The active and the passive sentences

( C©u chñ ®éng – c©u bÞ ®éng)

A. Definition: ( §Þnh nghÜa)

1/ The Active form: ( ThÓ chñ ®éng ) lµ d¹ng c©u mµ chñ tõ cña c©u lµ ngêi / vËt
thùc hiÖn hµnh ®éng – g©y ra t¸c ®éng lªn ngêi hoÆc vËt kh¸c.
Ex: - Ann writes a letter
- Some farmers are working in the rice field.
2/ The passive form: ( C©u bÞ ®éng) lµ d¹ng c©u mµ chö tõ cña c©u nhËn t¸c ®éng
cña ngêi hoÆc vËt kh¸c – chÞu t¸c ®éng bëi ngêi hoÆc vËt kh¸c lªn nã.
Ex: - John is punished by his father.
- I was followed by an old man
Lu ý: Sö dông c©u bÞ ®éng, khi chóng ta quan t©m nhiÒu ®Õn hµnh ®éng ®îc
thùc hiÖn nh thÕ nµo mµ kh«ng chó ý ®Õn t¸c nh©n g©y ra hµnh ®éng ®ã.
Ex: - Rice is produced in Vietnam.
B. Quy t¾c chuyÓn tõ mét c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng
Muèn chuyÓn tõ mét c©u chñ ®éng sang c©u bÞ ®éng, ta thùc hiÖn c¸c bíc sau:

Active: S + VA + O

Passive: S + Be VPII + By O (t¸c nh©n/ ngêi lµm)

V-ed
Form: Be + V Past Participle / PII
V cét3 (§TBQT)

B1: LÊy t©n ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u bÞ ®éng.
B2: NÕu cè trî ®éng tõ trong c©u chñ ®éng, ®Æt trî ®éng tõ Êy ngay sau chñ ng÷
cña c©u bÞ ®éng.
B3: Chia ®éng tõ “To be” theo th× vµ trî ®éng tõ cña c©u chñ ®éng. C©u cñ
®éng chia ë th× nµo th× ®éng tõ “to be” trong c©o bÞ ®éng chia ë th× ®Êy.
B4: §Æt ®éng tõ chÝnh cña c©u chñ ®éng ë d¹ng V PII (§éng tõ chia ë ph©n tõ 2).
B5: ChuyÓn chñ ng÷ cña c©u chñ ®éng thµnh d¹ng “by O” sau ®éng tõ chÝnh trong
c©u. ( cã thÓ bá “by O” nÕu nã kh«ng quan träng hoÆc ®îc hiÓu ngÇm)
C. CÊu tróc cña c©u bÞ ®éng chia theo th× vµ trî ®éng tõ:

1. Simple present tense. (th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n)

S + is/ am / are + V p2
Ex: A: Ann writes a letter.
P: A letter is written by Ann
2. Present continuous tense: ( Th× hiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn)
S + is/ am / are + being + V p2

Ex: A: Ann is writing a letter.

P: A letter is being written by Ann

3. Simple past tense: ( Th× qu¸ khø ®¬n)

S + were/ was + Vp2
Ex:
A: Ann wrote a letter.
P: A letter was written by Ann
4. Past continuous tense: ( Th× qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn)
S + were/ was + being + Vp2

Ex:
A: Ann was writing a letter.
P: A letter was being written by Ann.
5. Present perfect tense: ( Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh)

I/ We/ You/ They + have + been + Vp2

He/ she/ it + has

Ex:
A: Ann has written a letter.
P: A letter has been written by Ann.
6. Past perfect tense: ( Th× qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh)
S + had + been + Vp2
Ex: A: Ann had written a letter.
P: A letter had been written by Ann.
7. Simple future tense: ( Th× t¬ng lai ®¬n)

I/ We + will/ shall + be + Vp2

He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will
Ex;
A: Ann will write a letter.
P: A letter will be written by Ann.
8. Future of intention: ( Th× t¬ng lai cã dù ®Þnh)

S + is/ am/ are + going to + be + Vp2

Ex;
 A: Ann is going to write a letter.
P: A letter is going to be written by Ann.
9. Future perfect tense: (Th× t¬ng lai hoµn thµnh)
I/ We + will/ shall + have + been + Vp2
He/ She/ It/ They/ You + will
Ex:
A: Ann will have written a letter.
P: A letter will have been written by Ann.
10. Modal verbs: ( trî ®éng tõ/ ®éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu)
Can/ may/ must/ ought to/ should/ would/ could/ might...

S + modal verbs + be + Vp2

Ex: A: You can see him now.

P: He can be seen (by you) now.
Lu ý:
- Ta cã thÓ bá by me/ by him/ by her/ by it/ by us/ by you/ by them/ by some
one/ by somebody/ by people trong c©u bÞ ®éng.
- Trong trêng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã tr¹ng ng÷ chØ n«i chèn th× ta ®Æt tr¹ng
ng÷ chØ n¬i chèn tríc by O.
Ex: The police found him in the forest.
He was found in the forest by the police.
- Trong trêng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã tr¹ng ng÷ chØ thêi gian th× ta ®Æt tr¹ng
ng÷ chØ thêi gian sau by O.
Ex: My parents are going to buy a new car tomorrow.
A new car is going to be bought by my parents tomorrow
- Trong trêng hîp, c©u chñ ®éng cã c¶ tr¹ng ng÷ chØ n«i chèn vµ tr¹ng ng÷
chØ thêi gian. Th× khi chuyÓn sang c©u bÞ ®éng vÞ chÝ s¾p xÕp c¸c tr¹ng ng÷
ph¶i tu©n theo quy t¾c sau:

S + be + VP2 + ®Þa ®iÓm + by O + thêi gian

Ex: Lan was taken to the park by her mother yesterday morning.
S be VP2 ®Þa ®iÓm by O thêi gian
- NÕu t©n ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng chØ sù vËt sù viÖc th× ta dïng giíi tõ
“With” thay v× dïng “by” tríc objects.
Ex: Smoke filled the room.
The room was filled with smoke.
- NÕu ®éng tõ chñ ®éng cã hai t©n ng÷ th× mét trong hai t©n ng÷ cã thÓ lµm
chñ ng÷ trong c©u bÞ ®éng. Tuy nhiªn t©n ng÷ chØ ngêi ®îc u tiªn s÷ dông nhiÒu
h¬n.
Ex: I am writing her a letter
O1 O2
She is being written a letter.
 A letter is being written to her.
- C¸c ®éng tõ: ask/ tell/ give/ send/ show/ teach/ pay/ offer... thêng cã hai
t©n ng÷.
- nÕu chñ ng÷ trong c©u chñ ®éng ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh ( no one, nobody, none
of... th× khi chuyÓn sang c©u bÞ ®éng, chóng ta chia ®éng tõ bÞ ®éng ë d¹ng bÞ
®éng.
Ex: No one can answer this question.
This question can’t be answered.

Mét sè d¹ng bÞ ®éng kh¸c

1/ D¹ng nhê b¶o: ( Causative form) “ Have / Get/ make”

Active: S + have + O (ngêi) + bare infinitive + O (ngêi/ vËt)
Passive: S + have + O (vËt) + Vp2 + ( by O ngêi )

Ex: - I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.

I had my bicycle repaired (by him) yesterday.

Active: S + get + O (ngêi) + to infinitive + O (vËt)

Passive: S + get + O (vËt) + Vp2 + (by O ngêi )

Ex: - I get her to make some coffee.

I get some coffee made (by her).

Active: S + make + O (ngêi) + bare infinitive + O2 (ngêi/ vËt)

Passive: S + be made + to infinitive + O2 + ( by O ngêi )

Ex: - He makes this boy clean the car.

The boy is made to clean the car.

2/ §éng tõ chØ gi¸c quan: (see/ watch/ hear ....)

Active: S + verb + O + bare infinitive / V-ing + ...

Passive: S (OA) + be + Vp2 + to infinitive/ V-ing + ...

Ex: - They saw her come in.

She was seen to come in.

3/ §éng tõ chØ ý kiÕn: (say/ think/ believe/ report/ .....)

Active: S + verb + That + clause ( S2 + V2 + O2)

 Passive: * It + be + Vp2 + that + clause
* S2 + be + Vp2 + to infinitive
to have Vp2

Ex:
- People say that he is a famous doctor.
It is said that he is a famous doctor.
He is said to be a famous doctor.
- They thought that Mary had gone away
Marry was thought to have gone away.
It was thought that Marry had gone away.

4/ C©u mÖnh lÖnh:

a/ Active: Verb + O + ...
Passive: Let + O + be Vp2 +....

Ex: write your name here.

Let your name be written here.

b/ S + let + O(ngêi) + do + something

S(O) + be + let + to do something.
S(O) + be + allowed + to do something.

Ex: He let me go out

I was let to go out
I was allowed to go out.
"Nội động từ" thường không dùng trong câu bị động theo cách dùng của người nói
tiếng Anh.

Một số động từ thường không dùng dạng bị động theo cách dùng của người bản ngữ
như: appear, arrive, become, come, disappear, exist, happen, remain, stay, occur, take
place.

Some of items I ordered arrived two days later.

(Một vài sản phẩm tôi đã đặt đến muộn hơn hai ngày).

All the participants remained in their seats during the recess.

(Tất cả người tham gia vẫn ngồi tại chỗ suốt thời gian nghỉ họp giữa giờ).
Những động từ thể hiện ý nghĩa chỉ sự sở hữu, sự tồn tại, hay một lời tuyên bố, cũng
không thể dùng ở thể bị động.

Những động từ này bao gồm: become, belong to, have, lack, meet, resemble.
These files and discs belong to the Sale Department.
(Những tập tin này và ổ đĩa này thuộc bộ phận bán hàng)
We had the meal with the buyers from the Philippines.
(Chúng tôi đã ăn tối với những khách hàng đến từ Philippines).

The manager became the general manager when I got back from my business trip.
(Ngài quản lí đã trở thành tổng giám đốc khi tôi trở lại từ chuyến công tác của mình).

Bµi tËp
I/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form.
1. Somebody has taken my briefcase.
2. The teacher returned our written work to us.
3. She had finished her report by soon.
4. The mad dog bit the little boy.
5. The police have arrested five suspects.
6. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest.
7 lightening struck the house.
8. A group of students have met their friends at the rail way station.
9. They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home.
10. The teacher won’t correct exercises tomorrow.
11. Marry has operated Tom since 10 o’clock.
12. This is the second time they have written to us about this.
13. Mr. Smith has taught us French for two year.
14. They didn’t look after the children properly.
15. Nobody swept this street last week.
16. People drink a great deal of tea in England.
17. People speak English all over the world.
18. Tom was writing two poems.
19. She often takes her dog for a walk.
20. They can’t make tea with cold water.
21. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plan.
22. Somebody has taken some of my book away.
23. They will hold the meeting before the May Day.
24. They have to repair the engine of the car.
25. The boys broke the window and took away some pictures.
26. People spend a lot of money on advertising everyday.
27. They may use this room for the classroom.
28. The teacher is going to tell a story.
29. Marry is cutting the cake with a sharp knife.
30. The children looked at the women with a red hat.
31. She used to pull my hat over my eyes.
32. For the past years, I have done all my washing by hand.
33. A pair of Robins has built a nest in the porch since last week.
34. The police haven’t found the murderer yet.
35. They sold one of her paintings at $1,000.
36. I will put your gloves back in the drawer.
37. People speak English in almost every corner of the world.
38You mustn’t use the machine after 5.30 p.m.
39. Luckily for me, they didn’t call my name.
40. After class, one of the students always erases the chalk board.
41. You must clean the wall before you paint it.
42. They told the new pupil where to sit.
43. I knew that they had told him of the meeting.
44. Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness.
45. No one believes this story.
46. A sudden increase in water pressure may break the dam.
47. We must take good care of books borrowed from the library.
48. A man I know told me about it.
49. We can never find him at home for he is always on the move.
50. They use milk for making butter and cheese.
II/ Change the following sentences from active into passive form.
1.Yes – No questions.
1.Do they teach English here?
2.Will you invite her to your wedding party?
3.Did the teacher give some exercise?
4.Is she going to write a poem?
5.Have they changed the window of the laboratory?
6.Is she making big cake for the party?
7.Has Tom finished the work?
8.Are the police making inquires about the thief?
9.Must we finish the test before ten?
10.Will buses bring the children home?
2. Wh – question:
11. When will you do the work?
12. How many days did she spend finishing the work?
13. How do you spend this amount of money?
14. What books are people reading this year?
15. How did the police find the lost man?
16. Who looked after the children for you?
17. How long have they waited for the doctor?
18. What time can the boys hand in their paper?
19. Why didn’t they help him?
20. Who are they keeping in the kitchen?
3. Sentences with verbs “continue and begin”.
21. We’ll continue to use this computer.
22. They began to plant rubber trees in big plantation.
23. People can continue to enjoy natural resources.
24. People will continue to drink coca – cola in the 21st century.
25. American people began to love football.
4. Sentences with phrasal verbs.
26. They gave up the research after three hours.
27. Someone should look into the matter.
28. Don’t speak until someone speak to you.
29. A neighbor is looking after the children.
30. Your story brings back pleasant memories.
5. Sentences with verbs of perception: (gi¸c quan)
31. I have heard her sing that song several times.
32. People saw him steal your car.
33. The teacher is watching them work.
34. He won’t let you do that silly thing again.
35. People don’t make the children work hard.
36. They made him work all day.
37. The detective saw the woman putting the jewelry in her bag.
38. The terrorists made the hostages lie down.
39. Police advise drivers to use an alternative route.
40. She helps me do all these difficult exercises.
6. Sentences with “advise, beg, order, urge, agree, decide...”.
41. She advised me to sell that house.
42. They beg us to help them.
43. He orders us to clean the floor.
44. He recommends me to do the job.
45. She urged him to visit her parents as soon as possible.
7. Sentences of imperative:
46. Open your book!
47. Take off your hat!
48. Don’t do that silly thing again!
49. Let tell them about it!
50. Don’t let the other see you!]
8. Some special sentences:
51. It is dangerous for us to take the short cut.
52. You need to have you hair cut.
53. You must see it to believe it.
54. John wants someone to take some photographs.
55. We enjoy writing letter.
III. Read the sentences then write another sentences with the same meaning.
1. It is believe that the wanted man is living in New York.
- The wanted
man..............................................................................................................
2. It is said that many people are homeless after the flood.
- Many people...................................................................................................................
3. It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law.
- The Prime Minister.......................................................................................................
4. It is expected that the government will lose the election.
- The government............................................................................................................
5. It is thought that the prisoner escaped climbing over the wall.
- The prisoner..................................................................................................................
6. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen.
- The thieves....................................................................................................................
7. It is alleged that he drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
- He................................................................................................................................
8. It is reported that two people were seriously injured in the accident.
- Two people...................................................................................................................
9. It is said that three men were arrested after the explosion.
- Three men.....................................................................................................................
10. It is said that he is 108 years old.
- He..................................................................................................................................
11. They rumored the man was still living.
- The man.........................................................................................................................
12. They declared that she won the competition.
- She................................................................................................................................
13. People believed that13 is an unlucky number.
- Number 13...................................................................................................................
14. They saw that John is the brightest student in class.
- John..............................................................................................................................
15. People believed that the earth stood still.
- The earth......................................................................................................................

III. Change the following sentences into passive voice (5points).

1. She has to pick fruit very early in the morning.
2. The house was dirty because she hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.
3. She is taking care of the baby girl.
4. Children should treat old men with respect.
5. She was wearing her new T-shirt when I met her yesterday.