EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Power Converter Systems Topic 10

Graduate Course EE8407
PWM Current Source Rectifiers (CSR)

Bin Wu PhD, PEng

Professor
ELCE Department
Ryerson University

Contact Info
Office: ENG328
Tel: (416) 979-5000 ext: 6484
Email: bwu@ee.ryerson.ca
http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~bwu/

Courtesy of
Rockwell Automation
Ryerson Campus
PWM CSI fed MV drive

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 1 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 2

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

PWM Current Source Inverters Single Bridge Rectifier

• Converter Configuration
Ld id
g1
Lecture Topics S1 S3 S5
vs
Ls is iw
• Single Bridge Rectifier A
L
• Dual Bridge Rectifier O vd
B A
• Power Factor Control D
C
• LC Resonance and Active Damping
Utility Cf
Supply S4 S6 S2

• Switching devices: • Function of Cf :

Symmetrical GCT To assist GCT commutation;
To reduce line current THD.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 3 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 4

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Single Bridge Rectifier Single Bridge Rectifier

• Rectifier Input Current Waveform • Switching Angles
iw
BP BP
v g1
Id ωt
π /6 π /3 π /2
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ5 θ6 θ8 θ10 θ11 θ12 2π
0
2π / 3 5π / 6 π ωt
β1 β 2 π / 3 − β1 2β 0
vg 4 ωt
2π
π / 3 − β2
π / 6 + β0 iw
Id 2π
ωt
• Constraints for Switching Pattern Design β1 β 2 2 β0
- dc current id should not be interrupted
- waveform of iw should be defined

• Three independent angles to eliminate two harmonics • Bypass pulse (BP) - make iw adjustable
and make modulation index adjustable.

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 5 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 6

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EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Single Bridge Rectifier Single Bridge Rectifier

• Switching Angles versus ma • Harmonic Profile
I wn
θ
θ 12 I w1 n=1
θ 11
250
0.8

200
θ 10
θ9
150 θ8
0.6
θ7 n = 11
θ6
100
0.4
θ5
50 θ4
θ3 n = 19
0
θ2 n = 13
θ1 0.2
n = 17
-50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ma
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ma
(5th and 7th harmonic elimination)
(5th and 7th harmonic elimination)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 7 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 8

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Single Bridge Rectifier Single Bridge Rectifier

• Waveforms vg1 • Experiments
vg 4

2.0
iw

0
i w1
-2.0
2.0
is
0
2π 4π
-2.0
2.0 vp
2π 4π
0

-2.0

I wn I w1
ma = 0.7 ma = 0.95
0.8

0.4 Trace A: current in switch S1

0 Trace B: Rectifier input current iw
1 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 37 41 Harmonic n
Trace C: Line current is
(5th and 7th harmonic elimination)
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 9 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 10

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Single Bridge Rectifier Single Bridge Rectifier

• Dual-Bridge Topology Ld id • Switching Angles
BP
is iw
Ls v g1 ωt
θ1 θ3 θ4 θ6 π θ7 θ12 2π
iA = is + i~s Id
δ = 30°
iw ωt
vA π -Id 2π
Cf
L
vB O (a) Switching pattern A for a low ma
A
D
vC
BP
Ls i~s iw~ v g1 ωt
θ1 θ5 θ6 θ10 θ11 θ14 2π

Id
δ = 0° iw ωt
π -Id 2π
Cf

(b) Switching pattern B for a high ma

• Use 12-pulse transformer to cancel the 5th and 7th harmonics
• Use PWM to eliminate the 11th and 13th harmonics • Bypass pulses (BP) – make iw adjustable
• The lowest harmonic in the line current is the 17th
• SHE modulation – eliminate the 11th and 13th harmonics
• Very low line current harmonic distortion

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 11 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 12

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EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Dual Bridge Rectifier Dual Bridge Rectifier

• Switching Angles versus md • Harmonic Profile

I wn
θ° θ° θ14
θ12 θ13 I w1
θ7 θ12 n=1
250 250
θ11 0.8

200 200

θ10
0.6
θ6 150
150 Pattern B
θ4
Pattern A
θ6

100 100
0.4

θ5 n=5
θ3 50
50
n = 19 n=7
θ1
θ1 0.2
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 ma
n = 17
Switching pattern A Switching pattern B 0
ma
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(11th and 13th harmonic elimination)

(11th and 13th harmonic elimination)

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 13 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 14

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Dual Bridge Rectifier Power Factor Control

• Experimental Waveforms • Phasor Diagram Ld id

S1 S3 S5
vs
Ls is iw
A
vL
ic
L • Cf produces leading PF
O vd
B A
D • Delay angle control
C
produces lagging PF
Utility Cf vc
Supply S4 S6 S2
• To improve PF, use ma
and delay angle control
Is Vs
simultaneously
I′s I′c
Modulation index: 0.5 Modulation index: 0.9 VL

Trace A: iA - line current on transformer primary side α Vc

Ic
Trace B: is - line current on transformer secondary side I′w
Iw
Trace C: iw - rectifier input current
Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 15 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 16

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Power Factor Control Power Factor Control

• Block Diagram • Power Factor Profile
PF
vs Ls is iw Ld id Region A Region B
LOAD 1
P
Cf vc
LPF LPF LPF 0.8
With ma and α control
PWM
Is Vs VZD Generator 0.6
Power Factor
With ma control only
Angle Detector 160 °
0 0.4
φ ... .
..
Id
Δφ ΔI
PI 0.5 90° PI
... ma α ... 0.2
1.0 0°
φ* = 0 I d*
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ma

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 17 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 18

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EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

Power Factor Control LC Resonances and Active Damping

• Experiments • LC Resonance Ld id

S1 S3 S5
id 0.5
(pu)
vs vs
Ls is iw
α A
67° vL L
ic O
is B vd
ma 1.03 A
D
C

iw iw Utility Cf vc
0
Supply S4 S6 S2

(a) Transient response (b) Steady state waveforms 1 Resonance may be excited by
Resonant Mode: ω res =
(PF = 1) 2π Ls C f - Supply voltage harmonics
- Rectifier current harmonics

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 19 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 20

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

LC Resonances and Active Damping LC Resonances and Active Damping

• Passive and Active Damping • Block Diagram of Active Damping Control

Ls R s is CSR

vs Ls is iw Ld id
vs ip iw LOAD
• Passive damping:
vc Cf Rp Rp – physical damping resistor
Cf vc
LPF
SGCT
(a) Passive damping
PLL Gating Unit Id
Ls Rs is CSR θ
• Active damping: v′c i′p
abc 1 ÷ Space Vector
dq HPF Rp PI
vs ip iw - no physical resistor Modulator
m′a m′a′
vc Cf
- damping current ip is produced Stationary Synchronous
I d*
by CSR via ma control Frame Frame

(b) Active damping

- ip is in phase with vc

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 21 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 22

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

LC Resonances and Active Damping LC Resonances and Active Damping

• Simulated Waveforms • Measured Waveforms
vc , is
( pu ) vc Without Active Damping
0.8

0.4
- Rectifier input current
is

0
- Line current
−0 .4

−0.8 - Capacitor voltage

−1.2
0. 45 0. 50 0. 55 t (sec) 0.60

vc , is
( pu ) vc
With Active Damping
0.8

- Rectifier input current

0.4
is

0
- Line current
−0 .4

−0.8 - Capacitor voltage

−1.2
0.45 0.50 0.55 t (sec) 0.60

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 23 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 24

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EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

LC Resonances and Active Damping LC Resonances and Active Damping

• Steady-State Waveforms Without Active Damping • Line Current THD
i w ( A)
100
THD (%)
0

−100 250
−200
200
i s ( A)
THD = 105 %
100 150
0
100
−100
−200
50
v c (V )
2500 0
1.5
0
6.0
−2500 1.0 5.5
−5000 Rs (%) 5.0
0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 t (sec) 0.50 0.5 4.5
(1% = 1pu / 100 ) 4.0 f res ( pu )
0 3.5
No active damping control
LC resonance tuned exactly to the 5th harmonic (worst case) No active damping control

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 25 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 26

EE8407 Topic 10 EE8407 Topic 10

LC Resonances and Active Damping LC Resonances and Active Damping

• Steady-State Waveforms With Active Damping • Line Current THD

iw ( A) THD (%)
100

0
50

−100
−200 40

is ( A) 30
THD = 5%
100

0 20
−100
−200
10
vc (V )
2500
0
4.0
0
3.0 6.0
−2500
5.5
−5000 2.0 5.0
0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0. 48 t (sec) 0.50 Rd (pu )
1. 0 4.5
4.0 f res (pu )
0 3.5

With active damping control

LC resonance tuned exactly to the 5th harmonic (worst case) With active damping control

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 27 Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 28

EE8407 Topic 10

Textbook: Bin Wu, ‘High-Power Converters and AC Drives’, Wiley - IEEE Press, 2006 29