9/7/2016

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Dr. Lien Nguyen
School of Electrical Engineering
C3 - 106, tel. 3869 2511
email:lien.nguyenbich@hust.edu.vn

LESSON 2
AC Circuits

1
 9/7/2016

1. Sinusoidal waveform and parameters

i
i  I m sin t   i 
1
0.8
Im
Im is the magnitude value (peak/maximum value)
0.6
0.4
0.2 t
0
i
-0.2
T
-0.4 i
-0.6
-0.8
-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Root-Mean-Square Value of a Sinusoidal Wave

The RMS value for a sine wave is the peak value divided by the square root of two
Im
I
2
i  I 2 sin t  i  Phase difference    u  i
u  U 2 sin t  u 
0 0 0
u u
e  E 2 sin t  e  i
i

In phase Voltage lags Voltage leads

2
 9/7/2016

2. Phasor form of a Sinusoidal Signal

2.1. Basic Complex Number Concepts
+j

j  1

V
jb
V  a  jb V

a +1
Real part Imaginary part
a  V cos  ; b  V sin 

Modulus Argument Example : V  4  j3

 Ve j (Polar form)

A1 = a1 + j b1  A1 e j1

A2 = a2 + j b2  A 2 e j 2
Adding/Subtracting complex numbers

A = A1 ± A2 = (a1 ± a2 ) + j (b1 ± b2)

Multiplying/Dividing complex numbers

A = A1 * A2 = (a1* a2 - b1 * b2 ) + j (a1b2 + a2 b1)

= A1 e j1 * A 2 e j2  A1 A 2 e j(   )
1 2

A1 A1 j( 1 2 )
A  e
A2 A2

3
 9/7/2016

• Multiplied by e  j ,  j

Ie j i * e j  Ie 
j  i  


j
2   
e  cos   jsin   j
 2  2 I
 0 
j  
e 2  cos    jsin     j 
 2  2

Put the following labels onto appropriate

places of the diagram

j * I  j * I I * e j I * e j

2.2. Phasor form as complex number

Sinusoidal steady state analysis of electric circuits is greatly facilitated if the currents and
voltages are represented by complex numbers known as phasors.
Im


i  I 2 sin  t   i  I  Ie ji jb I
I
Re
i
a

4
 9/7/2016

2.3. Kirchhoff’s laws with complex number

n 

I
k 1
k 0

n1  n2 
U  E
k 1
k
k 1
k

3. AC Circuit Analysis
3.1. Resistance R

i
R i 2 I sin  t
UR = RI
uR
uR  2U R sin  t
ψu = 0
R = ψu - ψi = 0


̇= 0 UR 
i 2 I sin  t IR
̇ = ̇

5
 9/7/2016

• Instantaneous Power

i 2 I sin  t

uR  2U R sin  t

p R t   u R i  2U R I sin 2 t  U R I 1  cos 2t 

• Average power (over a full cycle)

1T 1T
P p
 R  t dt   U R 1  cos 2t dt
T0 T0
2
 P  U R I  RI

3.2. Inductance L i
uL

i 2 I sin  t uL  L
di
L

d I 2 sin t 
 LI 2 cost 
dt dt

X L  L

U L
U L  X LI
uL  2U L sin  t  u 
o u  90 o
90
I u  i  90 o
i 2 I sin  t ̇= 0

̇ = ̇

6
 9/7/2016

• Instantaneous power

 
pL t   u Li  2U L I sin t  90o sin t
 U L I sin 2t

• Average power
1T
PL   p L t dt  0
T0

• Reactive power

QL  ULI  X LI2 VAr 

i
3.3. Capacitance C
uC

1 1 1
i 2 I sin  t uC   idt   2 I sin t dt  2 I  cost 
C C C
1
XC 
C
UC  XCI
I u C  2U C sin  t  u 
 90o u   90 o
  u  i   90 o

U C
i 2 I sin  t ̇= 0

̇ =− ̇

7
 9/7/2016

• Instantaneous Power

 
pC t   uC i  2U C I sin t  90o sin t
 U C I sin 2t

1T
• Average Power PC   p C t dt  0
T0

• Reactive Power

Q C   U C I  X C I 2 VAr 

3.4. R-L-C in series

i 2 I sin  t  
UC UL
u  u R  u L  uC  2U sin  t  u  
U
    UL  UC
U  U R  U L  UC


2 2 2 I
U  U R2  U L  U C    IR    IX L  IX C 
2
 I R 2   X L  X C   Iz

U
 U  Iz  I 
z
U L -U C X -X X
  arctg  arctg L C  arctg
UR R R

8
 9/7/2016

 
UC UL


U
 
UR I
Inductive reactance (X > 0): u leads I by ϕ


 
UC UL

 
UR I
Capacitive reactance (X < 0): u lags I by ϕ 

U

 
UC UL


Zero reactance: (X = 0): u, i in phase, resonance UR 
I

U

Using phasor representation

 U
U  U U
  RI  jX I  jX I
R L C L C

 [R  j(X L  X C )]I

 (R  jX)I ̇ = ̇
Z

9
 9/7/2016

4. Powers in AC circuits
4.1. Instantaneous power p(t) i

u Zt
i  2I sin t u  2U sin(t  )
p  ui  2UIsin t sin(t  )
p = UIcosφ - UIcos(2ωt+φ) = P0  p(2t)

2
p
2

p
1.5 1.5

1 1 Po
0.5
i 0.5

0 0

p(2t)
-0.5
u -0.5

-1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4.2 Active (Real) Power P

The average power

T T
1 1
P   p  t  dt  UIcosφ -  UI cos(2ωt+φ)dt  UIcosφ
T0 T0

Real power P – power absorbed by load resistance

I *U
P R n I 2n * W1

Z
Unit: [W] U~

10
 9/7/2016

4.2. Reactive Power Q

Q = QL + QC = XL IL2 - XC IC2
 
UC UL
Q = XI2 = XI. I

UX U UX
 
UR I
Q = UI sin 


Q =  (Q Li + Q C j )
i,j

Unit: [VAr]

4.3 Apparent Power S

• Product of rms voltage and rms current

S  P 2  Q 2  UI

• Unit: volt-ampere [VA]

11
 9/7/2016

5. Power Factor Correction

5.1 Power Factor – pf

• Definition:
P S
pf = Q
S 

• Why pf < 1 ? P

• cos ϕ < 1 : circuit elements L, C

• Distortion of u(t) and i(t) due to non-linear loads

• Displacement power factor = cos ϕ

5.2 Why Power Factor Correction?

S P/pf P/U Z=R+jX I (P, pf)

I= = = (P, U = const)
U U pf
E U ZL

• Increased pf helps decrease:

• Power loss
• Voltage drop
• Cable CSA
• Transformer kVA

12
 9/7/2016

5.3. Displacement Power Factor (cosφ) Correction

• Popular method for pf correction I IC

• Before compensation: P, Q1, S1, cosϕ1 It k

U Zt
• After compensation: P, Q2, S2, cosϕ2 C

QC  Q1  Q 2  P (tg1  tg2 ) Q1
S1
U
Q C  U IC  U  C U 2 QC
XC
S2
P Q2
C  2 (tg1  tg2 )
U 2
1 P

13