Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for

the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Intro > Overview

□ A : Voice and PPT Overview
□ B : Text-based Overview
■ C : Video and PPT Overview

 Today’s lesson is “Synchronous Machines”.

Opening
Message

1. Introduction and Construction

2. Alternator Operation
3. Alternator Equations
Lesson
4. Alternator Power
topics
5. Voltage Regulation
6. Parallel Operation of Alternators
7. Synchronous Motors

At the completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Learning
Goals

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.1 Synchronous machines

• AC electrical machine: n = n1
• Two windings:
‒ Stator windings (armature windings):
to grid with constant frequency
‒ Rotor windings (field windings):
to DC source

n = n1

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.2 Applications
• Alternators:
‒ Primary source: 3-phase power from mechanical power
• Synchronous motors:
‒ 10MW range drive crushers, variable-speed ball mills
‒ Synchronous motors for low speeds (<300 r.p.m.), power
factor adjustable to unity, high efficiency
‒ Over-excited synchronous motors improve power factor
of a plant
‒ Improve the voltage regulation of transmission lines

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.3 Construction
• Stator
‒ Stationary part
‒ Sheet-steel laminations
having slots on its inner
periphery
Stator of a large water pump
‒ Three-phase windings in the slots
 armature windings

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Lesson > Topic 1 Introduction and Construction

1.3 Construction
• Rotor
‒ Field winding supplied by a DC source (exciter)
‒ Two types:
• Nonsalient (or cylindrical) pole type
• Salient (or projecting) pole type

Stator q
d

Exciter

Rotor

Nonsalient pole type Salient pole type

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.1 Working Principle

• Induction
‒ DC exciter energizing rotor windings  field flux
‒ Rotor rotates
 Stator conductors cut by the field flux
 Induced e.m.f is alternating

Phase A Phase B Phase C

1.0

0.5

0 90° 180° 270° 360°

-0.5

-1.0
120° 120°

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

U
2.1 Working Principle
CB
• EMF & frequency
‒ EMF: E o  4.44fw1k w o
I Eo
Eo : emf per phase
S
w1 : number of turns per phase
kw : winding factor φo
φo: field flux
N
U=
‒ Electrical frequency synchronized n
with mechanical rate of rotor rotation
pn
f (Hz)
60
‒ Induced currents create rotating field
with the same speed n
n1 = n

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator


• Load  current I in stator Eo
‒ produce its own magnetic field 
a
a
‒ distort rotor magnetic field  
‒ change the resulting voltage o I
• When load p.f. is unity ( = 0) N S
n
‒ Pure resistive load is connected
‒ Armature flux is at 90o behind the main flux
‒ Armature flux distorts main flux, no weakening

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator

• When load p.f. is zero-lagging ( = 90o):
‒ Pure inductive load is connected
‒ Current lags behind the emf by 90o
• Current is maximum at zero emf and vice-versa
‒ Armature flux opposes and weakens main flux

Eo

 
o a 
I
N S
n

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation

2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator

• When load p.f. is zero-leading ( = −90 )
‒ Pure capacitive load is connected
• Current leads the voltage by 90o
• Current is maximum at zero e.m.f. and vice-versa
‒ Armature flux strengthens the main flux

Eo

 
o a
N S

I n

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Lesson > Topic 2 Alternator Operation


2.2 Armature Reaction in Alternator Eo
• For immediate values of load p.f.  
‒ Two current components:   Iq 
I
o aq
• Direct-axis component Id N S

• Quadrature-axis component Iq
n
 Id
‒ Effect is partly distorting , ad
‒ partly weakening (inductive load),
‒ or partly strengthening (capacitive load)

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Lesson > Topic 3 Alternator Equations

3.1 Synchronous machine model Rotation

φo Xs
Ia
Ra U
• Voltage drop Ix Eo
Load

N2
‒ Armature resistance: Ra Eo Eo
Xs Ra
‒ Leakage reactance: Xs Ib
Ic
‒ Armature reaction:
j(I d X ad  I q X aq )
• Direct axis magnetizing armature reactance Xad
• Quadrature axis magnetizing armature reactance Xaq
• Xd = Xad + XL : Direct axis synchronous reactance
• Xq = Xaq + XL : Quadrature axis synchronous reactance
‒ For salient-pole rotor: ≠ q
‒ For nonsalient-pole rotor: = q = Xs
(Synchronous reactance)
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Lesson > Topic 3 Alternator Equations

E o jI d X d

3.2 Alternator KVL equation jI q X q 

U

  E  j(I X  I X )  jIX
U o d ad q aq L


 E o  jI d ( X ad  X L )  jI q (X aq  X L ) I q
I

  E  jI X  jI X
U

o d d q q
I d

• Nonsalient pole type: Xd = Xq = Xs E o

j I X S


U
  E  jIX
U o S

  I


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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

E o jI d X d
4.1 Active power
jI q X q 
U
• Total power developped (m phase):
P  mUI cos 

 mUI cos(  )  mUI cos  cos   mUI sin  sin 
I q
I
U sin  E  U cos   
I cos   I q  ; I sin   I d  o
Xq Xd
I d
Eo U 2  1 1 
P  mU sin   m  sin 2
Xd 
2  Xq Xd  
Eo
P  mU sin 
‒ No saliency, Xd=Xq : Xd
(nonsalient rotor alternator)  1
U 2
 1 
m  sin 2
‒ Second term – reluctance power 2 X
 q X 
d 

due to saliency, independent of the excitation

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.1 Active power

• Power angle characteristics P=f(θ)
‒ Excitation power Pe ~ sinθ
‒ Reluctance power Pu ~ sin2θ
‒ Total power P = Pe+ Pu P
• Steady-state 1.5

P Pe
1

θ = 0 ÷90o 0.5
Motor Pm
Normal: θ = 20o ÷30o 0

op
• Motor mode -0.5

Pu
 P< 0, θ < 0 -1
Generator
-1.5
-0.01 -0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.1 Active power

• Control P
‒ Control mechanical power input
‒ Torque produced P mUE o
T  sin  
mU 2
[
1 1
 ]sin 2
 Xd  2 X q X d

Rotation

Eo Eo
U θ
I=0 I>0 U
θ = 0, α = 0 θ =α*p

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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.2 Reactive power

• Formula
‒ Derived the same way as P

Q  mUI sin 

 mUI sin(  )  mUI sin  cos   mUI cos  sin 

Eo U 2  1 1  mU 2  1 1 
Q  mU cos   m    cos 2  
Xd 2  Xq Xd  2  X q X d 


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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power

4.2 Reactive power

• For non-salient rotor
‒ Formula mUEo mU2 mU
Q cos    (Eo cos   U)
Xs Xs Xs
>0
Q
Q ~ (Eo cosθ – U) <0 5

=0 -5

-10

-15 
 Excitation -20

-25
Motor Generator
-30

-35
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Q = f()
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Lesson > Topic 4 Alternator Power


 jIX s 
4.2 Reactive power  jIXs
Eo
• Control Q
 
U Eo
mU  
Q (Eo cos   U) U
Xs
ϕ   
I I ϕ

E o cos   U Q0 

E o cos   U Overexcited Underexcited

Q0

E o cos   U Q0  Increasing/decreasing excitation

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Lesson > Topic 5 Voltage Regulation

U

5.1 External characteristics R-C

Uo
• Voltage regulation:

Terminal voltage
change in terminal voltage R

from no load to full load R-L

% Voltage regulation No-load voltage

0 In
Load current
Uo  Un E  Un
U%  100  o 100%
Un Un U
Uo R-L
Full-load voltage R
Un
• External characteristics R-C
‒ Fixed Ix I
‒ Change Ix to maintain U 0 In

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Lesson > Topic 5 Voltage Regulation

5.2 Control Characteristics Ix

R-L
• Curve of field
current against load current R
at nominal voltage
Ix = f(I) R-C

• Depending on types of load

0 I

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Lesson > Topic 6 Parallel Operation of Alternators

6.1 In practice, alternators working in parallel

• Power stations interconnected through grid
• Advantages: Continuity of service, maintenance
and repair, load growth, efficiency

Loads

To other
parallel circuits
Loads
Loads

Busbars Loads
(Voltage U)

E Machine 1

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Lesson > Topic 6 Parallel Operation of Alternators

6.2 Conditions for paralleling alternator with infinite

busbars
• Terminal voltage = Busbar voltage
(use voltmeters)
• Voltages in phase (use synchroscope)
• Same frequency (use synchroscope)
• Same phase sequence
(phase sequence indicator)
Stator Rotor

To busbars To incomming
machine

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.1 Synchronous motor has no starting torque

 3- φ source  rotating field
like rotating magnet
 DC current to rotor
 Fe
 f = 50Hz, poles changed
after 0.01s
 Not enough time for
rotor to rotate a half-turn
due to inertia
 Fe changes direction
 Motor cannot start

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

• Motor starting with an external prime mover
‒ Bring to full speed at no-load using a starting motor
‒ Then turn off, synchronous machine acts as a motor
‒ For many medium-size to large motors

DC
Starting motor Synchronous
motor

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

• Motor starting by reducing electrical frequency
‒ Stator magnetic field at low enough speed
 rotor to accelerate and lock in
‒ Grudually increase the frequency and so, the speed
‒ Variable-frequency drive unit: for both speed control
and motor starting

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.2 Starting synchronous motors

laid into notches Shorting
• Motor starting by using bars

amortisseur (or damper) windings

‒ Most popular way
‒ Damper windings get Rotor close to
synchronous speed
‒ Field current turned off

1 2

RT
1
2

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

I Ra Xs
7.3 Motor KVL equation
U Eo
• Salient rotor
   
U  E o  jId X d  jIq X q Stator circuit Rotor
circuit
• Non-salient rotor    
U  E o  jI X s jIqXq
  
U U jIdXd
  
ϕ  jI X s Eo
Eo 
 ϕ
 
I  I
Iq 

Id
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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.4 Synchronous motor on load

• Working principle

Axis of N pole Axis of S pole Axis of N pole Axis of S pole

of rotor of stator of rotor of stator

No load
On load

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

• Assumptions:
 P = const
 U = const
I cos   const

A B
UD
  E o sin 
ϕ  jIX s  const
m Eo C


I
n

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Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

 n
• Power factor I3
‒ Lagging
‒ Unity
‒ Leading   
• Two zone: A I2 B U D
 jI3 X S
‒ Overexcited ϕ 
m Eo C jI X  
‒ Underexcited S E o2 E o3

I
Underexcited Overexcited
Consume Q Generate Q
Ix increased  Eo increased

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Script Writing Guide: e-Learning Content Development for the 『 Project for Strengthen the CLMV Capacity for the ASEAN-KOREA Cyber University』

Lesson > Topic 7 Synchronous Motors

7.5 VAr compensation with synchronous motor

• Synchronous condenser I

1
(φ)=
PS / PN = 1
• Synchronous motor V curves it

cos
0,75
lim P
4 0,5
y
ilit

Armature current
a b 0,25
St P
3
0
P
2

P
1

P
0

under- over- Ix
excitation

Synchronous condenser, Melbourne Victoria, Australia

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