Mang May Tinh 01 1 Tongquan (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ON COMPUTER NETWORK
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ET4230 – 20161
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TS. Trần Quang Vinh
BM. Kỹ thuật Thông tin
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Viện Điện tử - Viễn thông
Đại học Bách Khoa Hà Nội
vinhtq@hust.edu.vn
http://sanslab.vn
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Chapter 1: introduction
o
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our goal: overview:

 get “feel” and  what’s the Internet?
u
terminology  what’s a protocol?

cu
 more depth, detail  network edge; hosts, access net,

later in course physical media
 approach:  network core: packet/circuit
 use Internet as switching, Internet structure
example  performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 security
 protocol layers, service models
 history 2
1
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?

1.2 network edge
 end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
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 packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
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1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
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ĐỊNH NGHĨA
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 Mạng máy tính:

 thiết bị mạng (host, server, network devices)
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 phương tiện truyền dẫn vật lý (transmission medium)

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 kiến trúc mạng (network architecture)

 cấu trúc mạng (Topology)
 giao thức mạng (Protocols)
2
What’s the Internet: a component view
PC mobile network
 millions of connected
server
computing devices:
wireless global ISP
laptop  hosts = end systems
smartphone
 running network apps
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
 fiber, copper, radio,
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links satellite
wired
links  transmission rate:
bandwidth
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 Packetswitches: forward
packets (chunks of data)
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router institutional
 routers and switches
co network
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What’s the Internet: a protocol view

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mobile network
 Internet: “network of networks”
 Interconnected ISPs
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global ISP
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 protocols control sending,

receiving of msgs home
network
 e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, regional ISP
802.11
 Internet standards
 RFC: Request for comments
 IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network
3
What’s the Internet: a service view
 Infrastructure that provides mobile network
services to applications:
global ISP
 Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets, …
home
 provides programming network
regional ISP
interface to apps
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 hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
“connect” to Internet
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 provides service options,
analogous to postal service
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institutional
co network
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What’s the Internet: goal

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 Chia sẻ tài nguyên dùng chung

 Nâng cao độ tin cậy
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 Môi trường giao tiếp người – máy

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 Giảm chi phí đầu tư phần cứng

 Bảo đảm các tiêu chuẩn thống nhất về tính bảo mật, an
toàn dữ liệu
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Topology
 Kiểu điểm - điểm (Point to Point)
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Các mạng có cấu trúc điểm - điểm (Star, Ring, Tree)
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Topology
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 Kiểu đa điểm hay quảng bá (Point to Multipoint,

Broadcasting)
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Các mạng có cấu trúc quảng bá (Bus, Ring, and Satellite)
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What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:

 “what’s the time?”  machines rather than
 “I have a question” humans
 introductions  all communication

activity in Internet
governed by protocols
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… specific msgs sent protocols define format, order
… specific actions taken of msgs sent and received
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when msgs received, among network entities,
or other events
and actions taken on msg
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co transmission, receipt
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a human protocol and a computer network

protocol:
u
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Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Q: other human protocols?

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 Chức năng giao thức

 Encapsulation
 Fragmentation
 Connection control
 Monitoring
 Flow control
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 Error control
 Synchronization
 Addressing
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Chapter 1: roadmap
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1.2 network edge
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1.3 network core

1.7 history
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A closer look at network structure
 network edge: mobile network
 hosts: clients and servers global ISP

 servers often in data centers
home
 access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
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communication links
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 network core:
 interconnected routers
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 network of networks institutional
co network
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Access networks and physical media

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Q: How to connect end

systems to edge
u
router?
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 residential access nets

 institutional access networks
(school, company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second) of
access network?
 shared or dedicated?
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Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone

network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
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dedicated line to central office multiplexer
 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
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 data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
 voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
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 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
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Access net: cable network

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cable headend
…
u
cable splitter
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modem
C
O
Shared cable
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

in different frequency bands
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Access net: cable network
cable headend
cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network
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 HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2
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Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
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 homes share access network to cable headend
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
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Access net: home network

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wireless
devices
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to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
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Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
link to
ISP (Internet)
router
Ethernet mail,
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switch web servers
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 typically used in companies, universities, etc
 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
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 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
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Wireless access networks

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 shared wireless access network connects end system to router

 via base station aka “access point”
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wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

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 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)

 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 Mbps operator, 10’s km
transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE
to Internet
to Internet
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Physical media
 bit: propagates between

transmitter/receiver pairs
 physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver
 guided media:
 signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
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
 signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
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Physical media: coax, fiber

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twisted pair (TP)

 two insulated copper wires
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 Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs Ethernet

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 Category 6: 10Gbps
coaxial cable:
 two concentric copper conductors
 bidirectional
 broadband:
 multiple channels on cable
 HFC
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Physical media: coax, fiber
fiber optic cable:

 glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit
 high-speed operation:
 high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
Gpbs transmission rate)
 low error rate:
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 repeaters spaced far apart
 immune to electromagnetic noise
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Physical media: radio, viba, Infrared

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 signal carried in radio link types:

electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
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 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

LAN (e.g., WiFi)
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
 bidirectional  11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 propagation environment  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects:  3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
 reflection  satellite
 Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
 obstruction by objects multiple smaller channels)
 interference  270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude
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Chapter 1: roadmap

1.2 network edge
1.3 network core
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1.7 history
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The network core

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 mesh of interconnected
routers
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 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
 forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source to
destination
 each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
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Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
 takes L/R seconds to transmit

one-hop numerical
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(push out) L-bit packet into link
at R bps
example:
 store and forward: entire packet  L = 7.5 Mbits
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must arrive at router before it  R = 1.5 Mbps
can be transmitted on next link
 one-hop transmission
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 end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming delay = 5 sec
zero propagation delay) more on delay shortly …
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Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

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R = 100 Mb/s C
A
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D
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R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
queuing and loss:

 If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of
link for a period of time:
 packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up
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Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets

destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
 routing algorithms
routing algorithm
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local forwarding table
header value output link
1
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0100 3
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
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dest address in arriving
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packet’s header 31
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Alternative core: circuit switching

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end-end resources allocated to,

reserved for “call” between source
& dest:
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 In diagram, each link has four

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circuits.
 call gets 2nd circuit in top link
and 1st circuit in right link.
 dedicated resources: no sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 circuit segment idle if not used by
call (no sharing)
 Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks
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Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users
frequency
time
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TDM
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frequency
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time
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Packet switching versus circuit switching

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packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
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 1 Mb/s link
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 each user: N
• 100 kb/s when “active” users
• active 10% of time 1 Mbps link
 circuit-switching:
 10 users
Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
 packet switching:
 with 35 users, probability > Q: what happens if > 35 users ?
10 active at same time is
less than .0004 *
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Packet switching versus circuit switching
is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”
 great for bursty data
 resource sharing
 simpler, no call setup
 excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
 protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
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 Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
 bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
 still an unsolved problem
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Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching)
versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
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Phân loại mạng máy tính

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 Theo khoảng cách

 Mạng cục bộ LAN (Local Area Networks)
u
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Cấu trúc mạng hình BUS

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Cấu trúc mạng hình RING
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u
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Cấu trúc mạng hình sao
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 Mạng đô thị MAN (Metropolitan Area Networks)
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 Mạng diện rộng WAN (Wide Area Networks)
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 Phân loại theo cơ chế chuyển mạch

 Mạng chuyển mạch kênh (Circuit Switched Networks)
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 Mạng chuyển mạch thông báo (message-switched
network)
u
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 Mạng chuyển mạch gói (Packet Switched Networks)
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 Mạng chuyển mạch gói (Packet Switched Networks)
u
A t1
s
cu
t 2 “Store-and-Forward” at each Router

R1
s
t1 t3
min(d e 2 e )  i 1 (t pi  t si )
p
n
R2
s
t2 p
t4
R3
s
t3
B
p
t p4
A
ts1
tq1
ts2
R1
d e 2 e  i 1 (t pi  t si  t qi )
tp1
tq2
ts3 n
R2
tp2 ts4
R3
B
tp3
Trong điều kiện tải cao, các gói đi vào
tp4 nút mạng phải đợi trong hàng đợi
trước khi được gửi ra đầu ra 44
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 So sánh các cơ chế chuyển mạch (bài tập)
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 Phân loại theo mô hình xử lý dữ liệu

 Mô hình Client-Server
u
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Mô hình chủ /khách (Client / Server)
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u
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Mô hình Client-Server nhiều lớp

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 Mô hình ngang hàng (Peer-to-Peer)
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Kích cỡ mạng
o
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WAN
u
3GPP 3G, LTE

IEEE 802.20
cu
ATM
MAN ETSI HIPERMAN

IEEE 802.4,6,16 & HIPER ACCESS
IEEE LAN ETSI

802.3,5,11 HIPERLAN
PAN (<10m)
(IEEE802.15,
ETSI HIPER PAN)
50
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Một số mạng điển hình
WAN
3GPP 3G, LTE
IEEE 802.20
ATM
MAN ETSI HIPERMAN

IEEE 802.4,6,16 & HIPER ACCESS
om
IEEE LAN ETSI
802.3,5,11 HIPERLAN
PAN (<10m)
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(IEEE802.15,
ETSI HIPER PAN)
ng
co
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 IEEE 802
 IEEE 802.3: Chuẩn mạng LAN/MAN – Ethernet
u
 IEEE 802.4: Chuẩn mạng LAN – Token Bus, chủ yếu

được sử dụng trong công nghiệp (GM)
cu
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 IEEE 802
 IEEE 802.5: chuẩn mạng LAN – Token Ring được
phát triển bởi IBM
 IEEE 802.6: chuẩn mạng MAN – DQDB (Distributed
Queue Dual Bus) với tốc độ 150Mbit/s trên khoảng
cách 160km
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 IEEE 802
 IEEE 802.11: chuẩn mạng LAN không dây
 IEEE 802.15: chuẩn mạng cá nhân không dây (Wireless Personal Area
u
Network - WPAN)
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 IEEE 802.15.1: BlueTooth

 IEEE 802.15.3: High rate WPAN (11 – 55Mbit/s): sử dụng cho các ứng dụng
multimedia
 IEEE 802.15.4: Low rate WPAN/ZigBee: cho các ứng dụng tiêu thụ ít năng
lượng, tốc độ thấp (Wireless Sensor Network)
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 IEEE 802
 IEEE 802.16: Chuẩn mạng WMAN – WiMAX
 IEEE 802.16-2004: WiMAX cố định
 IEEE 802.16e-2005: WiMAX di động
 IEEE 802.20: WWAN – Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
(MBWA), tầm phủ sóng lớn hơn WiMAX (< 15km)
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 3GPP
 3G/HSPA (High Speed Packet Access)
u
 LTE (Long Term Evolution)

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 ATM Forum
 ATM
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Internet structure: network of networks
 End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet

Service Providers)
 Residential, company and university ISPs
 Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
 So that any two hosts can send packets to each other
 Resulting network of networks is very complex
 Evolution was driven by economics and national policies
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 Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
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o
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect

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them together?
access access
u
net net
access
net
cu
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
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Option: connect each access ISP to every other access
ISP?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
connecting each access ISP
om
access
to each other directly doesn’t access
net
scale: O(N2) connections. net
.c
access
net
access
net
access
ng
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
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o
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP? Customer

du
and provider ISPs have economic agreement.

access access
u
net net
access
net
cu
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
global
access
net
ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
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But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
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access access
net ISP B net
.c
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
ng
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
co
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th
ng

o
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors

du
…. which must be interconnected

access access
Internet exchange point
u
net net
access
net
cu
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
access IXP access

net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access peering link

net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
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… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPS
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
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access IXP access
net ISP B net
.c
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
regional net
ng
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
co
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… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft,

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Akamai ) may run their own network, to bring services, content

close to end users
access access
u
net net
access
net
cu
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
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Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
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access access access access access access access access
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ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP
 at center: small # of well-connected large networks
ng
 “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national &
international coverage co
 content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it
65
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

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POP: point-of-presence
u
to/from backbone
cu
peering
… …
…
…
to/from customers
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Một số khái niệm
 Băng thông: Số lượng bit có thể truyền đi trên một

đơn vị thời gian
 Thường được biểu diễn qua tốc độ dữ liệu tối đa (maximum
data rate)
 Trễ lan truyền (propagation delay): thời gian để tín

hiệu lan truyền trên kênh vật lý:
 tp=l/vc; vc là vận tốc lan truyền của tín hiệu
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 Phụ thuộc vào môi trường truyền dẫn
 Electromagnetic signal (light) travels in the medium -- 2 x 108
m/s in fiber.
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 l: Chiều dài của đường truyền vật lý giữa 2 nút mạng (m)
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 Thời gian phục vụ gói (transmission time): thời gian

gửi hết một gói tin từ bit đầu tiên đến bit cuối cùng lên
kênh truyền
u
 ts=L/C
cu
 Dung lượng kênh truyền C (bit/s) (link capacity)

 A function of bandwidth
 If bandwidth is B, transmission time is 1/B.
 If bandwidth is 10 Mbps, the transmission time is 1/(10 x 106)
= 1 ms.
 Trễ hàng đợi tq (Queuing delay): thời gian một gói
phải lưu lại trong hàng đợi ở nút mạng trung gian
 How long does it have to wait ?
 Dependent on the load on the network -- how many packets are
traversing that router
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34
 Trễ từ đầu cuối đến đầu cuối (end-to-end delay de2e:

trễ từ khi gửi một gói tin ở đầu phát cho đến khi nó
được nhận ở đầu thu
 Round Trip Time

 RTT is the length of time it takes for a small packet to be sent
plus the length of time it takes for an acknowledgment of that
packet to be received (excluding the transmission time of the
om
packet)
 if forward delay = backward delay, RTT = 2 * Latency
(typically assumed -- although not always accurate)
.c
ng
co
69
an
th
ng

o
du
 Thông lượng (Throughput):

 Định nghĩa hiệu quả sử dụng kênh truyền
u
 Throughput = Transfer size/ Transfer time.

cu
 What is the transfer time ?

 RTT + (Transfer size/Bandwidth)
 (ignoring queuing delays).
 Ví dụ:
 1 MB file over a 1 Gbps network with RTT 100 milliseconds.
 Transfer time = 100 ms + (1 MB/1Gbps) = 100 ms + 8 ms = 108 ms.
 Effective throughput = 1 MB/108 ms = 74.1 Mbps.
 Nhận xét: Impact of data size
 If data size increases, (Transfer size/Bandwidth) increases become much
larger than RTT, in that case, Throughput ~ (Transfer size /(Transfer
size/Bandwidth) ~ Bandwidth!
70
35
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
 takes application message
two packets,
 breaks into smaller chunks,
L bits each
known as packets, of length
L bits
 transmits packet into access
2 1
network at transmission rate
om
R R: link transmission rate
host
 link transmission rate,
aka link capacity, aka
.c
link bandwidth
packet time needed to L (bits)
ng
transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link
co R (bits/sec)
71
an
th
ng
How do loss and delay occur?

o
du
packets queue in router buffers

packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
u

capacity
cu
 packets queue, wait for turn

packet being transmitted (delay)
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
72
36
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
om
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay
.c
 time waiting at output link for
 check bit errors transmission
ng
 determine output link  depends on congestion level of
router
 typically < msec co
73
an
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Four sources of packet delay

o
du
transmission
A propagation
u
cu
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

 L: packet length (bits)  d: length of physical link
 R: link bandwidth (bps)  s: propagation speed in medium
 dtrans = L/R (~2x108 m/sec)
dtrans and dprop  dprop = d/s
very different
74
37
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
 cars “propagate” at  time to “push” entire

100 km/hr caravan through toll booth
toll booth takes 12 sec to service onto highway = 12*10 =
om

car (bit transmission time) 120 sec
 car~bit; caravan ~ packet  time for last car to
.c
propagate from 1st to 2nd
 Q: How long until caravan is toll both:
lined up before 2nd toll booth? 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
ng
 A: 62 minutes
co
75
an
th
ng
Caravan analogy (more)

o
du
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
u
caravan booth booth

cu
 suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

 and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a
car
 Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at
first booth?
 A: Yes! after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second booth; three cars
still at 1st booth.
76
38
Queueing delay (revisited)
 R: link bandwidth (bps)

 L: packet length (bits)
 a: average packet
arrival rate traffic intensity
= La/R
om
La/R ~ 0
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small
La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
.c

 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!
ng La/R -> 1
co
77
an
th
ng
“Real” Internet delays and routes

o
du
 what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?

 traceroute program: provides delay measurement
u
from source to router along end-end Internet path

cu
towards destination. For all i:

 sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
destination
 router i will return packets to sender
 sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
78
39
“Real” Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
om
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
.c
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
ng
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
co
79
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Packet loss
o
du
 queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite

capacity
u
 packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)

cu
 lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by

source end system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
80
40
Throughput
 throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits

transferred between sender/receiver
 instantaneous: rate at given point in time
 average: rate over longer period of time
om
.c
server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
ng
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
co
81
an
th
ng
Throughput (more)
o
du
 Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

u
cu
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
82
41
Throughput: Internet scenario
 per-connection
Rs
end-end Rs Rs
throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) R
om
 in practice: Rc or Rc Rc
Rs is often
.c
Rc
bottleneck
ng
10 connections (fairly) share
backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
co
83
an
th
ng
Bài tập
o
 Compare the delay in sending an x -bit message over a k -hop path

du
in a circuit-switched network and in a (lightly loaded) packet-

switched network. The circuit setup time is s sec, the propagation
delay is d sec per hop, the packet size is p bits, and the data rate is
u
b bps. Under what conditions does the packet network have a lower
cu
delay?
 Suppose that x bits of user data are to be transmitted over a k-hop
path in a packet-switched network as a series of packets, each
containing p data bits and h header bits, with x >> (p + h). The bit
rate of the lines is b bps and the propagation delay is negligible.
What value of p minimizes the total delay?
 A LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), each sector has its
own 36-Mbps channel. According to queuing theory, if the channel is
50% loaded, the queuing time will be equal to the download time.
Under these conditions, how long does it take to download a 5-KB
Web page? How long does it take to download the page over a 1-
Mbps ADSL line? Over a 56-kbps modem?
84
42
Internet history
 Bắt đầu từ một thí nghiệm của dự án của
ARPA
 Một liên kết giữa hai nút mạng (IMP tại
UCLA và IMP tại SRI).
 ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency
 UCLA: University California Los Angeles
 SRI: Stanford Research Institute
 IMP: Interface Message Processor
om
.c
ng
co
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an
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Internet history
o
du
 3 tháng sau: một mạng hoàn chỉnh với 4 nút, 56kbps

u
cu
SRI UTAH
UCSB
UCLA
86
43
Internet history
 ARPANET thời kỳ đầu, 1971: tốc độ phát triển 1 nút/tháng
om
.c
ng
co
87
an
th
ng
Internet history
o
du
 Sự mở rộng của ARPANET, 1974: vượt quá 3.000.000 gói tin/ngày

u
cu
88
44
Internet history
 Thập niên 1970:
 Từ đầu 1970 xuất hiện các mạng riêng:
ALOHAnet tại Hawaii
DECnet, IBM SNA, XNA
 1974: Cerf & Kahn – nguyên lý kết nối các hệ thống
mở (Turing Awards)
 1976: Ethernet, Xerox PARC
om
.c
ng
co
89
an
th
ng
Internet history
o
du
 1981: Xây dựng mạng NSFNET

 NSF: National Science Foundation: Phục vụ cho nghiên cứu khoa học, do
sự quá tải của ARPANET
u
cu
90
45
Internet history
 1986: Nối kết USENET& NSFNET
om
.c
ng
co
91
an
th
ng
Internet history
o
du
 Thêm nhiều mạng mới nối vào: MFENET, HEPNET (Dept. Energy),
SPAN (NASA), BITnet, CSnet, NSFnet, Minitel …
 TCP/IP được chuẩn hóa và phổ biến vào 1980
u
 Berkeley tích hợp TCP/IP vào BSD Unix

cu
 Dịch vụ: FTP, Mail, DNS …

Cuối 1990’s – 2000’s:
 Thập niên 90: Web và  Nhiều ứng dụng mới: chat, chia
thương mại hóa Internet sẻ file P2P…
 Đầu 90: ARPAnet chỉ là một  E-commerce, Yahoo, Amazon,
phần của Internet Google…
 Đầu 90: Web  > 50 triệu máy trạm, > 100 triệu
 HTML, HTTP: Berners- NSD
Lee  Vấn đề an toàn an ninh thông
 1994: Mosaic, Netscape tin!
 Internet dành cho tất cả mọi
 Cuối 90: Thương mại hóa
người
Internet
 Tất cả các dịch vụ phải quan
tâm tới vấn đề này 92
46
Internet history
2005-present
 ~750 million hosts
 Smartphones and tablets
 Aggressive deployment of broadband access
 Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
 Emergence of online social networks:
 Facebook: soon one billion users
om
 Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their own networks
 Bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous” access to
search, emai, etc.
.c
 E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their services in
“cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2)
ng
co
93
an
th
ng
Internet history
o
du
 Phát triển Internet ở Việt Nam

u
cu
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_tại_Việt_Nam
94
47
Internet history
 Thị phần thuê bao dịch vụ truy cập Internet của các doanh nghiệp
(tính đến tháng 12/2010)
om
.c
ng
co
95
an
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ng
Introduction: summary
o
du
covered a “ton” of you now have:

material!  context, overview, “feel” of
networking
u
 Internet overview
more depth, detail to follow!
cu
 what’s a protocol? 
 network edge, core, access

network
 packet-switching versus
circuit-switching
 Internet structure
 performance: loss, delay,
throughput
 layering, service models
 security
 history
96
48

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Mang May Tinh 01 1 Tongquan (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION ON COMPUTER NETWORK

our goal: overview:

terminology  what’s a protocol?

 more depth, detail  network edge; hosts, access net,

1.1 what is the Internet?

1.3 network core

 Mạng máy tính:

 phương tiện truyền dẫn vật lý (transmission medium)

 kiến trúc mạng (network architecture)

What’s the Internet: a protocol view

 protocols control sending,

 Infrastructure that provides mobile network

What’s the Internet: goal

 Chia sẻ tài nguyên dùng chung

 Môi trường giao tiếp người – máy

 Giảm chi phí đầu tư phần cứng

 Kiểu điểm - điểm (Point to Point)

 Kiểu đa điểm hay quảng bá (Point to Multipoint,

Các mạng có cấu trúc quảng bá (Bus, Ring, and Satellite)

human protocols: network protocols:

 introductions  all communication

a human protocol and a computer network

Q: other human protocols?

 Chức năng giao thức

1.1 what is the Internet?

 end systems, access networks, links

1.3 network core

 network edge: mobile network

 hosts: clients and servers global ISP

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

 residential access nets

central office telephone

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

Access net: cable network

frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted

cable splitter cable modem

data, TV transmitted at different

Access net: home network

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

Wireless access networks

 shared wireless access network connects end system to router

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

 within building (100 ft)  provided by telco (cellular)

 bit: propagates between

 signals propagate freely, e.g., radio

Physical media: coax, fiber

twisted pair (TP)

 Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs Ethernet

fiber optic cable:

Physical media: radio, viba, Infrared

 signal carried in radio link types:

 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

1.1 what is the Internet?

1.3 network core

The network core

 takes L/R seconds to transmit

Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss

queuing and loss:

routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets

Alternative core: circuit switching