4.

10
Change the following verbs and adjectives to nouns by adding derivational suffixes.

a) relate, emerge, block, train, strain, talk, wonder; b) rude, productive, healthy, satisfactory.
a)relate – relation, relatedness
emerge – emergence, emergency
block – blockage
train –( trainer, trainees) traineeship
strain – (straint, strainer) strainment
talk – talkativeness
wonder – wonderment, wonderness
b) rude – rudeness
productive – productivity
healthy - healthiness
satisfactory – satisfaction
4.11
As a result of conversion (also called zero derivation, category change, or functional shift), there are
many derived nouns that have no derivational endings. The words below have undergone zero
derivation to nouns. For each word, demonstrate its membership in the noun class.

rip-off, snap, wipe out, update.

1.Our meal in town was a complete rip-off.( something that is more expensive than it should be; swidle,
fraud)
2.She broke the stick over her knee with a loud snap.( a sudden loud sound like something breaking or
closing)
Did you take many snaps while you were away?( an informal photograph that is not very skilful or
artistic)
3. The surfer had a nasty wipeout. (an instance of complete destruction) – a nuclear wipeout
4. It's an update of an old 60s movie(an act of bringing something or someone up to date, or an updated
version of something; a new form of something that existed at an earlier time)

4.13
The most general subclasses of nouns are grouped into four oppositional
pairs: proper and common; animate and inanimate; human and non-
human; countable and uncountable.
Proper nouns are geographical names, personal names, names of months
and days of the week, festivals, planets, ships, hotels, clubs, buildings,
streets, parks, bridges, institutions, organizations, magazines, newspapers,
books, paintings.
Common nouns can be classified into concrete nouns, abstract nouns,
and nouns of material.
A noun which refers to people, animals and living beings is an animate
noun. Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.
Human Nouns refer to boy and girl. Non-Human Nouns that refer to
animals,nature and objects.
Task 4.13. Define the subclass of the following nouns.
army (common, inanimate, human, countable),
beauty (common /abstract noun/, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
belief* (common, inanimate, non-human, countable or uncountable,
depending on meaning) ,
cattle (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
certainty* (common, inanimate, non-human, countable or uncountable,
depending on meaning),
church* (common, inanimate, non-human, countable or uncountable,
depending on meaning),
complaint (common, inanimate, non-human, countable or uncountable),
congress* (common, inanimate, non-human?, countable or uncountable),
Denver (proper, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
diskette (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
floor (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
goodness (common /abstract noun/, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
heat (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
idea (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
jury (common, inanimate, human, countable),
kitchen (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
milk (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
page (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
paper* (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
picture (common, inanimate, non-human, countable),
rice (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
sky* (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
sugar (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
support (common, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
the Koran (proper, inanimate, non-human, uncountable?),
the public (common, inanimate, human, uncountable),
the United States (proper, inanimate, non-human, uncountable),
Thomas Jefferson (proper, animate, human, uncountable). 
*belief [countable] an idea that you believe to be true, especially one that
forms part of a system of ideas.
*certainty [countable] something that is definitely true or that will definitely
happen
*church (uncountable) the religious ceremonies in a church.
*congress the noun congress can be countable or uncountable. In more
general, commonly used, contexts, the plural form will also be congress.
However, in more specific contexts, the plural form can also be congresses
e.g. in reference to various types of congresses or a collection of
congresses.
*paper [countable] a newspaper
*skies [plural] a word meaning ‘sky’, used especially when describing the
weather or what the sky looks like in a place

Task 4.15. Pluralize the following nouns.

a) brothers, clothes, geniuses, indexes, penny – pence or pennies; 
b) series  – series, 
thesis – theses, 
phenomenon – phenomena, 
formula – formulas or formulae /-liː/, 
medium – media /-diə/ or mediums, 
axis – axes /-siːz/, 
stratum – strata /-tə/, 
basis – bases /-siːz/, 
criterion – criteria /-riə/, 
fungus – fungi /-dʒaɪ, -ɡaɪ/ or funguses, 
datum – data, 
hypothesis – hypotheses /-siːz/, 
focus – focuses or formal foci, 
madam – madame, 
monsieur – messieurs
 Task 4.17. Supply your own examples of nouns which can be either
countable or uncountable, depending on what particular meaning they have.
Chicken, paper, time, hair, room, memory, coffe, water, beer, tea, soda,
glass, chocolate, work\works, iron, food\foods

Abstract nouns

Some abstract nouns can be used uncountably or countably. The uncountable use
has a more general meaning. The countable use has a more particular meaning.
Nouns of this type include: education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life,
love, sleep, time, understanding.

Task 4.24. Find examples of group genitive, absolute genitive, independent

genitive, and double genitive.

1.The man next door's cat. - group genitive

The people next-door's house is for rent. - group genitive

(group genitive is a possessive construction (such as "the man next

door's cat") in which the clitic appears at the end of a noun phrase
whose final word is not its head or not its only head. Also called a group
possessive or phrasal possessive.)

2.Our house is better than Mary`s. - absolute genitive

(It is used:

a) to avoid repetition: “Whose hat is that?” — “Virgina’s”;

b) to denote places where business is conducted: at the hairdresser’s, at
the butcher’s;)

3.That's hers. - independent genitive

 (Unlike dependent genitive pronouns (or weak possessives), which serve
as determiners in front of nouns, the independent genitive pronouns
take the place of phrases. For example, in the sentence "That's her
book," her is dependent on the noun book, while in the sentence "That's
hers," hers is independent.)

4.Alfonso is a friend of Miriana's. - double genitive

 Task 4.27. Compare English and Ukrainian as to expressing gender differences. Comment
on grammatical and objective gender (sex).

In Ukrainian all the nouns without exception, irrespective of the fact whether they denote
the living beings or lifeless objects belong according to their ending to one of three grammatical
genders: the masculine gender, the feminine gender or the neuter gender. In modern English
there is no division of nouns according to the grammatical gender on the basis of their
morphological characteristics. As a consequence, the noun in modern English does not have the
grammar category of gender.

Prof. Ilyish states that not a single word in Modern English shows any peculiarities in its
morphology due to its denoting male or female being. Thus, the words husband and wife do not
show any difference in their forms due to peculiarities of their lexical meaning. The difference
between such nouns as actor and actress is a purely lexical one. In other words, the category of
sex should not be confused with the category of gender, because sex is an objective biological
category. It correlates with gender only when sex differences of living beings are manifested in
the language grammatically (e.g. tiger – tigress). Gender distinctions in English are marked for a
limited number of nouns. In present-day English there are some morphemes which present
differences between masculine and feminine (waiter – waitress, widow – widower). This
distinction is not grammatically universal. It is not characterized by a wide range of occurrences
and by a grammatical level of abstraction. Only a limited number of words are marked as
belonging to masculine, feminine or neuter. The morpheme on which the distinction between
masculine and feminine is based in English is a wordbuilding morpheme, not form-building.
Still, other scholars (M.Blokh, John Lyons) admit the existence of the category of gender. Prof.
Blokh states that the existence of the category of gender in Modern English can be proved by the
correlation of nouns with personal pronouns of the third person (he, she, it). Accordingly, there
are three genders in English: the neuter (non-person) gender, the masculine gender, the feminine
gender.

 Task 4.29.
Identify pronouns in the following extracts and define the classes they belong to. Specify their
referents and the position of the latter.

1) Benjamin runs a small NGO that (relative, NGO) works in HIV prevention. Recently, his
(possessive, Benjamin’s) NGO had been coordinating a program with local churches to utilize religious
leaders and institutions in AIDS prevention efforts. One evening, he(personal, Benjamin) went to meet
with a pastor in his(possessive, a pastor) residence. Benjamin was hospitably received by the reverend
and his(personal possessive, reverend’s) wife, a woman who(relative, a woman ) seemed to be about
fifteen years her(possessive, woman’s) husband's junior. She(personal, woman) dressed
conservatively in a traditional West African outfit with a double wrapper that(relative, wrapper) in Igbo
society signifies being married. Her(possessive, woman’s) behavior was humble and deferential. In
every way, Benjamin said, she (personal subjective, woman) acted like the good wife of a pastor. But
Benjamin noticed a hint of recognition, both in how she(personal subjective, wife) looked at
him(personal objective, Benjamin) and in her(personal possessive, woman’s) features. Suddenly
it(personal subjective) dawned on him(personal objective, Benjamin) that he(personal subjective,
Benjamin) knew this(demonstrative) woman from his(personal possessive, Benjamin’s) university
days, and, what(interrogative) is more, she(personal subjective, woman) had been one of the wildest
girls on campus, known for her(personal possessive, woman) multiple sexual partners and escapades.
Benjamin said, “I(personal subjective, Benjamin) smiled inside but did not say anything(indefinite). But
at a point, I(personal subjective, Benjamin) said that I(personal subjective, Benjamin) thought
I(personal subjective, Benjamin) recognized her(personal objective, woman) and asked whether
she(personal subjective, woman) had not been a student at the University of Port Harcourt during
my(personal possessive, Benjamin) years. I(personal subjective, Benjamin) could tell she(personal
subjective, woman) knew exactly who(interrogative) I(personal subjective, Benjamin) was and
how(interrogative) we(personal subjective, Benjamin and woman) knew each other, but
she(personal subjective, woman) played it(personal subjective) cool and only acknowledged that
she(personal subjective, woman) had indeed been a student. I(personal subjective, Benjamin)
remarked at the coincidence and said no more. The Reverend Father was also pleased at the
coincidence and seemed proud that his(personal possessive, Reverend Father) wife was a university
graduate.” Benjamin then said to me(personal objective, pastor), “Man, if that girl could become a
pastor's wife, anything(indefinite) is possible.” I(personal subjective) suspected that Benjamin himself
(intensive, Benjamin) had slept with the pastor's wife when she(personal subjective, woman) was a
university student, but I(personal subjective) did not ask. (Smith D. Promiscuous Girls, Good Wives, and
Cheating Husbands: Gender Inequality, Transitions to Marriage, and Infidelity in Southeastern Nigeria.
Anthropological Quarterly. Winter 2010, Vol. 83, Issue 1, P. 123-152) [COCA]

2) Reading in people's homes is a little stressful. With a few exceptions, these (demonstrative)
were people I'd never met. They (personal) usually picked me (personal objective) up at the airport or
bus station. Once I (personal subjective) arrived I (personal subjective) couldn't really leave. Then I
(personal subjective) met their (possessive) friends and I (personal subjective) tried to sell them
(personal objective) books, like Tupperware, one (Indefinite?) at a time. All (indefinite) together, I
(personal subjective) sold about 1,100 books (not counting copies of my (possessive) older books,
which (relative) I (personal subjective) was also selling) at 73 events. Seven hundred of those
(demonstrative) were books I (personal subjective) purchased wholesale, a few hundred more were
sold by local booksellers invited to the readings. One of the more obvious things I (personal subjective)
realized is that people with money buy a lot more books. They (personal subjective) will buy books out
of obligation, just to be polite, because you (personal subjective) did a reading in their (personal
possessive) home, or for a signed souvenir of a fun evening. I (personal subjective) did one of the best
readings of my (possessive) life to 40 college students and sold fewer than 10 books. Other nights, at
fancier homes, I (personal subjective) sold more books than there were people in attendance. Not
everything (indefinite) worked out. At a home in Boston I (personal subjective) read to seven people,
six of them (personal objective) graduate students. During the discussion one of the students
announced, “You (personal subjective) must be tired of talking about yourself (reflexive) .” None of the
students bought a book, and on the way out the same woman urged me (personal objective) to “keep
writing.” In Chesterfield, after an hour of getting to know one another (indefinite?), we (personal
subjective) set up the folding chairs and people sat politely in rows. They (personal subjective) asked
interesting questions about murder and confession and the moment the lie mixes with the truth like red
and yellow paint, becoming orange, the original colors ceasing to exist. Afterward people went back to
talking, grabbing another drink or a snack. (Elliot S. The D.I.Y. Book Tour. NYT. 2010 (100117)) [COCA]