12/20/2016

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Dr. Lien Nguyen
School of Electrical Engineering
C3 - 106, tel. 3869 2511
email:lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

LESSON 5
Fundamentals of Electric Machines

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1. Electric Machines
• In Electrical Engineering, Electric Machines are electrical devices that work based on
“Electromagnetic Induction Phenomenon”, include:

Electric Generators : Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

Electric Motors : Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

Transformers: Changes AC power from one voltage level to a different voltage

level

Classification diagram

Electrical Machines

Static device Rotating electric machines

AC machines DC machines

Asynchronous Synchronous
machines machines

Induction Induction Synchronous DC

Transformers Alternators DC motors
motors generators motors generators

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2. Basic Electromagnetic Laws

2.1. Basic Electromagnetic Laws

a. Time-varying flux through a wire ring
d
e e e
dt Right-hand rule

Direction: Right-hand rule

Time-varying flux through a coil of w turns e

d  W
e  w
dt

b. Voltages induced in Field-Cutting Conductors

Conductor cutting through magnetic lines of flux N


B B
e  Blv e
A 
AB  l v
Direction: Right-hand rule
S

2.2 Electromagnetic force law

Conductor carrying current placed in magnetic field  N
f ®t B
Electromagnetic force F  Bil A
i

AB  l
Direction: Left-hand rule 
B

Reversible Characteristic of Electric Machines

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3. Magnetic circuits
Ampère's law i1 i2


 Hdl   i
k
k  i1  i2 
Hdl

Apply Ampère's law in magnetic circuit

H1 l1,S1

H1l1  H 2l2  w1i1  w2i2 i1

w1 H2 l2,S2
w2
Generalization for a magnetic circuit with n sections and m coils:

n m i2
 H k lk = w ji j
k=1 j=1

Magnetic circuit analysis

Problem: Given flux Φ, find excitation current and number
of turns of windings l1,S1
H1

w 1i1  w 2i 2  H1l1  H 2 l 2 i1
w1 H2 l2,S2
w2
 
B1  ; B2 
S1 S2 i2

B2 (μ 0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m)
B(T)
H2 
o
B1

H1 : B-H curve
H(A/m)
H1

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5. Materials for Electrical Machines

5.1 Conducting materials

Copper or Aluminium: Copper has reasonable price with small resistivity

ρCu =0,0172 Ωmm2 /m ; ρAl =0,0282 Ωmm2 /m

For coils (electrical circuits in electric machines): usually copper

5.2 Magnetic materials

• For magnetic core

• Ferromagnetic materials
• Soft materials: steels and irons
• Hard materials: permanent-magnet materials (alnicos, alloys of cobalt, …)
• Ferromagnetic materials (soft and hard)

• Laminations (thin sheets), insulated by varnish

• For 50Hz: 0.35-0.5mm, 2-5%Si (increasing resistance)
• For > 50Hz: 0.1-0.2mm

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5.3 Insulating materials

The fundamental needs of a good insulating material are:

• High dielectric strength

• High insulating resistance

• Low dielectric loss

• Good mechanical strength

• Good thermal conductivity

• High degree of thermal stability

• Good machinability to mass production.

• Besides these it must be easily and economically available.

Seven insulating classes according to the thermal stability in service

Class Y A E B F H C
Limit working
temperature,oC 90 105 120 130 155 180 >180

Materials wood, cotton, mineral oil, glass polyester mica, glass composite quartz,
textiles and wire, cloth, cloth, film, glass and asbestos, mica, mica asbestos,
other natural paint and resin, oil fibers, glass cloth, products, mica, glass
fibers, acetate oil paint paint, asbestos, glass cloth silicone, and
fibers and insulated high- polyester, and asbestos silicone porcelain
polyamide- wire. strength polyester fiber-based rubber, materials
based textiles Bituminous polyvinyl enameled laminate organic paint
paint. wire

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6. Methods of Cooling in Electric Machines

• Losses appear as heat and increase temperature

• Core losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses)
• Electrical losses (conductor resistance)
• Mechanical losses (friction, windage,…)

• Origin of cooling:
• Natural cooling
• Self cooling
• Separate cooling

• Manner of cooling:
Open circuit ventilation
Surface ventilation
Closed circuit ventilation
Liquid cooling

• Examples:
• Cooling fins, cooling vents, …
• Ventilation: rotor mounted fans,