NAME : __Ron Jesrel Aquino DATE : October 14,2021

YEAR & SEC.: BSME 4-A_ RATING: _______________

POWER PLANT ACTIVITY # 9

ACTIVITY ON COMPARATIVE CHARTS FOR PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS OF PRIME MOVERS

DIRECTION:
In the comparative table below, different parameters essential for performance analysis
of different prime movers of a Steam Generators are indicated. Based from this comparative
table, do the following:
1. Give the corresponding formula, description or citations if required per specified item.
2. Download a steam Turbine & indicate its major components and functions.
3. Download a steam engine & indicate its major components and functions.
4. Write the essential formula, both scientific or empirical if there are with some
illustrative problems for steam engine calculations of the desired parameters.
5. Submit in pdf form via drop box of NEO on or before 12:00Noon, October 14, 2021.
ANSWERS:

1. A. If heat is supplied to the gas the pressure and the temperature of the gas are raised
in accordance with the formula- P 1 /T 1 = P 2 /T 2 because the volume of the gas
remains the same. Thus, the whole of the heat energy is utilized in increasing the kinetic
energy of the gas molecules, which will be indicated by the rise in the temperature.
B. The formula for the heating surface of a Industrial Steam boiler is measured by
multiplying outside Diameter x 3.14 (pi) x length x number of tubes. The heating
surface is any part of the boiler; hot gases of combustion are on one side and water
on the other. Any part of the boiler metal that actually contributes to making steam
is heating surface. The amount of heating surface of a boiler is expressed in square
meters.
C. Boiler horsepower is a boiler 's capacity to deliver steam to a steam engine and is not the
same unit of power as the 550 ft-lb/s definition. One boiler horsepower is equal to the
thermal energy rate required to evaporate 34.5 pounds (15.6 kg) of fresh water at 212
°F (100 °C) in one hour.
D. This “developed boiler horsepower,” was defined as the ability to turn 30 pounds of
100°F feedwater per hour into steam at 70 pounds per square inch pressure.¹ Steam
engines, of course, are made for various pressures, not just 70 pounds per square
inch, so using this unit required calculation.
E. For simple steam generating systems, general efficiency is represented by this
equation: The energy required by the feedwater pump is much less than the work
produced by the turbine, so it is often left out in basic energy calculations.
F. Evaporation is an overlooked source of alternative energy that, with the right
Technology, could become more plentiful and reliable than solar or wind power.
Researchers at Columbia University are at the forefront of trying to turn this idea into a
reality.
G. This optimum porosity is determined by the balance between the positive effect of
the lowering effective thermal conductivity of the second layer and the negative effect
of the reduced vapor diffusivity in the second layer when the porosity is decreased. The
influence of the thermal conductivity of the second-layer porous material is negligible
because the effective thermal conductivity of the second layer is determined by the
porosity while a larger porosity means more water in the second layer.
 H. Equivalent evaporation actually indicates the amount of heat added in the
boiler for steam generation. Equivalent evaporation refers to the quantity of dry saturated
steam generated per unit of time from feedwater at 100°C to steam at 100°C at the saturation
pressure corresponding to 100°C.

2.

Functions.
1. Fixed blade has job to increase steam velocity by reducing its pressure. This high
velocity steam strikes next blade and rotates it because effect of either impact or
reaction.
2. The stationary blades are mounted in the diaphragm and the moving blades fixed or
forged on the rotor. Steam leakage is in between the stationary blades and the rotor.
The leakage rate is controlled by labyrinth seals. This construction requires a disc rotor.
3. The casing form and construction details rely upon whether or not it’s a High Pressure
(HP) or air mass (LP) casings. For low and moderate recess steam pressure up to one
hundred twenty bar, one shell casing is employed.
4. The rotor is turned by steam impinging against attached vanes or blades on
which it exerts a force in the tangential direction. Thus a steam turbine could
 be viewed as a complex series of windmill-like arrangements, all assembled on
the same shaft.
5. Gland sealing in steam turbines are labyrinth type seal, the objective is to seal the
clearance between static and rotary part of turbine, in high pressure zone of turbine
there is a tendency of high pressure steam leakage to the atmosphere and at low
pressure zone of turbine there is tendency of air ingression due to vacuum pressure.
6. The bearing pedestal is located between the HP and IP turbines. Its function is
to support the turbine casing and bear the HP and IP turbine rotors.
7. A combined stop and intercept valve is provided for controlling steam flow
from a high-pressure steam turbine to a low-pressure steam turbine and
comprises a substantially cylindrical casing having two identical butterfly discs
fixed to rotatable shafts and disposed within the casing one immediately
downstream of the other.

3.
Functions:
1. a crosshead is essential if the engine is to be double acting - steam is applied to both
sides of the piston, which requires a seal around the piston rod.
2. a piston rod joins a piston to the crosshead and thus to the connecting rod that drives
the crankshaft or (for steam locomotives) the driving wheels.
3. .valve rod is connected to an eccentric rod by: knuckle joint
4. A piston steam engine is a type of engine that incorporates a cylindrical piston that
moves within an enclosed cylinder.
 5. The cylinder is the power-producing element of the steam engine powering a steam
locomotive. The cylinder is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve
distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder.
6. Slide valves were commonly used in steam engines to control the flow of steam in and
out of the engine.
7. The steam locomotive exhaust system consists of those parts of a steam locomotive
which together discharge exhaust steam from the cylinders in order to increase the
draught through the fire.

4.