timber beam .
constructed above the interior ·····..
posts used to hold the post sogwas/dola, basement
together and to provide support
for the main floor.
singit-tukod, stone peg

Stone boulders inserted at
er timber posts to fix and restrict
pudis, floor beam the posts' movement.
A rectangular timber beam placed
on the upper-end of the interior A beam, laid horizontally above
posts to restrict its movement and floor joist to hold together the
to provide support for the floor base of the lower column.
joists resting above these beams.
KALI NGA HOUSE
mamalbag salakab, purlin

Small pieces of timber laid
horizontally above the rafters
used to bind the rafters together
and provide a member where
bamboo roofing could be tied.
angattigan, king post bubong, ridge cover

The heavy, square timber placed · · · · · · .. · · · .. · · · · · · · · · · · A thick volume of cogon grass
above the beam that supports the used to cover the space
interior columns. between the ridge, for both
cogon and bamboo roofing
materials
tunglob, gable wall

The triangular portion of the
upper exterior wall found below
the sloping rafters, covered with
strip bamboo and laid
horizontally.
binukol, primary ridge

beam
... A heavy square timber
beam where the top most
part of the rafters rests.
he thick wood panel

ert ally laid above the
v--<·~...,r floor and tightly
held by horizontal beams
laid at both lower and
upper parts of the
wallboards.
alisot, bamboo siding

The external wall of the house
located below the upper floor
level. It is made from bamboo
strips fixed horizontally to the
external posts.

KALINGA HOUSE
binayon/finaryon, house
The traditional house in an
octagonal layout or plan. In
Apayao, this house is called
binuron.
pongo, bent rafter

panabfongan, ridge beam
A thick rectangular lumber, hand-
hewn into bent form, and tied to A bundle of two to three wood
the ridge and roof beams to branches, tied securely as one,
support the cogon grass roof horizontally laid at the apex of
the roof to hold up the upper
ati-atig, horizontal roof end of rafters.
support
The horizontal timber with its .
end portion tied to the bent · ta'ray, vertical roof support
rafters for support and
pfaced above the vertical r~ Two pieces of vertical timber
member. constructed above the tie
beam used to hold the
horizontal roof support at its
upper ends.
paratok, upper column

An independent interior post;· ······ .... fatangan, tie beam
not the extension of the
group posts. A heavy timber laid above the
top end of the upper post to tie
together all external upper
posts and provide hold for the
okong,upperfloor ······ ··· ··········· timber roof's support.
wallboards
Thick timber planks laid
vertically between the roof .pisipis, sill and roof beam
beam and the floor sill.
Square, hand-hewn beam laid
horizontally between vertical
wallboards which Junction as a
tatagon, floor (mat) wall sill and a roof beam.
The main floor made from closely-
knit bamboo strips or dried reeds
and tied with rattan to form a ..... ·. soling, girder
mat. It can be removedfor
cleaning and washing. A rectangular beam providing
support for the floor board and
the interior columns.
chosar, fixed wooden floor

Fixed wood flooring of less than fuchis, beam
z " which is made from square
A secondary floor beam laid
lumber and is attached to the
above the floor joist to provide
floor joist with spacing equal to
its width. support for the upper columns.
fot-ang, floor joist chingching, lower floor

Rectangular timber with coved wallboards
ends, laid horizontally with Thick wooden planks laid
spacing approximately o. 6om. horizontally between external
It is used to support both wood columns to serve as outer walls
floor and floor mat. of the main house.
tu-od, post
The square-sized internal or
external post that is made from
hand-hewn lumber.
KANKANAY AND IBALOI HOUSE
baey/babayan, house
0
An elevated, square, one-room

house of the Kankanay and
lbaloi, with four thick posts
supporting a timber upper floor
and steep hip type roof of cogon
grass. The lower end of the roof
flared out similar to the roof of
the Bontocs and Kalingas
houses.
I
•
sapditan, binding rafter

A horizontal lumber placed
above the flared-out rafter
(tikel) to hold them in place.
kalasod, queen post

The upright member of the roof
frame placed above the tie ....
beam (anayasan) to support
the rafter (dagat).
sha'tal, floor board

Rectangular wood planks laid
horizontally above the floor
joist (sagpad) to serve as floor
(det-a) of the interior of the
house.
tokod, posts
············
· · · .. · · · · · · · · · · .. · · · A vertical upright member
made of heavy, square timber
used to reinforce the entire
elevated structure.

............. ..... . bubung, roofridge

The thatch at the topmost part
of the roof to cover the ridge .
.... ...... atep, roof

····· ··· ··· ·
A steep hip roof with at/a ring
base covered with thic bundles
of thatch from dried cogon
grass.
·· ···. ·······
baey, ceiling ·· ·· ·· · ·· ··
The underside of the reed mat
that is laid based on the angle
of the roof it serves as the roof's
undersheating.
sagaang, shelf
A series of horizontal wood-
framed structures above the . pangtew, door
cooking area with c/osely-
spaced wooden base. It is used The removable wood panel
to hold objects or kitchen intended as entry way.
implements.
det-a, floor
pananuman, water
container The elevated interior surface of
the Kankanay house, usually
An earthen vessel used for made offloorboards (sha'tal) .
holding water intendedfor
drinking and cooking.
abek, mat
banga, cooking jar A mat made from reeds and
laid above the floor (det-a) for
A rounded small earthen sleeping.
container used primarily for
cooking.
.. .. ...... tetey, wood ladder

tokdoan, bench
A fixed wooden or bamboo
A wooden bench inside the ladder intended for climbing up
house. or down the house.
balangsag, bench under the sakiatan, stone stair

house
The base of the wood ladder
A wooden bench placed (tetey) constructed of stones
underneath the house. laid one above the other.
bobongan, ridge beam

The top most horizontal roof
framing member placed above
torok, undersheating the queen post (kalasod) to
The reed mat undersheating support the upper section of the
utilized as roof thatch and rafter (dagat) .
interior space ceiling.
anayasan, tie beam
dagat, rafter A horizontal lumber placed
above the roof beam (goanan)
A wooden member set at an to hold it in P.(ace.
angle to hold the thick steep
roof Its upper end is supported
by a queen post (kalasod) and
on its lower end, a roof beam "· ..
(goanan) . · goanan, roof beam
A heavy square lumber built
similarly as the wall sill (opop)
tikel, flared-out rafter but intended to hold together
the upper section of the
A secondary rafter that is wallboard (dingding) and
attached to the main rafter . provide support for the roofing.
and provided with an inclined.
support. It is installed with a "._
different angle of inclination ·...
from the main rafter to create
a flaring lower base roof
balkes, horizontal stud ... ·· sedngal, inclined support

A horizontal lumber placed at A square piece of lumber set at
the outer mid-section of the an angle above the wall sill
wallboards (dingding) to (opop) to hold up the flaring
provide additional section of the roof, particularly
reinforcement for the vertical the flared-out rafter (tikel).
wa{/boards.
dingding, wallboards
A rectangular wooden panel
vertically fitted on the grooved opop, wall sill
roof beam (goanan) and wall
sill (opop). A rectangular lumber
horizontally laid above the floor
joist (sagpod) around the
perimeter of the house. It is
ballangan, girder sagpad, floor joist provided with a groove at its
upper portion to hold the
A thick rectangular lumber Three pieces of heavy wallboard (dingding).
placed above the posts (tokod) rectangular lumber with coved
to hold them together and ends laid horizontally above the
provide support for the floor girder (ballangan) to provide
joist (sagpad) . support for the wall sill (opop)
and floor boards (sha'tal).
26 / DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

SAGADA HOUSE
tinokbob, house
One of the earliest houses in
Sagada, windowless with a
thick and steep roof intended to
withstand the cold weather
conditions.
Tinokbob is one of the houses in the Cordillera that is built directly on the
ground. Similar types of houses are the Bontoc and Nabaloi houses. The
ground space is used for eating, sleeping, cooking, and working and the
elevated central structure is used as granary only.
The roof of a tinokbob house is steep, leaving The house is comprised of two
only a minimum wall surface exposed to the independent structures - the main
elements. house and the granary.
r
SAGADA HOUSE
.··· ······ atep, roof

A steep roof with thick piles of
cogon grass gathered into
bundles and inserted into the
rafters.
agamang, central granary

An elevated wooden structure, ... dapoan, cooking area
regarded as the heart (poso) of · · ·· ..
the house, and intended for ·· · · ... The area, located at the rear
storing rice grain and for section of the house, used for
offering sacrifices to the anito. cooking and storing kitchen
implements.
agdan, ladder kamalig, storage space

A wooden ladder utilized for An elevated wooden platform
accessing the granary of the for storing baskets and pots.
house.
segpan, doorway·.. ··... lomeng, pig pen

An opening as entrance into the A shallow pit enclosed with
house. stones and boulders intended as
pigs' pen.

SAGADA HOUSE
dingding, upper wall pamobbongan, ridge

beam
Wooden boards for sheathing
interior walls ofgranary. A horizontal wooden section at
the apex of the sloping roof
which supports the upper end of
the rafters.
bogso, rafter todog, roof undersheating

An inclined wooden member, A horizontal support for roof
attached to the upper ridge pqle grass made from "runo" sticks.
and beam below to bear the · .
steep and heavy roof made of
cogon grass.
kiling, girder ... kammanga, wall sill

A principal beam of timber used A horizontal timber resting
to support the granary above the floor joist used to
structure. hold up the granary wallboards.
pitit, beam ... ··.. desa, floor joists

A long piece of heavy timbered A rectangular member
beam used to connect the lower attached to the girders which
posts and provide support for keeps up the granary structure.
the heavy and steep roof
dingding, wall ·. · tokod, post

Horizontal planks wall chinked A square wood post used to
with mud to enable the house to support the roof and the lower
be comfortably heated by the horizontal plank wall.
cooking fire .
SAMALHOUSE
Traditional Sama I houses are elevated rectangular one-room structures near the coastal
waters of Southern Mindanao, Palawan, Zamboanga, and Sulu archipelago. These houses
are directly built on shallow water and connected to the shore by a pantan (bridge) or
directly built on solid ground.
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The houses are clustered in groups by kinship, with 100 to Coastal house has ample space underneath the house for
500 members per group, and affiliated with the nearest the family's pelang (boat) and fishing paraphernalia .
mosque.

SAMAL HOUSE
bubung, roof
The gable roof with moderate
slope usually made of nipa
thatch material on bamboo or
wood purlins. The roof also has
an extended rooffor the open
deck and built just below the end
of the main gable roof
tukalog, stud
.... Secondary posts along the
perimeter of the wall used as
vertical support for the exterior
thatch wall.
pang-tuud, king ·· ..... .

post ·· ··
The central timber
post that extends
beyond the perimeter
wall to support the
gable-end wall and
the ridge of the roof .. ..... · · · · taytayan-tikus,
roof beam
The lumber or bamboo laid
horizontally throughout the
habong, tie bean:;· perimeter of the wall to hold
the upper-end portion of the
A rectangular lumber posts.
or bamboo laid
across the upper
section of the room
to connect the two
king posts.
. . salsa I, joist
A whole bamboo laid
horizontally at about
0.40-0.60 meter
spacing to support the
flooring of the house.
hanglad, gi.rder
A thick lumber or bamboo which
holds the floor joists of the
house.
TAUSUG HOUSE
bay sinug, house 0
The traditional house of the Tausug

in the Southern Philippines. It is
comprised of two or more houses on
stilts that are connected by an
elevated open space serving as house
extensions.
Tausug or "suluk" is
the foremost ethnic
group in Sulu then
fol lowed by the Badjao
(Bajau, Bajao, Badyaw,
Sama I or Sama), the
Yakan, the Kagayan,
the lranun (llanun) and
the Kalibugan
(Subanun or Suba'
a nun).
The word Tausug is said to come-from-the words

"tau" (meaning people) and "sug" (meaning
tide), hence they are the "people of the tide."
The two distinct communities of the Tausug is
the "tau gimba" (inland people) and the "tau
higad" (people along the shore).
batang-bubungan,ridge
beam
lubing-lubing, rafter A thick lumber at the ridge of tadjuk pasung, bargeboard-
the roof and kept in place by the end decoration
A rectangular lumber king posts to provide support for
providing support on the ridge the roof's purlins. The decoration at the upper-end
beam at its upper end and the of the bargeboard which covers
purlins throughout its length. the projecting end of the gable.
pusal, king post The decoration is usually in the
form of a sea-serpent (naga) or a
tiyadtad, split bamboo.. A vertical member often in a .. bird (manuk-manuk).
wall form similar to a baluster with · ··.
belly base, placed above the tie
A wall covering made from and roof beams to reinforce the
split bamboos /aid ridge beam.
vertically at the exterior
portion of the wall.
kasaw, purlins
The bamboo or wood branches
placed above the rafter to hold
the thatch roof
ubung, tie beam ·

A rectangular lumber that runs
across the upper portion of the
roof to connect the central
columns and provide support for
the king post.
liug, central post

The shortest column pla~ed..at · · ..... .
the center of the house to hold
the crossing floor beams. This
post is the first post to be
erected and represents the
·· ... hag, post navel (pipul) of the human hanglad, roof beam
body.
A post at the perimeter of the The perimeter beams above the upper end
Tausug house. portion of the posts used to support the
roof structure and the perimeter wall.

TAUSUG HOUSE
Types of Types of Roof:

"tajuk pasung":
sungan - hipped roof
with triangular
vents
libut - pyramidal roof

with vents at
the apex
naga tajuk pasung manuk-manuk tajuk pasung

A sea-serpent style of bargeboard-end A sarimanok (bird) style of bargeboard-
decoration. end decoration.
pang gong, receiving area

A space intended to receive
and entertain _guests.
pantan, open space · · ·

An elevated, open
extension used as a hall,
living space, and place
where fruits, vegetables,
and fishing implements
are kept.
lawang, door
An opening in the main
house functioning as
access to adjoining spaces.
It is often provided with a
removable enclosing
panel.
.···· ··· •
dagtong, bamboo water

containers gibayan, main house
A whole bamboo with a The only structure in a Tausug
removable opening at one-end house that is provided with
to hold refilled water, usually nine posts and used both as
laid near the kitchen and living and sleeping areas.
bathing area.
YAKAN HOUSE
lumah, house
The traditional house of the
Yakans in the mountainous
interior of Basilan Island. It is
an elevated, rectangular, one-
room structure with few small
windows and protected by a
high-pitch thatch roof
The Yakan is the third largest ethnic community in

Sulu Archipelago, after the Tausug and the Badjao,
and known for their intricate and colourful
embroidery.
The interior of the one-room house is divided into kokan (sleeping area)
or tindakan (multi-use living space), pantan or simpey (porch), and kosina
(kitchen) by a 0.25 meter by 0.25 meter patung (wooden fl itch). The house
also has angkap (mezzanine) for girls above the sleeping area.
The houses are traditionally built scattered among the Yakan house is often used from 10-15 years then will be
fields or clustered around the langgal (mosque). dismantled, rebuilt, or built using new materials besides
the previous site.

YAKAN HOUSE
salilihan, rafter
Long pieces of wooden lumber ... ...... .... bu bong, roofridge
set at an angle as primary
framework support for the Layers of thatch roof materials
thatch roofing. securely tied at the top purlins
to cover the space between the
ridge.
kasaw, purlin
kulung, hip rafter
Pieces of wood or whole
A rafter supporting the ends of bamboo laid horizontally and
the roof's sloping sides, that .. securely tied above the rafters
provides additional support for ···.. to support the thatch roof
the traversing salilihan (rafter). ···· ...
pamatuk, wall post

The post intended primarily to
reinforce the perimeter wall.
sampayan, roof beam ·....

Long wooden pieces of lumber,
horizontally laid and firmly .·· salat, tie beam
attached to the topmost portion
of the post to support the roof Wood members
and its tie beams. horizontally tied above
the roof beams to keep
the wooden posts and
roof beams in place.
ding-ding, wall .... ..
The perimeter wall
enclosure from hand-hewn
wooden planks lay
horizontally above every
panel, and built at a
distance from the main
posts with separate wall The opening of the perimeter
posts as support. wall that serves as entrance
and access to the interior
space.
tandiwan, window ··
babag, girder
The small opening built about 1 . 10
meters above the interior floor and ..A horizontal wood member
selectively placed along the tightly secured to the posts as
perimeter wall. support for the floor joists .
pagnutih, floor joist ................... ulum, post

Parallel horizontal wood The vertical piece of log or
members placed above the timber that is buried in the
girders that hold together the ground to hold both the upper
main posts. floor structure and the roof
harren, ladder
Removable wooden or bamboo
ladder.
part ~
HISPANIC PERIOD
• Church, Basic Parts and Plan Type
• Church Type, Cathedral
• Church Type, Fortress Church
• Church Type, Funerary Chapel
• Church Type, Monastic
• Church Type, Parish
• Church Type, Pilgrim
• Church Architectural Style, Earthquake Baroque
• Church Architectural Style, Fil-Hispanic Rococo
• Church Architectural Style, Gothic Revival
• Church Architectural Style, High Renaissance
• Church Architectural Style, Romanesque Revival
• Church,Vault
• Church, Door
• Church, Retablo
• Filipino House
• Filipino House, Stair
• Fort
• lvatan, Stone House
• Lighthouse
• Maranao House
• Mosque
• Town Plan, Plaza Complex
• Town Plan, Fortress City
CHURCH, BASIC PARTS AND PLAN TYPE
baptisteryo, baptisterio, kumbento, convento, patyo ng simbahan, plaza

baptistery convent iglesia, church plaza
An independent structure or a A building, either attached or
_:space near the church's entrance, beside a church, that serves as
eskwela, escuela, school _.: or at the first level of the bell residence of the parish priest.
In a church complex, a building _: towe;, which is dedicated for
intended for educational studies _.: baptism.
especially of kids.
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----
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kampanaryo, campanario,
... ... belltower
simbahan, iglesia, church A tower that is either attached
or at a distance from the
An edifice or place of Christian church; supports one or more
worship. bells.
Linear Plan Latin Cross Plan Greek Cross Plan
HISPANIC PERIOD I 37
CHURCH TYPE, CATHEDRAL
katedral, catedral, cathedral

The principal church of a
diocese housing the cathedra
or bishop's throne.
torre de/ reloj, tower clock

A term used to refer to the
tower or bet/tower with a
edipisyo, edificio, edifice clock.
A building, usually large in size,
with massive structure and an
imposing appearance. •
alkoba, alcove, alcove apse

A small room, often as transition The semi-circular space adjacent
space of a much larger room. to the church's altar.
gitnang pasilyo, nave

central, central nave
Originated from the Latin word
"navis, " meaning "ship," it is the
central aisle of the church flanked
by rows of pews. It probably
symbolizes the faithful journey in
life through the direction of the
church and guidance of God.
pangunahing pasukan,
portal principal, main
entrance
kapilya, capilla, chapel altar, altar mayor, main altar altar co/atera/, side altar
A room in a church containing an A raised structure, usually a A secondary altar located on
altar intended for private prayer rectangular table or stone slab, for both sides or beside the main
and small religious services. religious rites. The main altar is altar.
located at the end of the nave and
is the visual focus during worship.

CHURCHTYPE, FORTRESS
fortress church
A church built with fortification
for defensive purposes in times
of strife.
kampanaryo, campanario, balon, poso, well parapeto, parapeto,

bell tower A hole dug into the ground
parapet/embrasure
A tower that is either attached serving as fresh groundwater The low protective wall above
or at a distance from the church collector used for drinking and the fort's rampart with regular
supporting one or mqre bells. other purposes. alteration of merlons and
crenels as opening for canon's
fire and defense.
/ muro cortina,
curtain wall
The fortified
perimeter wall
of a fort
between
bastions or
towers.
depensang pader, enceinte,

defensive wall
A pr~·ecting part of the
The defensive fortified wall that forti ication, round or polygonal
protects a church or town. in p an, intended to have a
number offiring direction for
both cannon and other weapons
to defend the adjacent
perimeter.
CHURCH TYPE, FUNERARY CHAPEL
funerary chapel
A chapel, conspicuously built inside a campo santo
(cemetery), for the funeral ceremony or service.
nitso, nicho, niche

One or a series of small
compartments intended to keep
human remains.
lapida, lapida, gravestone

An inscribed slab, usually with
the person's name and dates of
birth and death, placed above
the grave or attached to the
niche or ossuary.
libingan, camposanto, graveyard osuaryo, osuario, ossuary

An area, usually at a distance from the A small compartment usually
cities or towns, that serve as burying .. inside the chapel or church used
ground for deceased persons. .. · · · as storage place for the bones of
....
the dead .
.....
hukay, sepultura, grave
An excavation, space, or place for the
internment of the dead.
loob ng kapilya, interior of
chapel
The space inside a Catholic
· · · · · funerary chapel where ceremony
for the dead is performed.
mosoleyo, mausoleo,
mausoleum
A building, usually of stone, with
ossuaries for the bones of several
people or niche of an important
person.

CHURCH TYPE, FUNERARY CHAPEL
perron
An external grand staircase
leading up to a building entrance
orpo;tal.
La Loma Funeral Chapel, La Loma, Manila San Joaquin Funeral Chapel, San Joaquin, lloilo
.... .. ......
siwang na hugis arko, linterna, linterna, lantern
luneto, lunette
A vertical structure on top of
A semi-circular opening in a ... : · · · dome or cupola with openings or
lantern of a dome or cupola for .. . · glazing for natural lighting.
natural light and ventilation.
.... .. .. ... ............ .. ....... ... ...

simboryo, media naranja,
malaposte, pilastra, pilaster dome
A decorative wall treatment that The imposing curved roof
protrudes in a wall, simulating.po structure above the altar
pillar with base, shaft and · intentionally built to proclaim
capital. the presence of the church and
to symbolize heaven coming
down to earth with the light
streaming from its lantern .
... .... ... roseta, roseta, rosette

An ornament in circular pattern
which resembles a stylized rose
flower or any other similar
flower.
patsada, fachada, facade

arkong pabilog, arco redonda, relyebe, relieve, relief The front of a building, usually
round arch facing the street or road, and
An embossed, carved sculptural distinguished by an elaborate
A type of arch with the design. or imposing elevation.
"intrados" in a curved semicircle.
CHURCH TYPE, MONASTIC
retablo, retablo, retable/altar

piece ··· ··· ··· ···· ··· ····
··· ·· ···
A richly decorated framework
behind the altar. At the lower
midsection, it is usually carved and
painted with ledge and niche for
the saints and tabernacle.
··· ···
presbiteryo, presbiterio,· ·· · · · · · · · ·
presbitery
The area of the church reserved
for the clergy where the main
altar is located.
luhurang pang-komunyon,
comulgatorio, communion rail
A low rail with kneelers provided
near the altar for the parishioners
to kneel down in receiving
communion.
narthex
The transitional space after the
main entrance, that leads to the· ..... .
nave of a church. ·
....
•····
....
. ...
patyo ng simbahan, plaza
iglesia, church plaza
The huge open space infront of
the church intended for religious
activities or ceremonies. The
church plaza is usually enclosed
pangunahing pasukan, portal with a low perimeter stone wall
principal, main entrance and sometimes has via cruds
(way of the cross) carved on the
The huge, often richly carved with perimeter wall.
ornamentation, front door of a
church provided' with a secondary
small door along its leaf, called
postigo serving as service door.

CHURCH TYPE, MONASTIC
monastic church
The principal church of a
religious order built beside their
monastery complex.
tympanum oculus
A circular window in the triangular space
(tympanum) of a pediment, traditionally
installed to ventilate and remove the heat
build-up along the ceiling portion Qf a
church. ·.
patyo, patio, court refectoryo, refectorio,

refectory
An internal open space
seemingly private in nature A room or space designated
bounded by the wall of the as dining hall in a monastery
church and convent, and or convent.
sometimes the surrounding
cloister. klostro, claustro, cloister
A covered passage surrounding a court
usually with colonnade or arcade on the
side adjacent to the court.
CHURCH TYPE, PARISH
Parish Church
A church strategically built at the
heart of the town and plaza. It is
intended for a particular
ecclesiastical unit, such as city or
town, and under the jurisdiction
of the resident priest assigned by
the bishop.
parokya, parroquia, parish

The place, usually the siyudad baptisteryo, baptisterio, pasilyo, pasillo, aisle pulpito, pulpito, pulpit
(ciudad, city) or bayan (pueblos, baptistry
town) including its adjoining The longitudinal secondary An elevated enclosed stand
baryos (barrios, barrios) and A space near the church's corridor between the church's : attached to a wall along the
bis1tas (visitas, remote areas) : entrance or at the first level of pews that flan.k the nave. _: congregation area with
that is under the religious : the bell tower which is dedicated accessible flight of steps
jurisdiction of a resident priest. for baptism. intended for the priest's sermon.
... . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ..
. . . ... .. .
.. ... . . . .
... .. . .. .
. . . . . . ...
dawdawan, pi/a de agua The following are usually found . .. ... . ..
bendita, stoup inside a Roman Catholic Church: ... . . . . . .
. ... .. . . .
A basin for holy water located aranya, arafia, chandelier
near the entrance either in atril, atril, lectern
freestanding structure, attached badaho, badajo, bell clapper
or carved out in a wall or pillar.
bangko,banco, bench
blandon, blandon, large church candlestick
blandonsilyo, blandoncillo, small church candlestick
benditahan, pi/a bautismal,
baptismal font rebulto, rebulto, carved religious image
canojeria, chest to keep vestment in the sacristy
A stone vessel at the baptistry kalis, caliz, chalice
which contains holy water used
in baptism. kandelero, candelero, candlestick
komoda, comoda, cabinet with drawers
kumpisalan, confesionario, confessional
krusipiho, crucifijo, crucifix
custodia, monstrance
facistol, a stand

CHURCHTYPE, PARISH
temp/ete, urn
The vase-shaped ornament in
bricks or stone, placed above an ..
entablature or in a be/ltower as a
crowning element.
kontrapuwerte, sakristiya, sacristia, sacristy

contrafuerte, buttress
A room near the presbytery or
A vertical mass of masonry built behind the altar where the sacred
on the exterior side of the wall vessels, ornaments and robes
for support and stability. including the priest's vest and
other paraphernalia used in
liturgical seryices are kept.
kumbento, convento/casa
parroquial, rectory
A structure adjacent or adjoining a
Parish Church with offices for
religious function on the lower floor
and place of residence for the ·...
priests on the upper floor.
. . . . . . ...
. ..
CHURCH TYPE, PILGRIM
pilgrim church
A church built to house a
miraculous image with a
passageway behind the altar for
the veneration to the image of the
devotees.
imahen, imagen, image

A visual representation resembling the
form or figure of God, Holy Being,
person, often painted or carved.
sagraryo/tabernakulo, gradillas pedimented doorway

sagrario, tabernacle
The steps flanking the An ornament attached to the
One of the major elements of tabernacle. exterior wall and above a church
the afrar, in the form of a door in a form of a triangular
wooden or metal container and gable or pediment.
often with a richly ornamented
panel door, where the holy host
are kept.
I
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krosing, crucero, cros~ing arcos tora/es

The area in the church where The wide and imposing arches
the dome is usually located; the that spans the intersections of
place where the nave crosses the nave and the transepts and nave de crucero, transept pasilyo, pasillo, p·assageway
the transept. provides support to the church's
central dome. The space that crosses at right The narrow passage at the back of
angles to the nave thereby the pilgrim church, often with a
forming a cruciform plan or layout series of stairways, as means of
in a church. access for the devotee in order to
touch the image being venerated.

CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, EARTHQUAKE BAROQUE
Earthquake Baroque
An architectural style coined to refer
to the massive Filipino churches with
thick walls and elements of Baroque
style such as scrolled buttress,
volute, plain fa<;ade with pilasters,
and ornamental urns.
pinaculo, finia l
A pyramidal or comical
decoration on top of a pilaster
or of a gable.
scrolled buttress
A thick angle buttress in a
form of a scroll. stringcourse
An ornamental element in a
buildin9, usually on a facade,
made from a masonry
horizontal band intended to
create certain wall division.
"' kornisa, cornisa, cornice medalyon, medal/on,

medallion
A horizontal, ornamental
moulding, fixed at the corner of An ornamental decoration in
the internal wall and ceiling, either a circular or oval form with
usually made of wood or plaster. relief ornamentation.
~
The "sun god" medallion

nitso, nicho, niche of Paoay Church
A canopied recess in a
wall intended for a
religious image or
statue. raking cornice
A decorative cornice used to
cover the rake of the gable wall.
CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, FIL-HISPANIC ROCOCO
Filipino-Hispanic Rococo
An architectural style in Filipino
churches which combine fanciful
and elegant designs of shellwork
and foliage of Rococo
Architecture with scrolls, rocaille,
and Philippine flora and fauna as
ornamental motifs.
rocaille
A French term originally
referring to rockwork or
stonework for artificial caves
and grottoes; usually the use of
ornaments such as shells, rocks
and plants.
scrollwork
An ornamentation in the form of
scrolls or spirals.
relyebeng hugis puno ng

niyog, coconut tree relief
A sculptured figure of a
coconut tree, an enclemic
plant in the Philippines, as relyebeng hugis puno
central decoration of the
tympanum. ng papaya, papaya
tree relief
....
An ornamental decoration
that resembles the tropical
papaya tree.
oxeye window
A type of window which is
generally small and oval in
shape.
disenyong malakabibe,
shell motif
an ornamental decoration
that resembles a shell.
CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, GOTHIC REVIVAL
Gothic Revival
An architectural style in Philippine
churches reviving the spirit and
form of Gothic Architecture, late
12th to mid of 16th century,
characterized by pointed arch, ·.
ribbed vault, flying buttress,
traceried window, slender pier and
column, and lofty steeple. spire
A slender tapering,
pyramidal structure
above a square base
tower.
orb finial
A sphere-shaped crowning
ornament in a pinnacle, spire or
dome usually toppr;d by a cross.
:!:::::!~!!!!!
crocket pinaculo, pinaculo,

A Gothic adornment that is pinnacle
vegetal in form and is placed at-. ... A vertical member on
a regular interval along the edge top of a buttress and
of spires, pinnacles and gables. roof usually with a
./ square base and pointed
·· spire ornamented with
kampana/batingaw, crockets.
church bell
A hollow device, usually of gab let
copper, placed inside the
uppermost part of a church .-" In Gothic Architecture,
tower or to an open pediment · it's the small gable that
to give off sound or signal for crowned the buttress of
the church parishioners. a building.
campana de vue/o lancet decoration

A type of bell, usually small An ornamental
and rung by rotation. decoration with a
narrow, pointed arch
for'!!, /
stop .... .traceria, tracery

In Romanesque or Intricately carved
Gothic buildings, the ornamental branch
ornament located at the like lines above a
ends or termination of a .. · Gothic lancet
projecting moulding. window.
arkibobeda,· · · ·
boveda, archivolt
A decorative moulding
above the intrados of
an arch.
CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, HIGH RENAISSANCE
High Renaissance
An architectural style based on Italian
Renaissance Architecture, late 15th to early
16th century, typified by heavy rustification,
fai;ade filled with classical elements, and
illusion of sculptural volume in design.
't. •
timpano, timpano, ··. krus, cruz, cross
tympanum
Christianity's most important
The triangular space of a symbol which is comprised of an
dalawahang poste, pediment, generally decorated
co/umnas acopladas, upright bar traversed by a
with sculptures and ornaments, horizontal one.
coupled column enclosed by horizontal and
A pair of closely-spaced columns raking cornices.
often used as a decorative
element or feature.
pronton, fronton, :·· ···· ······ ···· ·····

pediment ....... ... ; ···
A triangular gable malabintana, ventana ciega,
that is often ..blind window
provided to cover A superimposed window on a
a gable roof and wall showing its external
usually with appearance as decorative feature
enclosing and is not used for lighting and
cornices. ventilation purposes .
... bakod, cerca, fence

A barrier usually of low wall
masonry and often with
decorative ba/ustersi used to
mark the property's boundary.

CHURCH ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, ROMANESQUE REVIVAL
Romanesque Revival
An architectural style in the late 19th linterna, linterna, lantern
century applying the elements of the
Romanesque style including round A vertical structure on top of
arch, thick wall, small window, and dome or cupola with openings
division of interiors into compartment or glazing for natural lighting.
bays.
simboryo, media naranja,

dome
The imposing curved roof
structure above the altar
intentionally built to proclaim
the presence of the church and
. .............. . ......... : to symbolize heaven coming
down to earth with the light
drum, drum streaming from its lantern.
The thick wall, often provided

with openings for light and
ventilation, that supports a
dome.
"· modilyon, modillon,

modillion
-- ---
1
A decorative bracket in a scroll-
like design with acanthus
closely set beneath the cornice.
bintanang malagulong,
ventana de la rueda, wheel
window
barandilya, barandilla, A large circular window with
balustrade series of glazing supports
A decorative and protective radiating from the center.
railing system placed at the
perimeter of a stair, open space
or above the roofs. It is compose
of closely set balusters fixed with
top rail.
pailalim na arkong pasukan,

recessed entrance arch
An arch equally depressing
towards the interior portion of
the space which is provided with
decorative ornaments such as
flower and foliage.
fret,fretes, fret
An embossed or carved pattern
of continuous and repeated
geometric figures .
,,
CHURCH, ALTARPIECE
retablo, retablo, altarpiece

A richly decorated framework gitnang nitso, central niche
behind the altar usually carved and or panel attic, remate, attic
painted with a ledge and niche for
the saints, and a tabernacle at the A recess in the retablo at the The topmost part of the retab/o
lower midsection of the retable. central portion usually intended to which is usually crowned at the
whom the church is dedicated. center with symbolism
The word retab/o is said to come associated with Jesus or the God
from the Latin word "retaulus," the Father such as crucifix, All-
formed by the roots retro (behind) .······ Seeing Eye, Dove, and Chi Rho.
and tabula (panel).
dalawahang malaposte,
pilastras acopladas, coupled
pilasters
side niche or panel
A pair of closely-spaced
Generally depicts the saints decorative wall treatment that
associated with the figure in the-.. . .. .. . . protrudes in a wall, resembling a
central panel. · column with a base, shaft and
capital.
kuwerpo, cuerpo, horizontal

register reredos
The horizontal divisions or The panel in the main altar,
subcjivisions of the retablo. often of wood, decorated with
biblical events and/or other
Catholic iconography.
arbotante, arbotante,
: ··· ······ ·· ···· ···········... volute ornament
A decorative ornament in a
spiral scroll form or design.
predelya, predella, altarpiece

.... ..... .' ............. ....
~ ~ .. base
The supporting base of the
ramilyete, ramillete, cluster of ···... kalye, ca/le, vertical register retab/o with shelves intended to
flowers elevate the main part of the
The main vertical divisions of the
A stylized cluster or bouquet of retablo which usually has retablo to a height visible from a
flowers often carved in wood or secondary subdivisions, referred to distance. It is often designed with
stove as a decorative element. as "entrecalles." ornamentation or narratives
from the lives of the saints to
whom the church is dedicated.

CHURCH, DOOR
Pinto, Puerta, Door

An entrance way made from a
panel of wood, glass or
combination of both. It is
usually ornately carved with
either hinged, folding or
sliding mechanism.
larguero,jamba batiente,
stile ·
sombrero, cabio alto, top

rail
· · The uppermost, often
horizontal, framing member
of a door.
tadyang, jamba central,
mullion
The central vertical framing
member of a door. hamba, jamba, jamb
The vertical side of a door and
window frame .
bandeha, bandeja, panel · ·· · · · ~

· 1 ···
A separate member of a door ,
framed by stile and rail which is • rl!llW~
often ornately carved with much
thinner section than its frame .
muntins bisagra, bisagra, hinge

The vertical members in wood or A device attached to a door
steel placed between the stile · · · · · · ........ . . and ajamb which allows the
and mullion of a door panel to
. ...... .... .. ... -) door to swing, turn or move.
further divide the panel into
smaller parts.
\
tablero, tablero, board ... .......... ·· > trangka, aldaba, latch
The vertical board attached to a· ············ . A locking device to ensure the
door frame as its finished . door is closed, with a horizontal
material.
- · member of wood or metal that
slides into a groove or a hole.
.......... . . ....... , ~
- .. . t ;i . . . .
kandado, cerradura, lock· ·· ····
A device or mechanism for
securing a door when it is closed.
1: -- r----... l :l
trabesanyo, travesafio,
··· .. .... lock rail
The horizontal framing
member between the top and
the bottom rail at the level of
II the /ockset.
CHURCH, VAULT
Bobeda, Boveda, Vault

A masonry enclosure over an
area or space that applies the
principle of the arch.
batong pangsara sa arko,
clave, keystone
The voussouir at the center or
crown of a vault or an arch, often
decorated, that locks the voussoirs
embecadura dove/a, voussoir in place.
The mortar or earth that serves A wedge-shaped stone or brick
as infill between the haunch of used in the construction of the
the vaults. true arch or vault. riiion, haunch
The curved section or portion of
an arch or vault between the
crown and the springing line.
rise
. The vertical distance or
~ ... _elevation of an arch
panlabas ng : measured from the impost
arko, extrados, level to the underside of the
extrados keystone.
the exterior curve
of a vault or an
arch imposta, springing line or
impost
The horizontal level of wall
from which the curvature of
an arch or vault begins.
estribo, pier
The enlarged section of a
column or a wall between two
adjacent openings.
springer.· panloob ng arko, intra o~
intra dos ·
The lowest voussoir of ston
laid at the impost of an arch The interior curve of a vault or an ..>
or vault. arch that forms its concave ··
underside.
span
The clear and unsupported
distance measured from the
inward face of an arch or
vault.
/
/
/
boveda de media punto, boveda rebajada, boveda ogival, pointed

barrel vault segmental vault vault

FILIPINO HOUSE
Filipino House
The hybrid type of house first built in lntramuros, Manila in the 17th
century before spreading throughout the country combining
teha, teja, roof tile tehado, tejado, tiled roof European classical elements, architectural elements of the
One of the thin roofing tiles A rooffinished with curved or flat traditional Chinese houses, and architecture and climate-responsive
covering the roof made from pieces of burnt-clay tiles. elements of the traditional lowland houses or bahay kubo. Unique
burnt-clay and is approximately with the house is the use of bintanang capis (capis window) and
semicylindrical and tapering in extensive use of sustainable elements such as double fai;ade, wide
shape. eaves and awnings, louvers, floor-to-ceiling operable walls and
partitions to maximize natural daylight and ventilation, cross and
stack ventilation systems, and open courtyard as sun and wind
teja canalada - semicylindrical catchers.
roofing tile
teja plana - flat roofing tile This house is also called the
Filipino ancestral house, bahay
na bato, or bahay na kahoy.
Its architecture is different
from the Antillian houses in
Netherlands, or even the
traditional houses in Mexico,
~~ll!~~iMiill
;: Mediterranean, or Spain that
~·•iiii"'*' ~ was built during the same
: period when the Filipino house
was designed.
balustre, balaustre, bintanang capis, ventana

baluster .. ... .. capiz, capiz window
One of the upright and short _.. ···J A wooden-framed
vertical woods or clay \ checkerboard design window,
members serving as railing of ~ often sliding in operation, with
stair, open deck, and 1 a pane of capiz shell that
bintanilya (small window). ~ ·' provides a non-glary and
,( diffuse light to the interior.
ca pis, capiz, capiz pane

One of the small squares,
trans[ucent shells, used as
windowpane in a capiz
window, from the clam
"placuna placenta."
concheria
In a capiz window, an
assembly of capiz panes fixed
by a wooden frames.
conch a
In a capiz window, a piece of
capiz pane fixed by a wooden
frame.
FILIPINO HOUSE
mirador, mirador, mirador asotea, azotea, flat roof b nyo, bano, bathroo
A viewing space on a tower- The flat roof of the alhibe A om intended for wa
k~beta, cubeta, toilet
like structure built above the ·stern) usuafly at the back of the ba ing.
main house or at an azotea ku · (kitchen) and is used as an A room with Latrina (latrine), a
and surrounded by windows elevate tdoor terrace or receptacle for human waste
or decorative latticework. where ash from the kusina
.:'(kitchen) is poured to eliminate
odor.
kaida, caida, antesala kusina, cocina, kitchen

A transition space right after the .. A room where food is prepared
stair, leading to sala (living) or to ·· and cooked.
komedor(dining). Kaida is from
the Spanish verb "ca er" (to fall)
and is said to be a place where
ladies let their trains fall.
kuwarto, cuarto, bedroom ..... ...... .. . komedor, comedor, dining

A room usually adjacent to the The space adjacent to the kusina
sala (living room) with kama (kitchen) where meals are served.
(bed), tokador (dresser),
aparador (cabinet) and mesa
(table).
sala, sala, living room dispensa, dispensa, pantry

The central room in a Filipino A service room adjacent to a
house often facing the street or kusina (kitchen) and komedor
plaza and is used as the family's (dining) for storing food supplies
leisure and social activities' room. and other provisions.
bodega, bodega, storeroom ... .. ...... alhibe, aljibe/algibe, cistern

An enclosed room or space where An enclosed masonry structure
things are stored. for storing water for household
and other uses.
saguan, zaguan, entrance

hall
The space, after the entrance,
that serves as transition space
between the entrance and the ..... .
grand stairs to the upper floor
that is used as storage for
carriages, processional floats
and where other implements
are kept. aksesorya, accesoria,
accessory
An extension or annex to a
house.

FILIPINO HOUSE
kalado, cawdo, fretwork kisame, quisame, ceiling kostilyahe, costillaje, ceiling artesonado, artesonado
The overhead, often horizontal
joist
One of the upright ornamental A coffered, carved, or highly
wood panels, with decorative surface in a room either made of One of the series of square or patterned wooden ceiling.
patterns, formed by perforations wood or metal. It is intended to rectangular lumbers to which the
above window headers or door both conceal the underside of ceiling is fixed.
jambs as wall decorations to roofs or floors and provide a
allow added and cross decorative overhead surface.
ventilation.
espeho, espejo
A panel between the window
header and the eaves for
exterior wall and above the
door jamb and ceiling for
interior partition. It is either of
wood framed checkerboard
design with capiz for
additional natural light or,
kalado (pierced work) for
added ventilation.
persiana, perciana, louver

window
A window with wooden frame
and thin slanting wooden slats
that is either fixed or movable
as solar protection to admit
natural ventilation.
The interior of a Filipino

sahig, zuelo, floor silya, silla, chair House, particularly the
view of the sala (living
The horizontal, levelled surface in A seat use for relaxation,
a room on which one walks and recreation, and entertaining room) and kaida
stands. guests. (antesala).
FILIPINO HOUSE
yerong bubong, hierro lima hoya, valley

galvanizado, galvanized roof
The intersection between two
A roof with galvanized metal sloping roof surfaces where
sheet with corrugation or wavy rainwater flows.
mala-abanikong bintana, antefija, antefix profile.
ventana de abanico, fanlight An ornament, usually fret or
A half-circle window above pierced work above the senepa palupo, cumbrera, ridge lima tesa, hip
the door transom with (eaves fascia) as roof decoration.
radiating wood or metal bars The topmost part of a roof where The sloping ridge formed by the
typifying an open fan . two sloping roofing surfaces junction of two adjacent pitched
meet. ·
roofs.
·.
kolonet, co/onnete
An upright and slender decorative bubong, techa, roof
wood column usually placed .&:i~R'~~;;:;:;;:;;;;~~~~::;;;;;;:;r;:;:;::;:;;:;; .,. ....; The top cover of a building that
between window opening. ; .... provides shelter against the
: elements.
braket, brazo, bracket

alulod, canalon, gutter
A decorative element of
wood or metal provided A shallow metal channel placed
below the roof's eaves : along the eaves to catch and
or "bolada." ..: carry off rainwater from the roof
bintana, ventana, window

alero, a/ero, eaves An opening in the external wall
The lower end of the roof of a house or building intended
projecting beyond the wall · · · to allow light and ventilation for
board often with a ··· the interior space and to provide
decorative pierced work of view of the outside.
wood board or metal sheet.
. bintanilya, ventanilla, small
:··· ··window
pasamano, pasamaiio,. . The small window between the
windowsill floor and the windowsill used to
The horizontal member between allow natural light and
window opening and bintanilya ventilation to the interior. It is
(small window) that serves both provided with an external
as base of the window and protective enclosure of decorative
handrail. wood balusters or ornamental
metal grille and operable wall.
bolada, volada, upper floor dingding na kahoy na may

projection ·. bandeha, wood wallboard
A portion of the upper floor ..·: with panel design
structure that protrudes the lower. ··
floor exterior wall to provide Thick exterior wallboards
additional space on the upper vertically or horizontally
floor and shades for the lower installed with a panel de~i_gn
floor. Bolada is said to be a that is either carved or affixed
shortened term of "galleria to the boards.
volada" (flying gallery).
rehas, reja, grille

An ornamental metal work as
screen or barrier for window,
bintanilya (small window) or dingding/muro, wall tubo de bajada de agua,
balcony and stair rails. A grille tubo de baiiada,
provides security protection A vertical structure of wood or downspout soil stack
and at the same time, allows masonry provided to enclose or A vertical drain pipe, usually of A vertical drain pipe, usually of
air circulation. divide a space. thin metal sheet, used to direct cast iron, used to direct foul
rainwater from the roof gutter to water coming from the Latrina
the ground or drain. (latrine).

FILIPINO HOUSE
tahilan, viga, rafter

Heavy parallel wood beams where
the top end is attached to the
ridge beam and the bottom part
rests to the roof beam to support
the heavy tiled roof or much
lighter galvanized roof tirante, tirante, tie
beam/bottom chord
bosolan, viga, roof beam A weighty piece of lumber with its
A massive lumber above the ends connected to the roof beams pendolon, king
wooden post or thick masonry through lap joints in order to keep or queen post
wall as support for the rafters \ them from spreading.
. . A rectangular lumberJi d at the A vertical member
or trusses. ridge of the roof to provide support (either as king or queen
to the upper ends of rafters. post) installed in a
trabesanyo, trabesaiio, wooden truss to provide
horizontal stud support especially for
the diagonal members.
A framing timber laid
horizontally between vertical
studs to stiffen the vertical
framing and to provide added '""---..:.:...,~-;~f:rn=~~~~~~ barateja, varateja,
support to the finished wall ·-.. battens
board or partition.
·.. A small lumber serving
as clay tile roof base.
pilarete, pilarete, vertical
stud
One of the vertical wooden ·. barakilan, larguera or
frames that is fixed reostra, purlin
between the top plate and A rectangular or square lumber
the sole plate to carry the horizontally laid above rafters
finished wall boards ot·.. or top chord where galvanized
partitions. · roofing sheets are fixed, or in
"-/ / case of a tile roof material,
where battens are attached.
gililan, soleplate / ) - ..
A rectangular lumber, horizorftal');,
laid on floor boards where the rehas na buntis, barrigones,
vertical studs are fixed. bulging iron grilles
Ornamental grillework with
closely-spaced members in
tabla, tablasuelo, floorboard scroll pattern comparable to a
The boards, usually 1" in bulging shape.
thickness, fixed to the floor joist
as finished surface of a room.
·· tahilan/cahab-an, viga de/
piso, floor beam
languwete, /anguette, soleras, so/eras,
tongue and groove The secondary rectangular
floor joist floor beam resting on the biga
A joint used for panelled wood Rectangular beams (beam) where the so/eras
floor or wal(made by a tongue laid in parallel with (floor joists) are fixed.
on one edge of a panel into a each other at about
corresponding groove on the 2 feet spacing over
edge of another panel to produce tne floor beams ... ....... pader, ca/icanto, lime and
a flush surface. where floor boards · ····· · masonry wall
are fixed.
A wall built of natural stones
or bricks bonded together
using lime mortar.
····· ··· ······ · haligi, harigue, post
Heavy square timber columns or
logs buried directly in the ground · ·· ·· ·sokalo, zocalo, footing
above stone boulders to support block
floor and roof beams.
Portion of the masonry wall
that is buried or partly buried in
pundasyon, footing the ground, often much thicker
than the watl and acts as wall's
foundation.
FILIPINO HOUSE
dos agwas, dos aguas, kuwatro agwas, cuatro medya agwa, media agua, sanepa, cenefa, fascia board
gable roof aguas, hip roof awning
A horizontal wood board vertically
A roof having two sloping A roof with four sloping panels A roof-like structure above the attached to the rafter's end to
planes, each descending from with its sides meeting at an angle. windows to provide protection provide a band throughout the
the ridge to the eaves and from the sun and the rain. eaves or support the alulod
forming a gable at each end. (gutter).
mamposteria, mam asteria, de silyar, de sillar, dimension

rubble stone masonry
A masonry wall built out of·· .. .. ... ..
small or broken stones or · · · · · · · · · · · · ...
cobbles of irregular shapes.
largamasa, argamasa,
mortar · silyar, sillar, dimension
stone
A wet mixture of cementitious
materials (lime or cement, A solid piece of quarried
sand, and water) that serves dressed stone, usually in
as bonding agent for stone square or rectangular shape
blocks or bricks. and used as interior or
exterior masonry finish.
palapala/andamyo,
andamio, scaffolding tabike pampango,
A structure or platform, either tabique pampango
temporary or movable, used as A thin masonry wall
supporting framework or for ···...-..-. "'lllll"<'lrl!~!I constructed using interwoven
persons working high above the strips of bamboo covered
ground or floor. .. .. with lime plaster.
klabiha, clavija, wood dowel
The scaffolding has a puente A piece of wood, shaped
(platform) and is supported by
pies derechos (post),
'\1
I·
l'
in a rectangular form, as plaster, emplasto, plaster
peg for jointing two pieces
machinates (horizontal), and of wood in beams, A wet substance, usually of
riostra (diagonal brace). columns, and rafters. : lime, sand, and water,
: applied as either a protective
or a decorative coating when
armadura, armadura, it hardens for masonry walls
framework and ceilings.
The wooden skeletal element
of a wall or roof, assembled or kalikanto, cal y canto
fitted together to handle both
interior and exterior finishes. A stucco made of lime and
pebbles.
estuko, estuco, stucco ··· ··· ···

halo, mizcla, mixture
An exterior finish to masonry A stucco of cal (lime), arena
wall composed of wet (sand), and cement.
mixture of lime and sand.
tabike, tabique, thin
masonry wall
piyedra, piedra, dimension asulehos, azulejos, glazed
palitada, paletada, A type of masonry wall serving as granite stone tiles
plaster finish partition in upper floors,
constructed of solid bricks that Blocks of granite stones often Colorful glazed tiles, originally
The hard, protective coating of are laid or inserted in a wood employed for paving, steps for mostly in shades of blue, used
a masonry wall composed of framework with x-bracing before stairs and ground /eve/flooring. for wainscoting and as surface
sand, water and lime. finishing with a lime plaster or Originally, the stones were used as finishes for floors and stairs.
stucco. ballast for Chinese ships.

FILIPINO HOUSE, STAIR
Hagdan, Escalera, Stair

The basic means of accessing
upper floors comprised of a series
of steps, landing, and decorative
balustrades on both sides.
kahabaan ng hagdan,
tramo de escalera, flight of
stair
Continuous series of steps in a
stair between landings, or floor.
madreng-hagdan, stringer
The long parallel piece of
lumber that holds and
supports the stairs' steps and -~
~~~~Q~~~~·~L----=:~
railings.
barandilya, barandilla,
railing
A low barrier enclosing a stair
composed of a rail for grasping n, contrahuela,
with hand and decorative
wood panels or upright posts
~ ---
(balusters) at regular intervals · The vertical woodboard
as supports. between ~r treads that
cove,rs the opening between
·. ,,. .-treads.
/;;,-:-:.~
........ baitang, huella, tread . ineset<meseta, landing
ThehoRz~luppersurfaceofa ,The horizontal platform either
step in a stair usually of wood or at the foot or end flight of a
stone materials. stair; or, between the flight of
stairs.
,_..._
- .1
l - J,.
,,._ '---
l. ~
.i I
i--
- -
--
===1
'::::::::::::
ti
"
( 'I
I
~ ) \
<
'
escalera imperial, double- esca/era a la cata/ana, esca/era de ida y vue/ta, esca/era de dos
return stair double-L stair half-turn stair tramos, quarter-
turn stair
escalera curva de un solo esca/era de ojo, espiral, spiral •/

tramo, straight-run curve circular stair
stair esca/era recta de un solo
tramo, straight-run stair
HISPANIC PERIOD/ 61
FORT
Kuta, Fuerte, Fort

A strong defensive place, intended
for military troops, enclosed with
ditches and ramparts and protected
by bastions and bartizans.
garita, garita, bartizan

A small tower at the upper corner of
the fortified wall or bastion as
Puerta de Santiago, Fort lookout.
Santiago Gate
The imposing ornamental
entrance gate of Fort Santiago in
lntramuros, Manila
bodega ng pulbura, almacen de

polvora, gunpowder storage
A structure for the storage of
gunpowder, which is often near the
main terreplein.
balwarte, baluarte, bastion

kalsadang pang-patrolya,
camino de ronda, gangway A projecting part of the
fortification, round or polygonal in
A continuous passageway along plan, intended to have a number of/
the perimeter of the fortified wall firing direction for both cannon and
used for patrolling and other weapons to defend the
communicating. adjacent perimeter.

FORT
mer/on, merlon shoulder

The thick solid part of the parapet
between crenels or embrasures.
crenel terreplein
The opening between merlons The levelled, top platform of a
along the parapet that allows a bastion or semibastion where
cannon to fire through it. cannons are mounted.
parapeto, parapeto,
parapet/embrasure · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·· · · · ···· · ·· · · · · · · · · ·· · ···· · · · ·
The fortified parapet wall with ~~~~'.:::;J'.:::;t::::::::Y
alternate merlons and crenels
intended for defense and as wall
decorative motif.
cara, face
The two outer sides of the bastions The portion of the bastion or
or minibastion that meet to form a minibastion that protrudes beyon_d
V-shaped outwork. the curtain. ·
epaule
The corner of a bastion or semi
bastion where the face and flank
meet.
d mowt, foso, moat

A wide, deep trench
surrounding the rampart of a
fortified place that is usually
filled with water.
~ .. .... ........... ..
plasa ng militar, plaza de
... ·armas, military plaza
An open space within the
fortified walls for military
activities such as drills and
formations .
HISPANICPERIOD I 63
IVATAN STONE HOUSE
sinadumparan, stone house

A type of lvatan house usually
built parallel to the road and
kavahayan, village
with stone masonry wall and The housing section of a
thick thatch roof The masonry Batanes town or community.
on the gable wall covers the
gable-end of the thick roof
Traditional(y, the main house
with paya (shelves) is a one-
room space used for sleeping
and living while the kitchen is
an independent structure. A
Sinadumparan is provided
with windows only on the
southern and western side due
to the strong winds coming
f ram the northern and north
eastern areas during
typhoons.
Maytuab/Nituavan
Other types of lvatan Another variation of the Sinadumparan house
Stone Houses: with thick hip type thatch roofing.
Sinadumparan a Mayhurahed Chivuvuhung

binedberan
An Jvatan house with thick cogon roof, An lvatan house having its three sides
A variation of the Sinadumparan the lower portion of the enclosing wall is made from cogon grass securely tied to
with the thick gable-end cogon roof of masonry while the upper portion is the wall studs while the remaining wall
exposed or built above the masonry constructed using cogon grass securely is erected out of stone masonry. It has a
gable wall. tied to the wall studs. thick cogon grass roof in gable design.
atep, roof .... .... . riyan, eaves

The top covering of a The portion of the thick
Batanes house comprised .. · · · cogon roof that projects
of 4-5 layers of a thick : · ;. ·, beyond the exterior stone
bundle of cogon grass T .f. masonry wall.
above reed matting and
with wood spacers tied
with each other. . ...... .
rakuh, main house
The living quarters of the
house for sleeping, working
and eating .
......... .
rihas, balustrade The kusina (kitchen) has a
rapuyan (stove), tavuhen
The entire railing system (elevated wall for native jars),
composed of wood top rail, padagak (built-in cabinet),
decorative 6alusters and and dulang (low table) with
bottom rail. bangku (small chairs).
The tukah (tie beam) above

the stove, that connects the
..... lower end of the rafters, is
often used as paya (shelf or
shelves) for cooking
implements and firewood .

IVATAN STONE HOUSE
sapawan, ridge beam yayis, batten

A 4 "x4" wood beam at the ridge A bundle of two to three pieces
of the roof to support the upper . of reeds laid horizontally and in
:ends of rafters. .: between bundles of cogon to
.: fasten or tie the cogon roof
reklan, binding rafter rosay

A 4 "x4" longitudinal wood The first layer of thick bundle of
member placed at the bottom of cogon grass roof laid directly at nidkel, reed matt
the rafters to tie the rafters and :. the reed mat. A roof undersheeting in
prevent them from moving... Batanes houses made from
closely-knit reeds arranged in
a parallel form along the
roof's ridge.
tarugo, collar beam
A piece of timber attached
below the ridge to tie and unite pakaw, rafter
two opposing rafters.
A 4 "x4 "parallel wood beams
attached to the ridge beam
and roof beams to support the
thick and heavy cogon grass
sadumpad, roof
gable wall
The extension
of the masonry bunghalo, cantiliver
stone wall support
along the A piece of timber or stone laid
shorter house and projected horizontally
dimension to beyond the surface of the wall
cover the roof's to provide support for the roof
opening. beam or floor girder.
tapi, floor · · · ·pangafiivucan, roof beam

board
A long piece of heavy square
The boards, 1" timber, 6"x6" in size, resting
thick and 12" above the longer wall of the
wide, fixed to house to support the roof's
the floor joists rafters.
as walking
surface of the
house.
gada-gada, masonry wall
A wall built of natural stone,
.· .. · usually coral stones, quarried
and cut into blocks and bonded
together using lime mortar.
marcu, exterior lintel panagatan, floor joist

A horizontal piece of Stonework mortar consisting of 3 "x6" rectangular beams laid
wood or stone over an slaked lime and sand. Lime in parallel with each other over a
exterior window or door Batanes is called "amed." girder as support for the
opening carrying the floorboards.
masonry stone wall
above it.
·. suyid, wall footing tirante, girder
The widened part of masonry A 3"x8" horizontal piece of
stones, about 47" in width, laid lumber resting above the
in layers to transmit loads bunghalo (cantilever support)
directly to the soil. to support the floor joists.
LIGHTHOUSE
Paro, Faro, Lighthouse

A complex light house usually
located on top of the hill
containing the lighthouse tower,
the pavilion, the storage and
kitchen. It is intended to provide
readily available light that will
guide sea vessel navigation and
keep ships and other vessels
from potential hazard.
'i
'
""'. ..·· ":.'ii
~
'\"'-, ..
almasen, almacen, storage ~\~V
room
The building where things are
stored. For the lighthouse, this
building is intended for storing
combustible fuel equipment and
other implements.
pabelyon, pabel/on, pavillion

An elevated structure which
contains the office and the living
quarters of the keepers.
. .... ..... cupula, cupula, cupola

· ·. ..... A domed structure usually with
circular base intended as ceiling
or roof
parapet, parapeto, parapet·· ·· ···· .. ... ... ..... .

········· ·········
A walkway around the lantern · ·· ·· ··· ·· · ·· ·· ·· ·· · bintanang salamin, cristal,
which is protected by railings. glass pane
The framed-glass used as wall
endosurefor the lighthouse's-
lantern.
bentilasyon, ventillacionr ..... .

ventilation ·····
·········· ·· tore, torre, tower
An opening, either permanent or
operable, in the floor, interior or
The tall and slender structure,
exterior wall, ceiling or roof to
often of masonry or steel,
allow fresh air inside the which houses the lantern on its
structures and keep off heat topmost level.
build-up in the interiors.

LIGHTHOUSE
~
/'·
u • ··:•••••••••••••••-•••••••••••••····•rJ
taas ng pokal, a/turafocal,
focus plane
The height above the base of the .'
' <
tower or from the sea level where }t ~.. ;
the center of the beam of light • I I I ,.I
emanates.
11 ' -;
optikang Fresnel, optica

de Fresnel, Fresnel lens
An optic unit based on the
design principles of Augustin
Fresnel with lens that
intensifies brightly and
narrows concentrated light.
linterna, linterna, lantern · · · · · · · .. ·· ·· · · · · · ·

ilaw ng paro, lighthouse
A room above the tower which
houses the lighthouse's lens with , ...................... . light
glass1ramed windows all around. The lighting equipment
comprised of lamp and lens
that gives and distributes
beranda, verandah, veranda

... . concentrated light in a
lighthouse .
An open space in front of the

building usually covered and .. · prisma, prisma, prism
often provided with perimeter A transparent object with two
rail or grille. nonparallel planes at its end
and is used to bend the beam
of light.
MARANAO, TOROGAN
torogan, sultan's house .0
A place of residence and office of

the reigning sultan and immediate
members of his family. Torogan is
also the community's venue for
important social events such as
weddings, thanksgiving, wakes
aside from cultural rituals and
spiritual-related activities.
The Maranao are

dwellers of Lake Lanao
and said to be of mixed
Malaysian and
lndonesean ancestry.
Torogan is a huge one-room house with pukananan or pugigaan (mat) assigned for every member
staying with sultan and baol (wood chest) as storage for their belongings .
The okir is a popular Maranao art form and is applied both in the "sarimanuk" (wild rooster
symbolizing completeness, wealth, prestige, and power) and "panolong" (end-beam design). These
art forms are extensively used as decorations in both interior and exterior of their houses (torogan
and mala a wala1) 1 boats, musical instruments such as harp and kotiyapi (string instrument),
weapons such as kampilan (sable), danganan, and sebat (spear), and coconut grater and ladle.
mala awalai
A house of the highest rank or
richest datu in a "pagawid"
principality.
It is a huge, partition-less structure

on stilts with okir decoration on the
baseboards, windowsills, and
doorjambs. Although this house has
ornamentation, it does not have the
panolongs or richly carved end-
beam design.
la wig
A house of light materials for the
common people. It has no
ornamentation and is raised above
ground on stilts and with or without
indoor cooking area.

MARANAO, TOROGAN
panolong, end-beam design onsod, fence-like motif

Richly carved and colourful end-beam design that flares upward into Triangular or pyramidal design
sculptured wings with either naga (sea-serpent) or pako rabong usually applied at the facade of
(growing fern) ornamentation. The naga and pako rabong the house below the window.
panolongs are alternately placed on the east section of the house to
symbolically capture the sun's energy.
tiali-tali, rope-like motif
Rope-like design symbolizing
strength and unity, generally
applied at the facade of the
house above the window.
obar-obar, flower-like
motif
Flower design often applied at
the facade of the house,
including the face of the upper
front and corner columns.
birdo, growing vine or

scroll-like motif
The most common ornamental
design symbolizing continuity
both for interior and exterior
uses.
niaga motif · · · · · · .....
panol~ng
····· · obar-obar motif
·. birdo motif
MARANAO, TOROGAN
lamin, princess' room

A richly-decorated room serving
as private space for sultan's
daughter and her attendants.
lapa, princess bed

An elevated bed with abundant
ornamentation on its sides and
exclusively intended for the
sultan's daughter.
sendigan, sultan's area
A spacious area for · ....... An area located away

preparation and cooking · · · · .... from the entrance of the
activities inside the · · · · .. house and designated for
house. It has also the sultan. It is provided
"tapaan" or fish dryiag with a bed (panggao)
area and "laya"for and richly ornamented
storing bamboo fabric called
containers. mamandiang, lalansay,
and somandeg.
pukananan (dining) or The only elevated bed

pugigaan (sleeping arear · with rich carved
ornamentation all
A mat provided for each member around its sides. The bed
living inside the house where is oriented east-to-west
he/she will take his/her meal and and is shared with
will rest or sleep. sultan's first wife.
These mats,
!l
oriented east-
to-west, are mamandiang
arranged with Hand-embroidered and
the sultan's opulently designed piece
security near offabric laid horizontally
the door and above the wall where the
the person sultan's bed rests.
closest to him ,,I__,....,,,
beside his
bed .
lalansay somandeg
towa, stair kerit, tread Hand-embroidered and Hand-made and richly
lavishly embellished ornamented piece of
The main access to the upper floor Pieces of rectangular boards or drapery that is vertically cloth horizontally laid
level of the house with the entire planks of wood used as steps in a hanged below below "lalansay."
framework, including the railings, stair. "mamandiang" to cover
made from wood. the interior wallboards.

MARANAO, TOROGAN
pulaos bungan, king post atup, roof

The elaborately carved vertical A steep, thick cogon roof
members above the tinai-a-walay covering the entire house with
(tie-beam) to support the roof a flaring-end at its lower base
due to the varying inclination
of its roofframework.
kalasagan, rafter ... .. .... .
Rectangular wood member s·~t.i:ii ci ·········· ...... ..
high-pitch angle as framework for
the thick thatch roof
tinai-a-walay, tie beam

The thick and huge horizontal
member, often elaborately carved
with Maranao decorative elements
that reinforces the perimeter roof
beams and supports the king post.
sumang, hip rafter .... . .

The second layer rafter whi~h ·i; .·········· .. .. ..
connected to the lower end of
kalasagan (rafter) and with a very
low inclination or pitch. The exposed
section of this rafter, located below
the roof eaves, is embellished with
carvings.
lantay, floor board

The thick wooden planks that
function as floor panels of the main
house.
du log, floor joist · ......... .

The thick and huge hand-hewn
horizontal member that supports
the floor of the spacious house.
··.. runding, wallboard

The thick wooden planks that
are vertically installed as house
enclosure. The wallboards on
the side where panolongs (end-
beam designs) are located are
tukud, corner post tapuwilih, central post richly carved with decorative
motifs such as tiati-tiali (rope -
The massive often The massive wooden column like), obar-obar (flower-like),
carved wooden column situated at the centre of the onsod (fence-like), and birdo
at the corner of the house and aligns with the (growing vine or scroll-like).
house and buifr above pulaos bungan (king post).
the ground on huge
stones or boulders.
Every post rests on 5-6 pieces of well-closed rocks

that serve both as foundation and protection from
the ground termites and moisture.
MOSQUE
Masyid, Masjid, Mosque
circular minaret
A tall tower with a circular
base, attached to a mosque and
with stairs that lead towards
1 A spiritual sanctuary for Muslim
worship primarily governed by
the liturgical axis towards
Makkah (Mecca). ForTausug
and Yakan, its Langgal while for
the Maranaos, its Ranggar.
the balcony or balconies where
the muezzin call the faithful Allah
into prayer.
Arabic term for God, the
creator of the universe .
.___._ _ _ _ _ octahedral base of minaret

The minaret's base having eight
sides or faces.
mihrab, prayer niche

A niche inside a mosque that
indicates the direction of Mecca .
hilal, star and crescent ··" kiblah, qiblah

moon
The prime orientation in Mosque
An emblem of the Islamic world Architecture which shows the
placed at the topmost portion of axis of prayer towards Mecca.
the onion dome roof ....... ""
musalla, sanctuary
minaret A space used for communal
From the Arabic "manara" worship for men and women.
meaning "giving off light";
a tall, slender tower of a
mosque where the call to
prayer is pronounced.
.. ........ · onion dome roof

A bulbous ogee-shaped dome
resembling an onion.

TOWN PLAN, PLAZA COMPLEX
Plaza Complex
The layout and placement of
both civic and ecclesiastical
buildings around the central
plaza based on Ordenanza of
eskinita, esquinita, alley simbahan, iglesia, church 1573 (Prescriptions for the
Foundation of Hispanic Colonial
A narrow road that provides An edifice or place of Christian Towns) or commonly referred to
access to interior lots or buildings. worship. : as the Laws of the Indies.
munisipyo, casa real, town
hall
traza
One of the civic buildings
adjacent to the plaza that serves The gridiron plan that defines the
as the resident-office of the layout of the town or city.
designated town official who has
an administrative jurisdiction
over a town or city.
pangunahing kalsada,
ca/le real, main road
The wide or spacious flat surface,
intended to transport goods, and
acts as a way of travel for people,
that is adjacent to the plaza and
connecting nearby towns or cities.
hukuman/korte, casa
tribunal, courthouse
kalsada, calzada, road During the Hispanic Period, a
The wide or spacious road multi-use civic building with
between buildings and houses meeting halls for municipal
connected to the main road. guilds, courtroom and detention
for law offenders, and temporary
obelisko, obelisco, obelisk bahay, casa, house shelter for transient and
plasa, plaza, plaza wayfarers.
A slender stone with square base The dwelling place of a family.
that tapers as it rises and See also Filipino House.
The wide open space bounded terminates with a pyramidal
by roads and adjacent to the form at its apex. It is usually built
civic and ecclesiastical buildings casa de vivienda - big house or lindero, lindero, lot boundary
inside the plaza to apartment
of a town or city and intended commemorate a significant The legally defined and recorded
for political or social activities. casa grande - huge house of a
event or a person. plantation or hacienda boundaries of a property or parcel
In the Ordenanza of 1573 or of/and.
Laws of the Indies, the plaza casa de madera - log or
was the starting point in the wooden house
creation of a town or city. casa de dos aguas - gabled- looban or bakuran, solar,
roof house plot
casa de quatro aguas - hipped-
roof house A small area of land that is or
could be used for a particular
casa de piedra - stone house casa de materiales fuertes - purpose,for example, where a
casa de madera y teja - wooden house of strong building is constructed.
house with tiled roof materials
casa de materia/es ligaros -
house of light materials
TOWN PLAN, FORTRESS CITY
lntramuros, fortress city

The center of civic and ecclesiastic
rule during the Spanish period with
the capital city surrounded by a
strong, defensive wall for ilog, rio, river beaterio, beaterio, orphanage
protection and a military fort at the A natural stream of water A structure under a religious
mouth of the Pasig River. collected from the precipitation order which provides care for the
of hills and uplands towards the orphans.
sea.
balwarte baluarte bastion · · ·· · · ·· ·· · · · ·· · ·· · ·· · ·· · ·· · ·· ·· · ·· ·· · · · ··

A pr(f;·ectin~ part of t;e ad na, aduana, custom
forti ication, round or polygonal hou e
in p an, intended to have a
number offiring direction for cuptoms and duties and where vessels
both cannon and other weapons atfe entered and cleared.
to defend the adjacent perimeter. 7
embarcadero, embarcadero, .................... ..
/ embarcadero
An area used as a landing place for
eskwela, escuela, school ships and other water vessels.
A building or complex devoted
for educational studies at ayuntamyento,
differentiated levels. Schools in ayuntamiento/cabildo, city hall · · · · · ·· · · ·
lntramuros during the Hispanic
Period reached to a total of ten The chief administrative building with
and were all managed by offices for both the gobernador-heneral
religious groups. (head of the country) and the alcalde
(head of the city) with their regidores
(councilors). Ayuntamiento of Manilajas
also space for the prison. . ..... .
monasteryo, monasterio,
monastery
A building where religious
almasenes, almacenes,
people, monks or nuns, retire storehouse
from the world for prayer and A building constructed near a
contemplation. port for storing goods or asp ce
inside civic building, like cas
real, to store tributes in for of
goods.
bodega ng armas,
maestranza, arsen An open public
square that is
A buildingforboth adjacent to both
manufacturing an storing major roads an
weapons and am unitions. prestigious c· 1c
and reli · s
/
buildi gs. The
//' pla mayorof
I ramuros is
j
ailed Plaza Roma.
kuta,fuert , fort
_/
A str ng, defensive place
· ended for military troops. It is
I enclosed with ditches and

ramparts and protected by
bastions and bartizans.

TOWN PLAN, FORTRESS CITY
mowt, Jaso, moat baryo, barrio, barrio rebelin, revel/in, ravelin

A wide, deep trench surrounding A district, containing a neighborhood or area that A V-shaped defensive elevated
the rampart of a fortified place forms a relatively self-contained social unit. structure, detached from the
that is usually filled with water. lntramuros, Manila has four barrios, namely: San rampart and provided with its
Antonio! .san Cados, San Gabriel and San Luis. own ammunitions serving as
outside protection of rampart
and main gate/portal.
. . . . . . . . . . . puerta, puerta, portal

An imposing entrance, often
ornamental, wide enough as
passage for both pedestrian and
wheeled vehicles. The fortified
wall of lntramuros has eight
main portals which include Real,
Sta . Lucia, Almacenes, Aduana,
Sto. Domingo, Isabell II, Postigo,
and Parian.
A /J(;ilding, either attached or

/1€side a church, that serves as
residence of the parish priest.
... . simbahan, iglesia, church

An edifice or place of Christian
worship. In lntramuros, a total of
eight churches were built,
..... .. maliit na ba a rte, namely: Capuchino, San
baluartillo inibastion Francisco, Venerable Orden
Tercera, Sagrario, Recoletos, San
Agustin and San Ignacio
Churches.
· arsobisp.a do, arzobispa~.... muralya, mural/a, rampart

episcopal palace / , , e e 1eva t ed1~o rt•~·
Th '11e d wa 11,
The official resid~n;~ the usually with sloping facing _wall,
Roman Catholic .ychbishop of parapet and gangway,
Manila . j connected to the fort and
/ bastions.
Parian
Originally refers to a Chinese
ghetto, a place of residence,
business and trade for the Chinese
settlers or merchants.
part~
AMERICAN PERIOD
• American Period Architectural Style, Italianate
• American Period Architectural Style, Victorian
• American Period Architectural Style, Mission Revival
• American Period Architectural Style, Neoclassic
• American Period Architectural Style, Neo-Renaissance
• American Period Architectural Style, Neo-Gothic
• American Period Architectural Style, Art Deco
• American Period Architectural Style, Streamlined Deco
• American Period Architectural Style, Bauhaus
• Capitol Building
• Gabaldon Schoolhouse
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, ITALIANATE
Italianate
A style which originated in Western Europe in ca. 1840-85 reviving the elements of the Italian Renaissance
Architecture of the 16th century with square cupolas or towers; elaborate classical detailings; wide
overhanging eaves with closely-spaced decorative brackets; tall and narrow square or arched windows; L-
shaped plans; arcaded porches with balustrades; and /ow-pitched or flat roof Notable buildings of this
style are Nelly's Garden House and Villa Lizares (now the Angelicum School) in lloilo, and Pasig City
Museum and Malacanang Palace in Manila.
bullseye low-pitch roof

A small round window, often A type of roof having a low slope
along the dormer or exterior "."all. or inclination. ·
~ ..
rustic wall bintanang nakaungos sa

A wall with building stones of pader, bay window accouplement
rough surfaces and chamfered A type of window that protrudes
or bevelled edges. from a wall, forming a bay or The arrangement of columns or
alcove in a room. pilasters in pairs, placed very
closely together.
broken-bed segmental eskudo, coat of arms

pediment
An emblem often of heraldic
A type of segmental pediment bearings and usually placed
with a base having an opening at above the main entrance door
the center; usually applied to a or along the hip gable wall.
wall above a door or window.
salomonica columns ········· ··· ··· aedicule

A type of column with a shaft ..·· A canopied niche or opening
carved into twisted or spira{form. flanked by pilasters or
colonnettes.
AMERICAN PERIOD I 77
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, VICTORIAN
Victorian
square tower with mansard
A style in Europe during the reign roof
of Queen Victoria in Great Britain Any tower which is roughly square
(1837-1901) reviving and/or in plan and roofed with a doubly-
combining the elements of Gothic pitched gable or hip-roofform . ·
and Italianate styles such as steep
gabled roof and dormers; cone-
shaped turrets or square tower
with mansard roof; intricate or
richly ornamented panellings,
trusses, and braces; panelled
exterior walling with either
horizontal, vertical or diagonal
design; and wide overhanging
eaves with exposed rafter ends.
Notable buildings of this style are
Carcar Dispensary (now Carcar
Museum) in Cebu, Legarda
Elementary School in Manila, and
Silliman Hall in Dumaguete City.
fascia gutter
A type of gutter, usually of sheet
metal, firmly attached to a fascia
board of an eaves to catch
rainwater from the roof and
convey it to a downspout.
downspout decorative eaves vent

A rain water pipe, usually ..· · An air vent placed along the
of metal sheet, vertically · eaves with ornamental design
attached to an exterior pattern.
wall to direct rain water
from a roof gutter to the
ground or catch basin.
A thin decorative column

placed along an exterior
window opening as means
of division and added
support for sliding window
shutter.
sibi, awning
.. ··
A framed roof-like shading
structure over a window or
door to provide protection
especially against the sun
and rain.
lattice siding · · approach stair

A type of exterior cladding of A series of steps placed in
timber boards in a lattice form . front of a building that
leads to its main entrance.

AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, MISSION REVIVAL
Mission Revival
An architecture movement which

originated in the United States at
exposed rafter tail the end of the 19th century
The underside of roof eaves reviving and/or employing the
openly showing portions of the. elements of the Spanish Colonial
rafter which overhangs the wall: ·... Revival Style. This has been
widely used in California
characterized by the used of low-
pitched gable tiled roof, stucco
balconette finish exterior walls, wide eaves
A projecting space at the lower with closely-spaced exposed
portion of a window in the rafter end, frontispiece with
upper floors that is enclosed ... exposed gable wall, and imposing
with either wood, stone, or square towers with pyramidal
metal decorative railings. roof Notable buildings of this
style are the Bureau of Science
Building and Normal School (now
bracketed eaves Philippine Normal University) on
Manila, and Cebu High School in
The underside of the balcony or Cebu.
balconette with series of
decorative brackets of equal
spacing.
smooth finish stucco quatrefoil window

The masonry wall having smootfi · A type of window composed of
faces brought about by the lime- four lobes or foils.
based stucco coating applied to
the bricks or natural stones wall
to reduce the effect of erosion.
mission dormer square tower with pyramidal tsimenea, chimney

roof
A type of dormer projecting A fire-proof vertical structure
above the tiled roof in Mission a tower, square in plan, covered that encloses a flue carrying
Architecture with multicurved- with a pyramid form roof waste gases from buildings or
shape design similar to the other apparatus.
mission parapet.
bracketed cornice
A type of cornice supported by a
mission parapet series of decorative brackets of
equal spacing.
A low wall, extending from the
junction of an external wall and
roof, with multicurved-shape
design on its upper end.
1--.Ji'
I
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, NEOCLASSIC
Neoclassic
A style which originated in Europe and in the

United States from 1885 to 1925 reviving and
combining the Greek and Roman Classical
Architecture with the ideas of Renaissance
Architecture. Also called Classical Revival and ·~
Beaux Arts Classicism, this style incorporates

grandiose symmetrical composition and far;ade,
colonnaded portico with grand stair and imposing
columns, ba/ustraded balconies, pronounced
cornices and entab/atures, and triangular
pediment. Significant buildings of this style include
Post Office Building and Paco Train Station in
Manila, Sorsogon Provincial Capitol in Sorsogon
City, and University of the Philippines in lloilo City.
-: ~:J~/., ·.~ ',.
pediment
The triangular gable usually
enclosed by horizontal and
____
............................. ....... ............ ..............
, ..... .. ...... .._:_..-----__........-
.....
raking cornices above a portico or

colonnaded facade.
... ... .... . ....

entablature
The thick horizontal band above
columns, consisting typically of
the architrave, frieze, and
cornice.
classical column
A column based on the classical
Greek and Roman orders,
consisting typically of three
elements: the base, shaft, and
capital.
base block
A solid piece of masonry or
concrete, usually without
ornamentation and form as the
lowest member of the base.
So I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, NEOCLASSIC
.·· guilloche
An ornament used as moulding
or as a border consisting of two
or more interwoven bands
around a series of circles.
·.. rosette
An ornament in circular pattern
which resembles a stylized rose
flower or any other similar
flower.
palamuti, decoration
An ornamental element added as
an adornment in a building.
peston, festoon
A decorative element, often
carved or molded, in a form of
intertwined flowers and or
ribbons and hanging between
: 1aon capital
two points.
NCIAL CAPITOL The uppermost structural member

of a classical column or pilaster,
· · often ornamental and placed
above the shaft to support the
entablature.
shaft
The vertical portion of a classical
. column or pilasters between the
capital and the base.
classical base
.. · The lowest portion of a classical
column, usually carved
according to patterns and
... . proportions of the Greek and
Roman orders .
... .
raised floor
A floor which has been raised
a6ove the ground level as
protection from groundwater.
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, NED-RENAISSANCE
Nee-Renaissance
A style which originated in Italy

during the period of architectural
style revival in the 19th century
which has been characterized by
hip type tiled roof with /ow-
pitched or inclination; eaves with
supporting decorative brackets;
employment of details such as
columns, pilasters, pediments,
quoins, and arches; and often
symetrically balanced. Notable
buildings of this style are the
Gata de Leche and Ayuntamiento
in Manila, and Bohol Provincial
Capitol in Bohol.
roundel spandrel medya-agwa, canopy

A small circular panel or A roughly triangular area of wall A protective covering usually
window. between two adjacent arches. projecting from a wall of a
building to provide shelter.

AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, NED-GOTHIC
Neo-Gothic
A style which originated in

Europe and used in the
Philippines in the later part of . ...................... .. .. ....
the 19th century reviving the
architecture vocabulary of ...
Gothic Architecture. It includes I
grandiose or lofty far;ades,

pointed arches, soaring spires,
ribbed vaulting, flying buttress,
and rich ornamentation and
tracery. Notable examples steeple
include the San Sebastian and
Santo Domingo Churches in A tall structure comprised
Manila, and Bantay Church in of a tower and a spire.
/locos Sur. The Iglesia ni Cristo
Central in Quezon City by Carlos
Santos-Viola is a modern
adaptation of this style.
..,. '
needle spire 1
T. ~~~r~:~·,?~ mew;th
5
A very slender type of spire
located above the tower roof
················· . . . }}
~
~~ A dome with ribs fanning out
G from a central support.
f •
... !
··t. ··~
1U1~\
/~t.
. .:r ...
octagonal lantern
An eight-sided type of lantern
above a tower or dome.
steep gable wall

A gable wall with sharp or
lofty pitch.
.........
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, ART DECO
Art Deco

Western Europe and the United
States. It has been adopted from
L'Exposition Internationale des
Arts Decoratifs et Jndustriels
Modernes held in Paris, France in
1925 reviving and/or combining
traditional/historical and avant-
garde stylistic elements. Notable
features include stepped gables,
sculptured panels, curved corners
and edges, chevron and zigzag
decorations, round porthole
windows, and elements in group
of three. Significant buildings of
this style are Metropolitan ancf
Capito/Theatres in Manila, S.
Villanueva Building in l/oilo City,
and Rodriguez-Arguelles House in
Sariaya, Quezon.
stepped gable
A gable at the main facade of an
,... ..... ..... ... ....
Art Deco buildings with the
upper part shaped series of
steps.
tiara of stylized Muslim

minaret
A decorative ornament depicting
the crown of a Muslim minaret.
polychromatic wall surface

The treatment and/or decoration
to a wall surface comprised of
different cofours that resembles
the festive culture of the country.
bird of paradise gate

The ornamental main entrance gate demonstrating
the typical plumed oscine birds (family
Paradisaeidae) common in the Philippines.

AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, ART DECO
stepped gable sculptured panel

A thin piece of board usually pre-
cast with sculptured
ornamentation and attached on
the surface of the walls or ceilings.
curved edge and corner

A treatment applied to corners
and edges, eliminating sharp
corners by curving it. In
Metropolitan Theatre, the curved
corners were treated with
tapestries of Malay cloths and
stylized Philippine plants.
stained glass window

A window with colored and patterned surface-tinted decorative
glass. In the Metropolitan Theatre, the stained glass window
depicts the rising sun with stylized Philippine plants.
AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, STREAMLINED DECO
Streamlined Deco
A later strain ofArt deco, which

originated in the United States in
the 1930s. It is simple, unadorned,
and linear. Notable features
include a rounded streamlined
corner, glass block walls, banded
parapets, an open deck, porthole
windows, and triple pipe railings.
Significant buildings of this style
includes Quezon Institute and Jai-
Alai Buildings in Manila, and
Lopez Boat House in Jloi/o.
banded parapet
A parapet with horizontal
continuous strip of moulding,
usually plain or unadorned.
triple pipe railing

A feature in Streamlined Art Deco
copying the streamlined ships
railings with three layers of
horizontal metal rails.
elements in group of three

open deck A common treatment in both
Streamlined Art Deco and Art
A wide and spacious exterior deck Deco designs comprised of an
similar to decks of streamlined architectural component of the
ships, without roof and protected building in groups of three.
only by the metal railing on its
edges.
.·· rounded streamline corner

porthole window A common feature in
A type of small, circular window Streamlined Art Deco,
extensively used as one of the eliminating sharp corners of
distinctive elements of buildings to look like the
Streamlined Art Deco similar to streamlined ships.
the "port hole window" or "side
scuttle" of a ship.

AMERICAN PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, BAUHAUS
Bauhaus

Germany in 1919 and adopted
from the design school founded
by Walter Gropius - the
Staatliches Bauhaus, which
asymmetrical composition intends to train artists for
industrial arts. Notable elements
A design composition exhibiting include an asymmetrical form,
non-symmetrical or balanced smooth far;ade, regularity, cubic
proportions. form, pilotis, large windows,
balconies, and flat roof
Significant buildings includes
National Press Club, Lopez
smooth facade Museum, and National Library
of the Philippines, all in Manila.
A characteristic of the surface
treatment of Bauhaus
buildings having an even and
plain finish.
regularity large window
The quality of having regularly A window having multiple-

repeating or symmetrically:·· framed glass windows that
arranged elements. forms as one huge panel.
flat roof cubic form vertical brise-soliel balkonahe, balcony

A roof having a relatively A building element characteristic A vertical sun-shading element An accessible outdoor platform
horizontal surface usually of having three-dimensional installed to the building exterior projecting from the external face
concrete slab finish. angular appearance or shape. to reduce solar heat gain by of a building and is enclosed by a
preventing direct solar exposure railing or balustrade.
on glass windows and
fenestrations.
pilotis
The isolated columns or
posts located on an open
ground space to support a
building.
AMERICAN PERIOD / 87
CAPITOL BUILDING
Kapitolyo, Capitol Building
A public building used for

provincial government
administration.
bantayog, monument kalye, street
An impressive structure or statue A public thoroughfare in a town

erected in a park or plaza in or city, usually paved, that is
remembrance of a significant wider than an alley and often
event, person, or group of people. has buildings along one or both
sides. ·.
A major public road or route

connecting towns or cities and
usually utilized for vehicular
use.

CAPITOL BUILDING
central bay
The central division of a facade often with
distinctive ornamentation as compared to
its subsidiary wings or bays.
................ ........ ... ... ...... ...................
frontisp iece
The principal division of a ······· ...... _. .· ···· ··· ·· · .. .. ....... ..................... , ..
facade where main entrance of · . _..,. ~ ._ z • :;;c
a building is located and .,....,..,-..~ \ -
characterized by its
monumental design and/or
ornamentation.
palapag, storey .......... .

Refers to the horizontal
division of a building or the
space between floor levels.
i [ ""' """
II l
l 11
I I ;I I ! ~.. .... "· " ·
······ "· . . . . .. ..
"·
pangunahing hagdan, main
stair
" I · · · · · · · · · The principal stair adjacent to
,... " the entrance hall within the
.. building .
-.. '• ..
...
"· " halwey, hallway
~-
A corridor or passageway in a
building or a hall.
.n ...
bulwagang pasuka~,
entrance hall
-
0
• -~· •
- _.ol
=i portiko, portico opisina, office
· A covered space serving as An interior space in which
An imposing space, often with frontispiece of the building, business, clerical and/or
high ceiling, that serves as the traditionally consisting of rows of administrative work is
central circulation space inside a columns supporting a performed.
building. pedimented roof
GABALDON SCHOOLHOUSE
Eskwelahang Gabaldon,
Gabaldon Schoolhouse
The one-level prototype educational institution named after Assemblyman Isaura
Gabaldon who authored the Philippine Assembly Act 1801 in 19081 appropriating one
million dollars for the construction of school buildings. The architecture of the
schoolhouse was patterned to the Filipino house with spacious and lofty rooms and
with extensive use of sustainable elements including wide eaves and awnings,
louvers, floor-to-ceiling operable walls and partitions to maximize natural daylight
and ventilation, cross and stack ventilation systems, and open courtyards for noise
control and sun and wind catchers.
palaruan, playground silid gawaan, workshop room ·· ··· ····>-

An outdoor space, often ofgrass,
intended both for school A room designated for carrying
children's playing area and out classes for technical
school's outdoor activities. instruction.
loobang bakuran, courtyard

An open space or area surrounded
or enclosed by buildings and/or-by ·············· ······ ········· ···>-
walls.
koridor, corridor
A narrow interior passageway
providing access to rooms or other
spaces.
..,. ................ silid aralan, classroom

In school, a room used for
academic instruction and venue
for classes.

GUIDETO ILLUSTRATIONS
AND ILLUSTRATORS_ _ __
Page Illustration Illustrator

cover page The Metropolitan Theatre, Manila Rino D.A. Fernandez
iii The lfugao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Sectional View of an lfugao Mountain showing Rice Terraces Rino D.A. Fernandez
xiii The Author Liza Patricia Sia
2 The Traditional Apayao House Rino D.A. Fernandez

Bay Section of Apayao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Elevation of Apayao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
3 Pictorial View of Apayao House Klaradelle Sol Villamayor
4 Pictorial View showing Construction Method Used for the Apayao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
5 The Traditional Badjao House Erica Dominique Cabreros
The Traditional Badjao Village Janine Marie Hung
Bay Section of Badjao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Elevation of Badjao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
6 Pictorial View of Badjao House Jet Catrina Cari

7 The Filipino Bahay Kubo Alyanna Riezel Zafe
Bay Elevation of Ba hay Kubo Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Ba hay Kubo Rino D.A. Fernandez
8 Pictorial View of Ba hay Kubo Rino D.A. Fernandez
9 Pictorial View showing Construction Method Used for the Ba hay Kubo Rino D.A. Fernandez
10 The Traditional Bontoc House Angelica Mabutas
Bay Elevation of Bontoc House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Bontoc House Rino D.A. Fernandez
11 Pictorial View of Bontoc House Rino D.A. Fernandez
12 Pictorial View showing Construction Method Used for the Bontoc House Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Balanghay of Butuan Arlene Christine Apela
A Negrito Lean-to House Rino D.A. Fernandez
A Tree House in Mindanao Jeff Manuel See
14 The Traditional lfugao House Margarita Inez Barcia
The lfugao "hagabi" or Bench Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Elevation of lfugao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of lfugao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
15 Pictorial View of lfugao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the lfugao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
17 The lfugao Village Rino D.A. Fernandez
91
GUIDE TO ILLUSTRATIONS AND ILLUSTRATORS

17 A Sectional View of a Mountain showing the lfugao's Use of Land Rina D.A. Fernandez
18 Cross Section of a Pond-Field (based from Harold Conklin, Ethnographic Atlas of Jfugao) Rina D.A. Fernandez
19 The lvatan's Jinjin House Kristine Claude Lau

Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the lvatan House Kristine Claude Lau
20 The Traditional Kalinga House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Elevation of Kalinga House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Kalinga House Rina D.A. Fernandez
21 Pictorial View of Kalinga House Rina D.A. Fernandez
22 Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the Kalinga House Rina D.A. Fernandez
23 Pictorial View of Kalinga's "Binayon" or "Finaryon" House Rina D.A. Fernandez
24 The Traditional Kankanay and lbaloi House Rina D.A. Fernandez

Bay Elevation of Kankanay and lbaloi House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Kankanay and lbaloi House Rina D.A. Fernandez
25 Pictorial View of Kankanay and lbaloi House Rina D.A. Fernandez

Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the Kankanay House Rina D.A. Fernandez
27 The Traditional Sagada House Francis Miguel Malig

Bay Elevation ofSagada House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Sagada House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Pictorial View of Sagada House Rina D.A. Fernandez

Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the Sagada House Rina D.A. Fernandez
The Traditional Sama I House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Elevation ofSamal House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section ofSamal House Rina D.A. Fernandez
31 Pictorial View of Sama I House Jet Catrina Cari
32 The Traditional Tausug House Rina D.A. Fernandez

Bay Elevation ofTausug House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section ofTausug House Rina D.A. Fernandez
33 The lfugao's "Tajuk Pasung" Rina D.A. Fernandez

Pictorial View showing the Construction Method Used for the Tausug House Rina D.A. Fernandez
34 The Traditional Yakan House Arvien Alcazar

Bay Elevation ofYakan House Rina D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of Yakan House Rina D.A. Fernandez
35 Pictorial View ofYakan House Rina D. A. Fernandez
37 Baclayon Church Complex, Bohol Rina D.A. Fernandez
Plan of Miagao Church, Miagao, lloilo Rina D.A. Fernandez
Plan of Guiuan Church, Guiuan, Sa mar Kath Sapungay

Plan of La Loma Church, Manila Rina D.A. Fernandez
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Manila, lntramuros, Manila Rina D.A. Fernandez
92

Plan of Metropolitan Cathedral of Manila Rina D.A. Fernandez
39 Facade of Capul's St. Ignatius de Loyola Church (built in 1615), Sa mar Rina D.A. Fernandez
Pictorial View of Capul Church, Samar Rina D.A. Fernandez

The Capilla and Multi-level Niches of the Paco Cemetery, Manila Carmela Dawn Linarez
Plan ofTabaco Capilla, Tabaco City Rina D.A. Fernandez

41 La Loma Capilla, Manila Janine Marie Hung
San Joaquin Capilla, lloilo Erica Joyce Tanggalin
Facade ofTabaco Capilla, Tabaco City Rina D.A. Fernandez

Plan of San Agustin Church Complex, lntramuros Rina D.A. Fernandez
42 The Entrance of San Agustin Church, lntramuros Glenn Liana
43 The Church of the Conversion of St. Paul, lntramuros (San Agustin Church) Monique Bautista
One of the Cloisters of San Agustin Church, lntramuros
44-45 Plan of Sta. Maria Church, llocos Sur Rina D.A. Fernandez
45 The Sta . Maria Church, llocos Sur
45 The Site Plan of the Sta. Maria Church showing the Church Complex Above the Hill
Rina D.A. Fernandez
(redrawn based from the as-built plan prepared by Arch. Angel Lazaro for the Restoration of Sta. Maria Church, llocos Sur)
The Shrine of Peiiafrancia, Naga City Liza Marie Sia

The Image of Our Lady of Peiiafrancia, Naga City Rina D.A. Fernandez
Plan of the Shrine of Peiiafrancia, Naga City Rina D.A. Fernandez
47 Rear Buttress of Paoay Church, Ilocos Norte Rina D.A. Fernandez

Paoay Church and Belltower, llocos Norte Arlene Christine Apela
The Medallion of Paoay Church, llocos Norte Rina D.A. Fernandez
Miagao Church, lloilo Marielle Anne Villanueva
Facade of Miagao Church, lloilo Rina D.A. Fernandez
49 San Sebastian Church, Manila Liza Marie Sia
The Church of Santo Domingo in lntramuros Rina D.A. Fernandez

so Facade of San Agustin Church, lntramuros Monique Bautista
The Binondo Church, Manila Rina D.A. Fernandez
51 The Dome of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Manila, lntramuros Stephanie Suarez

The Metropolitan Cathedral of Manila, lntramuros, Manila Dee Jay Villanueva
52 Facade of the Retablo of St. Joseph Parish Cathedral, Romblon Maria Kristina Cortez
53 The Front View of a Church Door Sharleen Salazar

The Rear View of a Church Door Rina D.A. Fernandez
54 Pictorial View of a Masonry Vault Rina D.A. Fernandez
Semicircular or Barrel Vault Rina D.A. Fernandez
Segmental Vault Rina D.A. Fernandez
Pointed Vault Rina D.A. Fernandez
55 The Balai na Tisa, Carcar, Cebu Liza Patricia Sia
93
55 Filipino Houses at the Historical Town ofVigan, !locos Sur Janyssa Eladia
Pictorial View of a Filipino House Rino D.A. Fernandez
57 The "Kai ado" of a Filipino House Mary Christine Bautista

Ceiling Joist of a Filipino House Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Interior of a Filipino House Anarose Libang
58 Bay Elevation of a Filipino House Rino D.A. Fernandez
59 Pictorial View of the Eaves of the Jesuit House, Cebu City Rino D.A. Fernandez
Sectional View showing Construction Method Used for the Jesuit House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Sectional View of Post Construction and Supports for the Jesuit House Rino D.A. Fernandez
60 The Gable Roof Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Hip Roof Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Awning Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Rubble Masonry Wall Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Ashlar Masonry Wall Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Thin Masonry Wall for Interior Partition Rino D.A. Fernandez
Portion of a Log Post showing End-connections Rino D.A. Fernandez
The "Tabike Pampango" Masonry Wall Rino D.A. Fernandez
Pictorial View of the Stair of Liza res Ancestral House, Bacolod City Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Double-return Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Double-L Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Half-turn Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Quarter-turn Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Straight-run Curve Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Circular Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Spiral Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Straight-run Stair Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Restored Facade of the Portal of Fort Santiago, lntramuros, Manila Donna Rose Buenaflor
The Bartizan of Fort Santiago Jillianne Espinosa
Plan of Fort Santiago, lntramuros, Manila Rino D.A. Fernandez
A Portion of a Parapet Wall showing Crenels and Merlons Rino D.A. Fernandez
A Pictorial View of a Portion of a Fort Rino D.A. Fernandez
The lvatan "Sinadumparan" House Sharmaine Joy Duay
The lvatan "Maytuab/Nituavan" House Sean Immanuel Go
Bay Elevation of an lvatan "Sinadumparan" House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of an lvatan "Sinadumparan" House Rino D.A. Fernandez
A Pictorial View Showing the Construction Method Used for the lvatan House Rino D.A. Fernandez
66 Aerial View of Cape Bojeador Lighthouse, Burgos, llocos Norte Rino D.A. Fernandez
Facade of Pavilion and Tower of Faro de Punta de Malabrigo, Lobo, Batangas Rino D.A. Fernandez
94

The Tower and Pavilion of Faro de Cabo Bojeador, Burgos, llocos Norte Jose Vicente Alcober
Section of Pavilion and Tower of Faro de Punta de Malabrigo, Lobo, Batangas Rino D.A. Fernandez
68 Pictorial View of Maranao Torogan Maria Josefina Syline Solidum

The Traditional House and Boat of Maranao Rino D.A. Fernandez
69 The "Pano/ong" or End-beam Design of a Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Decorative Ornaments of a Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez

Bay Elevation of a Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bay Section of a Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
70 Pictorial View of a Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
71 Pictorial View Showing Construction Method Used for the Maranao House Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Posts in a Maranao House Ira Kristina Medina
72 Pictorial View of Bacolod Grande Mosque, Lanao del Sur Ivan Jude Cerezo
Interior Portion of a Mosque Showing the Qi blah or Prime Orientation Rino D.A. Fernandez
The Minaret and Onion Dome Roof of Hadji Abdullah Maas Nuno Mosque, Zamboanga Rino D.A. Fernandez
73 View of the Plaza and Adjoining Structures at the Town of Argao, Cebu Rino D.A. Fernandez
74-75 Aerial View of lntramuros, Manila Rino D.A. Fernandez
77 The Villa Lizares (now Angelicum School of lloilo), lloilo City Paulo Manuel Guanzon
The Portal of Pasig City Museum, Pasig City Jessica Anne Stevens
The Silliman University Hall, Dumaguete City Alyssa Rae Tejada
Carcar Dispensary (1929), Carcar, Cebu lkko Benjie Mediavillo
79 Pasig City Museum, Pasig City Charmaine Garcia

The Bureau of Science Building (1902), Manila Sarah Faith Ramirez
80 The Central Post Office, Manila Cidric Angelo Magno
80-81 The Sorsogon Provincial Capitol (1915), Sorsogon City Rino D.A. Fernandez
Bas-relief at Pediment of Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Dale Villaceran

Decorative Ornamentations at Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Dale Villaceran
Gota de Leche Building, Manila Rino D.A. Fernandez
Ornamental Capital at the Portal of Gota de Leche Building, Manila Justin Joshua Giron
The Facade ofGota de Leche Building, Manila Arvien Alcazar
The Iglesia ni Kristo Main Church, Quezon City Kristina Mae Banzon
Facade of Iglesia ni Kristo Kimberly Ong

The Metropolitan Theatre, Manila Jayson Darwin dela Cruz
The Facade ofthe Metropolitan Theatre, Manila Rino D.A. Fernandez

85 Stepped Gable of S. Villanueva Building, lloilo City Rino D.A. Fernandez
Sculptural Panel of Capitol Theatre, Escolta, Manila Wiza Fara Palanca
86 The Quezon Institute, Quezon City Monique Bautista
Lopez Boat House, lloilo City Alyssa Kathryn Sevilla
The National Press Club, Manila Patricia Marie Sia
95

87 The National Library, Manila Rina D.A. Fernandez
88 The Provincial Capitol of Negros Occidental Marian Ira Lorraine Alejo
The Site Plan of Pangasinan Provincial Capitol Rina D.A. Fernandez
89 The Pangasinan Provincial Capitol by William Parsons Mary Anne Maputi
Plan of Sorsogon Provincial Capitol, Sorsogon City Rino D.A. Fernandez
90 The Sorsogon East District School (1917), Sorsogon City Rey Baldos
Plan of Bulan South Central School (1911) 1 Bulan, Sorsogon Rino D.A. Fernandez
96
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Sulu archipelago Publishing Inc., Pasig City
Galang, Romeo B Jr (2013) A Cultural History of Santo NHI (1991) The Miagao Church: Historical Landmark. Vera-
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Galende, Pedro G. (2007) Philippine Church Facades. Vibal Newell, Leonard (1993) Batad lfugao Dictionary. Linguistic
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Gallende, P & Javellana, R (1996) Great Churches of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2011) Puentes de Espana en las
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lligan Institute ofTechnology, lligan City NCCA Documentation of Miagao Church, Miagao, l/oilo
PDDCP Philippine Ethnic Patterns: a Design Sourcebook NCCA Restoration of San Andres Church, Zam bales
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Filipino's Private Space. CCP, Manila Vol 1: Ouiapo, 10 March 2008
Po lites, Nicholas (1997) The Architecture of Leandro V.
Locsin. John Weatherhill, Inc., Japan
Routledge Spanish Technical Dictionary on CD-ROM (1998)
Santos V. & Santos L. (2001) New Vicassan's English-
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Scott, William Henry (1962) Cordillera Architecture of
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Stemp, Richard (2010) The Secret Language of Churches
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UNESCO (2010) Heritage Homeowner's Preservation
Manual: World Heritage City ofVigan. Philippines
Villalon, Augusto (2001) Lugar: Essays on Philippine
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Makati City
Vanoverbergh, Morice CICM (1953) lsneg Buildings. The
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Anthropology ofArchitecture in South-East Asia.
Tuttle Publishing, Singapore
Yap, David L. et. al. (2012) Studies on Coastal Dwelling:
Islamic Communities in Taluksangay, Zamboanga City,
Philippines. Espasyo: Journal on Philippine
Architecture & Allied Arts, NCCA-UPCAFBE, Manila
Zialcita, F & Tinio Jr M (2006) Philippine Ancestral Houses.
GCF Books, QC, Manila
Unpublished Research Projects:

Dado, Veronica A. Philippine Public Elementary School
Buildings during the American Period, 1898-1941:
Extant Structures in Manila (MA in Art History), UP,
1996
Ignacio, et. al. lvatan Architecture: lvatan House Project 1
Jose, Regalado T. Documentation/Inventory of Philippine
Church Antiquities, 1995
Mata, et. al. Estilong Ouiapo
98
FILIPINO INDEX _ _ _ __
'ahbubul 18 arkong pabilog 41 banga 3, 25

'aldoh 18 armadura 60 banggerahan 8
'anul 18 Arsobispado 75 bangko 44
abek 25 artesonado 57 bangku 64
abuhan 8 asotea 56 ban -oga sawang 21
adixi 4 asulehos 60 banong 18
adog 18 atag 11 bantayog 88
adwana 74 atap 41 12, banyo 56
afung 10 atep 25, 28, 64 baol68
agakan 20 ati-atig 23 baptisteryo 371 44
agamang 28 ator 10 barakilan 59
agdan 31 28 atril 44 barandilya 51, 61
agnadan 4 attic 52 barateja 59
ahbu 64 atup 71 baryo 44, 75
akhamang 10 axeran 4 batalan 8
aksesorya 56 ayuntamyento 74 batangan 21
alang 17 babag 35 batang-bubungan 6, 32
alero 58 babarey 10 batingaw 49
alhibe 56 babayan 24 batong pangsara sa arko 54
alisot 22 bable 17 bawang 18
alkoba 38 badaho 44 bay sinug 32
Allah 72 Badjao 51 32, 34 bayan 44
almasen 66 Badjaw 32 beaterio 74
almasenes 74 Bajao 51 32 benditahan 44
altar 38 Bajau 32 bentilasyon 66
alulod 58 baey 24, 25 beranda 67
amakan 9 bagat 16 binaon 9
ambubulan 16 bahay 73 binayon 23
a med 65 bahay kubo 7 bintana 58
amoto 3 baitang 61 bintanang capis 55
ampakan 4 baked 50 bintanang hugis bilog 41
anadixiyan 4 bakuran 73 bintanang malagulong 51
anahaw 9 balai 2 bintanang nakaungos sa pader 77
anayasan 26 balangay 13 bintanang salamin 66
andamyo 60 balangkas 8 bintanilya 58
ang-an 11 balangsag 25 binukol 22
angattingan 22 balatad 3 binuron 23
angkap 34 bale 14, 17 birdo 69
anito 28 balinugnog na fronton 41 bisagra 53
aparador 56 balkes 26 bisita 44
Apayao 2 balkonahe 8, 87 blandon 44
arangat 3 ballangan 26 blandonsilyo 44
aranya 44 balon 39 bobeda 54
arbotante 52 balustre 55 bobong 4
arkada 38 balwarte 39, 62, 74 bobongan 26
arkibobeda 49 bandeha 53 bodega 56, 66
99
FILIPINO INDEX
bodega ng armas 74 edipisyo 38 haywey 88

bodega ng pulbura 62 embarkadero 74 hilal 72
bogso 29 eskinita 73 hinaob 17
bolada 58 eskudo 77 hukay 40
Bontoc 10 eskwela 371 74 huklub 16
bosolan 59 eskwelahang Gabaldon 90 hukuman 73
braket 58 espeho 57 lbaloi 24
bubong 9, 22, 35, 58 estampa 52 lfugao 14
bu bung 25, 31 estuko 60 llanun 32
bughol 16 fale 14, 17 ilaw ng paro 67
bulwagan 8 falig 11 ilog 74
bulwagang pasukan 89 fanga 11 imahen 46
bung halo 65 fanilag 11 ina 20
cahab-an 59 fatangan 23 inado 18
capis 55 finaryon 23 inalahan 17
chap-ay 10 fogsor 12 lntramuros 74
chingching 12, 23 foruy 20 lranun 32
chivuvuhung 64 fot-ang 23 irat 4
chosar 23 fret 51 ispayral 61
cupula 66 fuchis 23 lvatan 19, 64
dabi 2 gada-gada 65 jambatan 5
dagan 6 gangal18 jinjin 19
dagat 26 gaob 14 kabalyete 59
dagtong 33 garita 62 kaew 12
daipong 21 gawaan 16 Kagayan 32
dalawahang malaposte 52 gawang 35 kahabaan ng hagdan 61
dalawahang poste 50 gawayan 3 kaida 56
danganan 68 gibayan 33 kaingin 17
dapoan 28 gililan 9, 59 kalado 55, 57
dapug 3 gitnang nitso 52 kalasagan 71
datag 4 gitnang pasilyo 38 kalasod 24
dattagon 21 goanan 26 Kalibugan 32
dawdawan 44 gobernador-heneral 74 kalikanto 60
depensang pader 39 golun 14 Kalinga 20
desa 29 gonad 18 kalis 44
det-a 25 guheng 18 kalsada 73
dindin 4 habong 31 kalsadang pang-patrolya 62
ding-ding 35 hag 6, 32 kalye 52, 88
dingding 6, 9, 26, 29, 58 hagabi 14 kama 56
dingding na kahoy na may bandeha 58 hagdan 8, 61 kamadid 19
disenyong maladahon ng niyog 48 haguntal 18 kamalig 28
disenyong malakabibe 48 haligi 9, 59 kammanga 29
dispensa 56 halipan 15 kampana 49
dola 21 halo 60 kampanaryo 37
doplah 18 halwey 89 kampilan
dos agwas 60 hamba 53 kandado 53
dotal 16 hanglad 31, 32 kandelero 44
dulang 64 harren 35 Kankanay 24
du log 71 harunan 5, 6 kapilya 38
100
FILIPINO INDEX
kapitolyo 88 lawig 68 mirador 56

kasaw 32, 35 lawing 2 modilyon 51
katedral 38, 74 laya 70 monasteryo 74
kavahayan 64 lepa-lepa 5 mosoleyo 40
kerit 70 libingan 40 mowt63, 75
khyag 11 Ii but 33 mundilig 16
kiblah 72 li-im 11 munisipyo 73
kiling 29 lindero 73 muralya 75
kisame 57 lining 2 musalla 72
klabiha 60 linterna 41, 51, 67 naga 32, 69
klostro 43 liub 16 naga tajuk pasung 33
kokan 34 liug 32 na-ulya 15
kolonet 58 lobong 18 nidkel 65
komedor 56 lomeng 28 nipa 9
komoda 44 loob ng kapilya 40 nitso 40, 47
kontrapuwerte 45 looban 73 nituavan 62
koridor 90 loobang bakuran 90 nundatu 15
kornisa 47 lubing-lubing 6, 32 obar-obar 69
korte 73 luhurang pang-komunyon 42 obelisko 73
kosina 34 luma 34 okir 68
kostilyahe 57 lungib 13 okong 23
kotiyapi 68 lutud 21 onsod 69
krosing 46 luyo 18 opisina 89
krus 50 madeyon 6 opop 26
krusipiho 44 madreng hagdan 61 optikang Fresnel 67
kubeta 56 magulon 17 Orang laut 5
kuling 16 mala a walai 68 Orang selat 5
kulung 35 mala-abanikong bintana 58 ospital 74
kumbento 37, 44, 75 malabintana 50 osuaryo 40
kumpisalan 44 malaposte 41 oway12
kusina 56, 64 maliit na balwarte 75 pabelyon 66
kuta 62, 74 mallakong 11 padagak 64
kuwarto 56 mamalbag salakab 22 pader59
kuwatro agwas 60 mamandiang 70 padurot 3
kuwerpo 52 mamposteria 60 pagnutih 35
kweba 13 manukdon salakab 21 pailalim na arkong pasukan 51
lalansay70 manuk-manuk 32 pakaw 19, 65
lamdaw 3 manuk-manuk tajuk pasung 33 pako rabong 69
lam in 70 Maranao 68 pagawid 68
langgal 34, 72 Maranaw 68 palamuti 81
languwete 59 marcu 65 palan 15
lantay 6, 71 masyid 72 palapag 89
lapa 70 mayhurahed 64 palapala 60
lapida 40 maytuab 64 palaruan 90
largamasa 60 medalyon 47 palato 11
larguero 53 medya agwa 60, 82 palimsa-an 6
latangan 17 mesa 56 palisada 39
latrina 56, 58 meseta 61 palitada 60
lawang 3 minaruman 65 palupo 58, 59
101
FILIPINO INDEX
pamatuk 35 persiana 57 retablo 42, 52

pamobbongan 29 peston 81 ribayan 2
panabfongan 23 pilarete 59 rihas 64
panagatan 65 pinaculo 49 riyan 64
panannom 11 pinanahang 13 rosay 65
pananuman 25 pinatong 9 roseta 41
pang gong 33 pinto 53 runding 71
pangaiiivucan 19, 65 pipul 32 sagaang 25
panggao 70 pisipis 23 Sagada 27
pang is 11 pitit 29 sagang 7
pangtew 25 piyedra 60 sagpad 26
pang-tuud 31 plasa 73 sagpatan 21
pangunahing hagdan 8g plasa mayor 74 sagraryo 46
pangunahing kalsada 73 plasa ng militar 63 saguan 56
pangunahing pasukan 38, 42 plaster 60 sahig g, 57
paninjinan 19 pognad 16 sakiatan 25
panlabas ng arko 54 pongo 23 sakkar 4
panloob ng arko 54 portiko 8g sakong 1g
panolong 69 poso 28 sakristiya 45
pantan 30, 33, 34 predelya 52 sala 56
panto 15 presbiteryo 42 sala-sala g
pantud 4 prisma 67 salat 35
parapet 66 pronton 50 salilihan 35
parapeto 3g pudis 21 salsa I 31
paratag 3 puerta 75 Sama32
paratok 23 pugigaan 68, 70 Sarna I 30, 32
parey 19 pukananan 68, 70 sampayan 35
Parian 75 pulaos bungan 71 sandumpad 65
parke 88 pulpito 44 sanepa 60
paro 66 pumpitolan 16 sapawan 19, 65
parokya 44 pumpudungan 18 sapditan 24
pasalan 3 punchapalan 15 sarimanuk 68
pasamano 58, 61 pundasyon 5g savahay 62
pasibi 8 pusal32 sawali g
pasilyo 44, 46 rahaung 1g sawang 20
pasunen 1g rakuh 64 sedngal 26
patang 21 ramilyete 52 segpan 28
patsada 41 ranggar72 sendigan 70
patukuran g rapuyan 64 sha'tal 24
patuna 4 rarat 4 sibi 7, 78
patung 34 rebel in 75 sidung 2
patyay 11 rebulto 44 silid aralan go
patyie 15 refectoryo 43 silid gawaan go
patyo 43 rehas 58 silong 8, 15
patyo ng simbahan 37, 42 rehas na buntis 5g silya 57
paxa 3 reklan 65 silyar 60
paya 64 relyebe 41 simbahan 37, 73, 75
payo 17, 18 relyebeng hugis puno ng niyog 48 simboryo 41, 51
pelang 30 relyebeng hugis puno ng papaya 48 simpey 34
102
FILIPINO INDEX
sinadumparan 64 tatagon 23 vuvong 19

sinadumparan a binedberan 64 tau 32 wanan 16
singit-tukod 21 tau' 18 xassaran 4
sinit4 tau gimba 32 Yakan 34
sipi 21 tau higad 32 yawi9
siwang na hug is arko 41 Tausug 5, 32, 34 yayis 19, 65
siyudad 44 tavuhen 64 yerong bubong 58
soba 3 taxang 3
sogwas 21 taytayan 5
sokalo 59 taytayan-tikus 31
sokar 4 teha 55
soklut 11 tehado 55
soleras 9, 59 teteh 15
soling 23 tetey 25
somandeg 70 tey-tey 12
sombrero 53 tiali-tali motif 69
sotan 3 tikel 26
Subanun 32 timpano 50
Suba'anun 32 tinai-a-walay 71
sug 32 tindakan 34
sulirap 9 tindahan 56
suluk 32 tinokbob 27
sumang 71 tirante 59, 65
sungan 33 tiyadtad 32
supit 19 todog 29
suyid 65 tokador 56
ta'ray 23 tokdoan 25
taas ng pokal 65 tokod 12, 24, 29
tabernakulo 46 toldog 4
tabike 60 topeng 18
tabike pampango 60 tore 66
tabla 59 torogan 68
tablero 53 torok 26
tabungan 3 towa 70
tadjuk pasung 32 trabesanyo 53, 59
tadyang 53 trangka 53
tahilan 59 tsimenea 79
ta kip silipan 61 tukah 19, 64
taknang 16 tukalog 31
talabawan 4 tukud 14, 20, 71
talaxatag 4 tulang 70
talob 20 tulay 74
tandiwan 35 tunglob 22
tap-an 11 tu-od 23
tapaan 70 ubong 6
tapi 4, 65 ubung 32
tapuwilih 71 ulum 35
tarugo 65 uma 17
tasa 11 ungot 11
103
ENGLISH INDEX _ _ _ __
accessory s6 beam 23, 29 ceiling joist S7

accouplement 77 bed s6 central bay 89
aedicule 77 bedrock 18 central beam 16
aisle 44 bedroom S3 central floor joist 16
alcove 38 bell clapper 44 central granary 28
Allah 72 bell tower 37 central nave 38
alley 73 bench 14, 2s, 44 central niche s2
altarpiece 42, s2 bench under the house 2s central post 32, 71
altarpiece base s2 bent rafter 23 cemetery 40
anahaw leaves 9 betel palm 17 chair S7
antefix s8 big house 73 chalice 44
antesala s6 binding rafter 4, 24, 6s chandelier 44
anthemion 81 bird 32 chapel38
apartment 73 bird of paradise gate 84 chest 44
Apayao house 2 blind window so chimney79
approach stair 78 board S3 church 37, 73, 7S
apse 38 boats, 30 church bell 44
arcade 38 boathouse 13 church plaza 37, 42
archivolt 49 Bontoc house 10 circular minaret 72
arsenal 74 bottom chord S9 circular stair 61
Art Deco 84 bottom rail S3 cistern s6
asymmetrical composition 87 boys' dormitory 10 city 44
attic 1s, s2 bracket s8 city hall 74
awning 60, 78 bracketed cornice 79 classical base 81
Badjao house s bracketed eaves 79 classical column 80
balcony 8, 87 breadth of house 3 classroom 90
balconette 79 bridge 74 cloister 43
baluster SS broken-bed segmental pediment 77 cluster of flowers s2
balustrade s1, 64 built-in cabinet 64 coarse fill 18
bamboo latticework 9 bulging iron grilles 59 coat-of-arms 77
bamboo siding 22 bullseye 77 coconut shell 11
bamboo water containers 33 buttress 4S coconut tree relief 48
banded parapet 86 cabinet 44, s6 cogon grass 14
baptismal font 44 candlestick 44 cogon wall 19
baptistery 37, 44 canopy 82 collar beam 4, 6s
bargeboard-end decoration 32 cantilever support 6s colonnete 78
barrel vault S4 capital 81 communion rail 42
barrio 44, 75 capitol building 88 confessional 44
bartizan 62 capiz pane 55 convent 37, 44, 75
base block 80 capiz window SS cooking area 8, 11, 28
basement 15, 21, 64 carved religious image 44 cooking jar 3, 2s
bastion 39, 62, 74 cathedra 38, 74 corner post 19, 71
bathroom s6 cathedral 38, 74 cornice 47
battens 19, s9, 6s catwalks corridor 90
Bauhaus 87 cave 13 coupled column so
bay window 77 ceiling 2s, S7 coupled pilasters 52
104
ENGLISH INDEX
court 43 epaule 63 Fresnel lens 67

courthouse 73 Episcopal palace 7S fret s1
courtyard 90 escarp 63 fretwork S7
crenel 63 exposed rafter tail 79 frontispiece 89
crocket 49 exterior lintel 6s funerary chapel 40
cross so external post 20 Gabaldon schoolhouse 90
crossing 46 extrados S4 gable opening 3
crucifix 44 facade 41 gable roof 60
cube-shaped house 7 face 63 gable wall 22, 6s
cubic form 87 fanlight s8 gabled-roof house 73
cupola 66 fascia board 60 gablet 49
curtain wall 39 fascia gutter 78 galvanized roof s8
curved edge and corner 8s female side 1s gangway 62
custom house 74 fence so girder 4, 6, 16, 21, 23, 22, 29, 31, 3S,
cylindrical disk 1s fence-like motif 69 6s
decoration 81 festoon 81 girls' dormitory 10
decorative eaves vent 78 Filipino-Hispanic Rococo 48 girt 4, 16
defensive wall 39 Filipino house SS glass pane 66
diagonal brace 60 finial 47 Gothic Revival 49
dike 18 fireplace 1s granary 11, 17
dimension granite stone 60 fish sump 18 grassland 17
dimension stone 60 fixed wooden floor 23 grave 40
dining s6, 70 flank 63 gravestone 40
dome 41, s1 flared-out rafter 26 graveyard 40
door1s,20,2s,33,3s,s3 flat roof s6, 87 grille s8
doorway 28 flat roofing tile SS growing fern 69
double-L stair 6i flight of stair 61 growing vine or scroll-like motif
double-return stair 61 floor matt 23 69
downspout s8, 78 floor 6, 2s, S7 guilloche 81
drain gutter 2 floor beam 4, 21, S9 gunpowder storage 62
drainage conduit 18 floorboard 71 12, 16, 24, s9, 6s, 71 gutter s8
dresser s6 floor joist 4, 6, 9, 21, 23, 26, 29, 3S, half-turn 61
drum s1 S9, 6s, 71 hallway 89
Earthquake Baroque 47 floor sill 9 handrail 61
eating area 11 flooring 4, 9 hard earth fill 18
eaves 2, 7, s8, 64 flower-like motif 69 haunch 54
edifice 38 flying gallery s8 hearth 3
elements in group of three 86 focus plane 67 High Renaissance so
elevated flooring 21 footbridge s highway 88
elevated wall 64 footing S9 hinge S3
embarcadero 79 footing block S9 hip s8
embrasure 39 forest adopted by terrace communities hip rafter 3s, 71
enamel bowl 11 17 hip roof 60
enamel cup 11 fort 62, 74 hipped-roof house 73
enamel plates 11 Fort Santiago gate 62 horizontal 60
enclosed pond-field surface 18 fortress church 39 horizontal register s2
end-beam design 69 fortress city 74 horizontal roof support 23
entablature 80 foundation stones 18 horizontal stud 26, S9
entrance hall s6, 89 framework 8, 60 hospital 74
105
ENGLISH INDEX
house 2, 10, 14, 17, 20, 23, 24, 27, log house 73 niaga motif 69
34,32,73 lot boundary 73 niche 40, 47
house of light materials 73 louver window 57 nipa 9
house of strong materials 73 low-pitch roof 77 obelisk 73
huge house of a plantation or low table 64 octagonal lantern 83
hacienda 73 lower floor wallboard 23 octahedral base of minaret 72
lbaloi house 24 lower ridge cover 19 office 89
lfugao house 14 Junette 41 onion dome roof 72
lfugao rice terraces 18 main altar 38 open deck 86
image 46 main beam 9 open space 33
inclined support 26 main entrance 38, 42 orb finial 49
inner post 4 main house 8, 33, 64 orphanage 74
interior of chapel 40 main interior post 20 ossuary 40
interior of house 3 main plaza 74 outer end floor joist 16
interlaced bamboo 9 main road 73 outer post 4
intrados 54 main stair 89 oxeye window 48
Italianate 77 male side 15 palisade 39
lvatan stone house 64 Maranao sultan's house 68 palm leaf motif 48
lvatan thatch house 19 masonry wall 65 panel53
jamb 53 mat 25, 68 pantry 56
jar for holding water 3 mausoleum 40 papaya tree relief 48
joist 31 medallion 47 parapet 39, 66
Kalinga house 20 merlon 63 parish 44
Kankanay house 24 mezzanine 34 parish church 44
keystone 54 military plaza 63 park 88
king post 4, 6, 16, 19, 22, 31, 32, 59,71 minaret72 passageway 46
kitchen 34, 56, 64, 70 mini bastions 75 pathwalk3
ladder 31 51 61 12, 15, 28 mirador 56 pavilion 66
lancet decoration 49 mission dormer 79 pediment 50, 80
landing 61 mission parapet 79 pedimented doorway 46
lantern 41, 51, 67 Mission Revival 79 pendolon 59
large church candlestick 44 mixture 60 perron 41
large window 87 moat 63, 75 pier 54
latch 53 modillion 51 pig pen 28
lattice siding 78 monastery 74 pilaster 41
latrine 56, 58 monastic church 43 pilgrim church 46
lean -to 13 monstrance 44 pilotis 87
lean-to roof 8 monument88 pinnacle 49
lectern 44 mortar 60 plaster 60
length of house 3 mosque 34, 72 plaster finish 60
lighthouse 66 mullion 53 platform 60
lighthouse light 67 multi-use living space 34 playground 90
lime6o muntins 53 plaza 73
lime and masonry wall 59 narthex 42 plaza complex 73
lime mortar 65 navis 38 plot 73
living room 56 needle spire 83 pointed vault 54
living space 6 Neoclassic 80 polychromatic wall surface 84
lock 53 Neo-Gothic 83 pond-field rim 18
lock rail 53 Neo-Renaissance 82 porch 34
106
ENGLISH INDEX
portal 75 riser 61 small chair 64

porthole window 86 river74 small church candlestick 44
portico 89 road 73 small window 58
post 6, 91 12, 14, 23, 24, 29, 32, rocaille 48 smooth facade 87
35,59,60 Romanesque Revival 51 smooth finish stucco 79
pots 11 roof 41 6, 91 121 20 1 251 28 1 311 581 soil stack 58
pounding area 11 64, 71 soleplate 59
prayer niche 72 roof beam 41 191 26, 31, 32, 35, span 54
presbytery 42 59,65 spandrel 82
primary ridge beam 22 roof ridge 41 251 35 spillway 18
princess bed 70 roof tile 55 spiral 61
princess' room 70 roof undersheating 41 121 29 spire 49
prism 67 roof vent 64 split bamboo wall 32
property marker 18 rope-like motif 69 springer 54
pulpit 44 rosette 411 81 springing line 54
public forest 17 rough gravel fill 18 square box 16
purlin 161 21, 32, 35, 59 round arch 41 square tower with mansard roof 78
qi blah 72 round window 41 square tower with pyramidal
quarter-turn stair 61 rounded streamline corner 86 roof 79
quatrefoil window 79 roundel 82 St. Christopher carrying the Child
queen post 24, 59 rubble 60 Jesus 48
rafter 6, 121 161 191 211 26 1 29 1 32, 35, rustic wall 77 stain glass window 85
59, 65,71 sable 68 stair 8, 611 70
railing 71 61 sacristy 45 stand 44
raised floor 81 Sagada house 27 star and crescent moon 72
raking cornice 47 salomonica column 77 steep gable wall 83
rampart 75 Sama I house 30 steeple 83
rattan plates 11 sanctuary 72 stepped gable 84
rattan tray 11 sand 60 stick rack 11
ravel in 75 scaffolding 60 stile 53
receiving area 33 school 371 74 stone foundation 16
recessed entrance arch 51 scrolled buttresses 47 stone house 64, 73
rectory 44 scrollwork 48 stone peg 21
reed matt 111 65 sculptured panel 85 stone retaining wall 18
reed matt tie 19 sea-serpent 32, 69 stone stair 25
refectory 43 secondary beam 9 stonewalled terrace pond-field 171
regularity 87 secondary ridge beam 20 18
relief 41 second-course walling stone 18 stop 49
reredos 52 segmental vault 54 storage room 56 1 66
residential area 17 semi -circular pediment 41 storage space 28
retable 42, 52 semicylindrical roofing tile 55 store 56
retaulus 52 shaft 81 storehouse 74
retro 52 shelf 31 15, 21, 25, 64 storeroom 56
ridge 58 shell motif 48 storey 89
ridge beam 41 6, 191 231 26 1 29, shoulder 63 stoup 44
32,59,65 side altar 38 stove 211 64
ridge cover 19, 22 side niche or panel 52 straight-run stair 61
ridge roll 59 sill and roof beam 23 straight-run curve stair 61
rise 54 sleeping area 11, 34, 70 Streamlined Deco 86
107
ENGLISH INDEX
street 88 vertical register 52

stringcourse 47 vertical roof support 23
stucco 60 vertical stud 59
stud 31 Victorian 78
submerged water source 18 village 17, 64
sultan's area 70 volute ornament 52
sultan's bed 70 voussoir 54
sultan's house 68 wall 6, 91 29, 35, 58
swidden farm 17 wall footing 65
tabernacle 46 wall post 35
tabula 52 wall sill 4, 26, 29
Tausug house 32 wall stud 19
terreplein 63 wallboard 4, 121 14, 22, 261 71
thatch house 19 washing area 8
thin masonry wall 60 water18
tiara of stylized Muslim minaret 84 water container 25
tie beam 2 1 41 19, 21, 23, 26, 31, 32, 35, water jar 11
59, 64, 71 way of the cross 37
tiled roof 55 well39
toilet 56 wheel window 51
tongue and groove 59 window 31 21, 35, 58
top rail 53 window sill 58
tower 66 wood chest 68
tower clock 38 wood dowel 60
town 44 wood floor 4
town hall 73 wood ladder 25
tracery 49 wood wallboard with panel design 58
transept 46 wooden bowl 11
transverse beam 16 wooden flitch 34
tread 61, 70 wooden house 73
tree house 13 wooden house with tiled roof 73
triple pipe railing 86 worked pond-field soil 18
tympanum 50 workshop room 90
tympanum oculus 43 woven bamboo 9
umbrella dome with multiple ribs 83 wooven coconut leaves 9
underneath the house 8 Yakan house 34
undersheating 26
upper column 16, 23
upper floor 21
upper floor projection 58
upper floor wallboards 23
upperwall 29
urn finial 45
valley 58
vault 54
vegetable mulch mounds 18
ventilation 66
veranda 67
vertical brise-soliel 87
108
SPANISH INDEX _ _ _ __
accessoria 56 bodega 56 ciudad 44

aduana 74 boveda 49, 54 claustro 43
alcalde 74 boveda de media punto 54 clave 54
alcove 38 boveda ogival 54 clavija 60
aldaba 53 boveda rebajada 54 cocina 56
alero 58 brazo 58 colonnete 58
algibe 56 caballete 59 columnas acopladas 50
aljibe 60 cabildo 74 comedor 56
almacen 66 cabio alto 53 comoda 44
almacen de polvora 62 cabio bajo 53 comulgatorio 42
almacenes 74 caida 56 contrafuerte 45
altar colateral 38 cal6o casa tribunal 73
altar mayor 38 cal y canto 60 concha 55
altura focal 67 calado 57 concheria 55
andamio 60 calicanto 59 confesionario 44
antefija 58 caliz 44 contrahuela 61
araiia 44 calle 52 convento 37, 44, 75
arbotante 52 calle real 73 cornisa 47
arcada 38 calzada 73 costillaje 57
arco redonda 41 camino de ronda 62 cristal 66
arcos torales 46 campana 49 crucero 46
arena 60 campana de vuelo 49 crucifijo 44
argamasa 60 campanario 37 cruz 50
armadura 60 campo santo 40 cuarto 56
artesonado 57 canalon 58 cuatro aguas 60
Arzobispado 75 candelero 44 cubeta 56
atril 44 canojeria 44 cuerpo 52
ayuntamiento 74 ca pi Ila 38 cumbrera 58
azotea 56 capiz 55 cupula 66
azulejos 60 cara 63 custodia 44
badajo 44 casa 73 dispensa 56
balaustre 55 casa de dos aguas 73 dos aguas 60
baluarte 39, 62, 74 casa de madera 73 dovela 54
baluartillo 75 casa de madera y teja 73 edificio 38
banco 44 casa de materiales fuertes 73 embarcadero 74
bandeja 63 casa de materiales ligaros 73 embecadura 54
baiio 56 casa de piedra 73 emplasto 60
baptiserio 37, 44 casa de quatro aguas 73 enceinte 39
barandilla 51, 61 casa de vivienda 73 entrecalles 52
barrigones 59 casa parroquial 44 epaule 61
barrio 44, 75 casa real 73 1 80 escalera 61
beaterio 74 casa tribunal 73 escalera a la Catalana 61
bentana 58 catedral 38, 74 escalera curva de un solo tramo 61
bisagra 53 cenefa 60 escalera de dos tramos 61
blandon 44 cerca 50 escalera de ida y vuelta 61
blandoncillo 44 cerradura 53 escalera de ojo 61
109
SPANISH INDEX
escalera Imperial 61 medallon 47 presbiterio 42

escalera recta de un solo tramo 61 media agua 60 prisma 67
escarpa 63 media naranja 41, 51 pueblo 44
escuela 37, 74 merlon 63 puente 60, 74
espejo 57 meseta 61 puerta 53, 75
espiral 61 mihrab 72 Puerta de Santiago 62
esquinita 73 mirador 56 pulpito 44
estribo 54 mizcla 60 quisame 57
estuco 60 modillon 51 ramillete 52
extrados 54 monasterio 74 rebulto 44
fachada 41 muralla 75 refectorio 43
facistol 44 muro 58 regidores 74
faro 66 muro cortina 39 reja 58
flanco 63 musalla 72 relieve 41
festoon 79 nave central 38 remate 52
foso 63, 75 nave de crucero 46 reostra 59
fretes 51 nicho 40, 47 retablo 42, 52
fronton 50 nipa 9 revel Iin 75
fronton semicircular 41 obelisco 73 riiion 54
fuerte 62, 74 optica de Fresnel 67 rio 74
galleria volada 58 osuario 40 riostra 60
garita 62 pabellon 66 roseta 41
gradillas 46 paletada 60 sacristia 45
harigue 59 palizada 39 sagrario 46
hierro galvanizado 58 parapeto 39, 66 sala 56
hospital 74 parroquia 44 sepultura 40
huella 61 pasamaiio 58 silla 57
iglesia 37, 73, 75 pasamanos 61 sillar 60
imagen 46 pasillo 44, 46 solar73
imposta 54 patio 43 soleras 59
intrados 54 pendolon 59 tabique 60
lntramuros 74 perciana 57 tabique pampango 60
jamba 53 piedra 60 tablasuelo 59
jamba batiente 53 pies derechos 60 tablero 53
jamba central 53 pila bautismal 44 techa 58
languette 59 pila de agua bendita 44 teja 55
lapida 40 pilarete 59 teja canalada 55
larguera 59 pilastra 41 teja plana 55
latrina 56 pilastras acopladas 52 tejado 55
lima hoya 58 pinaculo 49 templete 45
lima tesa 58 plaza 73 tienda 56
lindero 73 plaza de armas 63 timpano 50
luneto 41 plaza iglesia 37, 42 tirante 59
linterna 41, 51, 67 plaza mayor 74 torre 66
machinales 60 portal principal 38, 42 torre del reloj 38
maestranza 74 poso 39 traceria 49
mamposteria 60 poste 59 tramo de escalera 61
masjid 72 postigo 38 travesaiio 53, 59
mausoleo 40 predella 52 traza 73
110
SPANISH INDEX
tubo de bahada 58
tubo de baiiada 58
varateja 59
ventana 58
ventana capiz 55
ventana ciega 50
ventana de abanico 58
ventana de la rueda 51
ventana redonda 41
ventanilla 58
ventillacion 66
verandah 67
via crucis 37
viga 59
viga del piso 59
visita 44
volada 58
zaguan 56
zocalo 59
zuelo 57
111
ABOUTTHEAUTHOR~~~~-
Rino D.A. Fernandez is a faculty member of the College of Architecture at the University of
Santo Tomas, Manila; former Dean of the College of Architecture and Fine Arts of Aquinas
University of Legazpi, Al bay and former Academic Coordinator of Escuela Taller - lntramuros,
a school on conservation and restoration funded by Agencia Espanola Cooperacion
Internacional para el Desarollo (AECID). A fellow of the United Architects of the Philippines
(UAP), and currently the Executive Directore of UAP - Sentro ng Arkitekturang Filipino,
Vice Head of the International Network on Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism
(INTBAU - Philippines) and former Vice Head of the Sub-Commission on Architecture and
Allied Arts of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Architect Fernandez
is a Bicolano from Legazpi City, Al bay.

Diksiyonaryong Biswal NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

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Diksiyonaryong Biswal ng

____6_ University of Santo Tomas

Part I First Societies .............................................................................................................................. I

Copyright © 2015 Rino D.A. Fernandez

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No portion of this book may be copied in any

Text, layout, and illustrations: Rino D.A. Fernandez

Published with the assistance of the

Fernandez, Rino D.A., author, illustrator

1. Architecture -- Dictionaries -- Filipino. 2. Architecture --

Guide to Illustrations and Illustrators .................................................................................................. 91

I am also indebted to the following illustrators and contributing artists:

Dias maba/as sa inda gabas!

Rina D.A. Fernandez

The traditional type of house in Apayao with an

2 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

banga, cooking jar

talabawan, ridge beam

adixi~ outer post agnadan, wall sill

4 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

The trad it ional house of the Badjao communities at Southern Ph ilippines

:: :· (catwalk) and to the waters by harunan (ladder)

- - - - - ~ - _;~ - - - - - - - - - . J .L - - -- - ~ - - - - - - -;...:. · - - - !--! - ---

A piece of bamboo or wood

ding-ding, wall· · · lantay, floor

dagan, floor joist nd girder ....- ~ harunan, ladder

6 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

bahay kubo, cube-shaped house

~ · ...................... ...... .. .. · balangkas,

batalan, washing area

sagang, railing bulwagan, main house

8 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

nipa, nipa sahig, flooring

gililan, floor sill

The village usually consists of

10 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

li-im, eating area soklut, cooking area

tap-an, pounding area ang-an, sleeping area

atep, roof fogsor, rafter

oway, roof undersheating kaew, floorboard

tokod, post chingching, wallboard

12 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

Pinanahang, Lean-to Tree House

The framework of the balelfale is done using hand-hewn

14 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWALNG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

patyie, shelf punchapalan, fireplace

nundatu, male side ...... . . . . na-ulya, female side

halipan, cylindrical disk panto, door

silong, basement _ .· teteh, ladder

ambubulan, square box taknang, king post

bagat, upper column

A horizontal timber resting

bughol, rafter·· huklub, transverse beam

dotal, floor board gawaan, central floor joist

mundilig, outer end floor · kuling, girder pognad, stone foundation

16 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

alang, granary ·· ········ ··············· ··

• ··· ····· · hinaob, forest adopted by

payo, stonewalled terrace

topeng, stone retaining lobong, water

adog, rough gravel fill

'aldoh, second-course gangal, course fill/small .. 'anul, drainage conduit

18 I DIKSIYONARYONG BISWAL NG ARKITEKTURANG FILIPINO

Other types of lvatan