12/20/2016

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Dr. Lien Nguyen
School of Electrical Engineering
C3 - 106, tel. 3869 2511
email:lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

LESSON 6
Transformer

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1. Introduction
• A transformer is a static electromagnetic device which transfers AC electric power
from a voltage level to another voltage level by electromagnetic induction without
any change of frequency

U
S  3U line I line P

Cost

2. Construction

2.1. Steel Core

Core is laminated to minimize Eddy

current

2.2. Windings
Primary winding

Secondary winding

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Yoke Limb

Single phase Three phase

Eddy current

Core-type transformer

Laminated core

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3. Working Principle

u1~   going through 2 windings
i1
 varies  e1 and e2 W1 W2
d u1~
ZLoad
e1   W1 e1 e2
dt

d
e 2   W2
dt
W1,W2 : number of turns of primary and secondary windings
 = m sint e1   W1m  cos t  2fW1m sin(t  90 )
E1 = 4,44fW1 m 
e1  2E1 sin(t   e ) 
e = - 90O

E2 = 4,44fW2 m E1
e 2  2E 2 sin(t   e )
e = - 90O

Close Zload to the secondary winding  i2


Assumption: ignore all losses i1 i2
W1 W2
u1~ u2 ZLoad
 U1 E1 ; U2  E2 e1 e2

U1 E W
  1  1 k Transformer Ratio
U2 E2 W2

k<1 Step-up Transformer

k>1 Step-down Transformer

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3. Mathematical Model of an One-phase Transformer


3.1. Energy equation in primary winding
i1
 : flux goes through steel core which passes i2
through both windings e1 u1~ W1
W2 u2 ZLoad
e1 e2
 1 : leakage flux excited by i1 which passes
through only primary winding e 1
 1
d
e1   w1
dt
R1
d  1
e 1   w1 R1i1  u1  e1  e 1
dt i1
u1 e 1 e1
u1  e1  e 1  R1i1

d  1 d d di
e 1   w1   1   1 1 R1 L1
dt dt di1 dt
i1 e1
u1
di
e 1   L1 1 L1
dt
di1
u1  e1  e 1  R1i1 u1  e1  L1  R1i1 R1 X1
dt
I1 E1
U 1   E1  jL1 I1  R1I1 U1

X1
U 1   E1  I1 ( R1  jX 1 )
  E  I Z
1 1 1

R2 X2 I2
3.2. Energy equation in secondary winding
Similarly: U 2   E 2  I2 ( R2  jX 2 )   E 2  I2 Z 2 E 2 U 2

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C
3.3. Energy equation in steel core
i1
i2
No load : i2 = 0   is induced by w1 Io W1
u1~ W2 u2 Z
With load : i2 ≠0   is induced by w1 I1  w2 I2
t
e1 e2

 = Z I - E  E1  U1
U1 1 1 1

E 1 = 4,44 fw 1Φ m R1 X1

U1 unchanged  E1 unchanged  Φm unchanged I1

U1 E1

w1 Io  w1 I1  w2 I2

I I
Io  I1  2 I1  Io  2
w1 k
w2
k

Mathematical Model of an One-phase Transformer

U 1   E1  I1Z1
U 2   E 2  I2 Z 2
I
I1  Io  2
k

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4. Equivalent Circuit of an One-phase Transformer

1. Referring the parameters of secondary side to primary
R1 R2
From the Energy equation in secondary winding: X1 X2

U 2   E 2  I2 Z 2 I1 I2
E 1 E 2
U2
kU 2  kE 2  kI2 Z 2
E 2  E 1
'
I2 2
kU 2  kE 2  k Z2
k
U1
Replacing secondary parameters:

kE 2  E 2'  E1

kU 2  U 2'
U 2'   E 2'  I2' Z 2'
I
I  2
'
2
k
Z 2'  k 2 Z 2 ; R2'  k 2 R2 ; X 2'  k 2 X 2

R1 X1 R2’ X2’ I '

2 I1  Io  I2'
I1 Io
U 1  ' ZL’ Z L'  k 2 Z L
E1  E 2' U 2

Primary Secondary

Load
R1 X1 R2’ X2’ I ' R1 X1 R2’ X2’ I2'
2

I1 Io
Ro  ' I1
U 1 ZL’  ' ZL’
U 2 U1 U 2
Xo

Steel core

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5. Open and Short Circuit Test on Transformer

1. Open Circuit Test
’
Transformer on no-load (open-circuit mode)
R1 X1 Io R2
’
X2’ I2
R1 I X1
I1 o
U U1 U1®m Ro UU2’
Io = 1 = U1 2®m Z t’
Io Ro
ZOC 2
 R1 +R 0  +  X1 +X0 
2
Xo
U1n
Xo
Very big no-load impedance  small no-load current:
I0 = (2 -- 10%) of I1n - primary rated current
No-load power = copper loss + core loss Po = ΔPCu +ΔPC  ΔPC
Power factor (very small)  avoid low or no-load condition
R OC Po
coso =
2 2
= =0,1÷0,3  Qo >>Po 
R +X
OC OC P +Qo2
2
o

I
0
Open-circuit test
• Parameters to be determined E 1 E 2
• Turns ratio: U1n 1 2

W1 E U
k= = 1  1n
W2 E 2 U 20
P0
• No-load current
Io Io at A
Io %= 100%  =3%÷10% 
I1n
U1n at V1
• No-load impedance
ZOC =
U1n Po at W
I0
• Magnetizing branch impedance: U2o at V2

P0 2 2 P0
R 0  R OC = X0  X OC = ZOC -R OC cos0 = =0,1÷0,3
I 02 U1n I0

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2. Short Circuit Test

’
R1 X1 R2’ XI1n2’ I2
I1 >> I0 : magnetizing branch can be removed I2n
I1 Io u1n
Ro U2’
U U1 Z t’
I1  1n Xo
Z sc
When applying U1n to the primary winding
R1 X1 R2’ X2’
Small Z sc  Big I1 = (10 – 25)I1n
I1
This dangerous case should be avoided U1

rated values

*
* A1
W
U1sc U V A2

I1n at A1
U1sc at V Psc
Rsc 
I1n2
Psc at W X sc  Z sc2  Rsc2
U 1sc
I2n at A2 Z sc 
I12n

Rsc X sc
R1  R2'  X 1  X 2' 
2 2