CHAPTER III

FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;

1. Recall and appreciate the birth of Filipino Nationalism.

2. Demonstrate ways of showing Filipino Nationalism.

3. Create a diagram showing the development of Filipino Nationalism.

"Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly

the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history
and in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives."
Claro M. Recto Jr.

Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s with an upsurge of

patriotic feelings and nationalistic ideals resulting from more than two decades of
Spanish rule. This served as the backbone of, and continues to this day, the first
nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896 (Joaqs, 1990). These
nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the Philippines for
political, social and economic liberty.

HISTORICAL BACKGOUND FILIPINO NATIONALISM________________

The Philippines had been split into various principalities known as "barangays" in
the years before the 11th century, a name originating from Malayan ships called
"balangays." Datus, rajahs or sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In
1565, when Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and
established the first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization started in
earnest.
Starting with only five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian
monks and further strengthened by two hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel
competing Portuguese colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization
of the archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo in 1571
and founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies (Kurlansky, 1999) This
Spanish colonization united the archipelago of the Philippines into one political unit.

The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism

Originally, the word "Filipino" referred to the Philippines "Spanish criollos." The
Spanish leaders described the natives as Indians during their 333-year rule over the
Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as
insular, criollos, or creoles, were also called "Filipinos" during the colonial era as well.
Spanish-born Spaniards or Philippine-based continental Spaniards were referred to as
Peninsular. Those of blended heritage have been called Mestizos. Despite being
considered inferior by the Peninsular, the Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state
and church, and composed most of the bureaucracy originated of government. The
feeling of domestic awareness originated from the Creoles, who now consider
themselves "Filipino." Three significant factors, economy, education, and parish
secularization brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism's birth. The Philippines ' opening to
global or world trade, the increase of the upper class, and the influx of Europe's liberal
thoughts were just a few instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. "The
first manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s with a
reform or propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in the Philippines with
the aim of "propagandizing" the circumstances of the Philippines in the hopes that the
social, political and financial life of the Philippines would be changed by peaceful means
(History of the Philippine Revolution", 2015).

OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM___________________________

Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of our people with the
Filipino nation and domestic community, the Philippines as our country and homeland. It
goes beyond our family, clan, tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture and
religion. First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing that we belong to one body,
mind, soul, and spirit. It's a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect as a Filipino; pride in our
national cultural heritage and manner of life, with their constraints being realized. It
involves pride in our heroes, pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of
our nationhood; national pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation
alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our own lives.
It is a tool of change and reform ; it aims our moral and spiritual regeneration, our
liberation from ignorance, bigotry (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of
themselves), parochialism (narrowmindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher
ranking individuals gave land and protection and worked and fought for them in
exchange); colonial mentality (the internalized attitude of people's racial or cultural
inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and distorted elitism (an elite's
advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a scheme or community). In other
words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful national identity send and a high-minded intent.

FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR INDIGENOUS VALUES

a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
f. Pakikipagkapwa - Tao (human solidarity based first of all on developing our
nation),
g. Pagkakapantay - Pantay (equality and equity).

DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONALISM_____________

Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in the Spanish-colonial
period. Some fought with their pens and tongues, while others used their arms and
weapons 'authority. Everyone had their own way of showing our country their love and
respect. Some even died and were able to get back our country's freedom that we enjoy
nowadays.
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate their feeling of
nationalism nowadays? You could read some thoughts in this their portion about how
some Filipinos show our nation their nationalism.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism. Everyone must: WORK-ACT-
PARTICIPATE- SECRET-STAND PROUD-LOVE.
Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the government. Respect
everyone including others' raise. Stand proud for who you are. Love everyone as how
you expect they would love you back.

1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity

 Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its purpose. The history
and value of this of this flag are connected to the freedom we have today. Encourage
our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem and even our different
symbol. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of
the Philippines.
2. Be Productive
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but instead make
yourself productive and helpful to the nation. Because some of the Filipinos are blaming
the government for any adverse things our nation would strike. True, there are some
corrupt political position holders. But they're not all. The only issue here is that we rely
too much on our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn to stand on
our own feet and be productive and helpful not only for ourselves, but also for every
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues needy fellowmen,
happening especially in the country. the victims Extend of disasters help to like the
typhoons, flooding, and the like.
Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could already demonstrate our
nationalism to our nation by using this media. Some of our fellow Filipinos used the
authority of the press to extend their assistance to others in the past calamities that hit
our nation. They published some data about how other individuals might be able to
assist disaster-affected individuals.
4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement
Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. They are proud to be
Philippines and to be brought to the nation for the awards. For their accomplishments
they unite every Filipino. We can be proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the
Football Team of Azkals, the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.
5. Patronize And Support Our Own Products
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and products. The
manpower services we provide are also globally competitive. Our economy will improve
more if we ourselves patronize our own products which characterize our creativity,
resourcefulness, and industry.
In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe, nationalism is also self-evident.
Millions of Filipinos now support goods and products made by the Philippines outside
the Philippines. Everything is feasible with the emergence of a world economy based on
information driven by free trade, market economy, and open capital markets. The
Philippine products live up to the standard of quality in all modesty.
6. Preserve the Filipino culture
 Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They are our identity. Be
proud and preserve the culture we have for they are our treasure. We have to keep
them for the future generation.
Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life overseas almost
always return to the Philippines to explore our lovely beaches and the feature
attractions a nation with 7,107 islands offers. Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The
Filipino Channel) subscription to get in contact with every Filipino, forget about
homesickness while overseas, and instil the Filipino values that we see on their
television.
7. Respect Everyone and Value Our Traditions
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will acknowledge a Filipino
individual everywhere you go because he or she has always been respectful of the
elders and others, using the common but certainly classic "ho," "oho," "po" and "opo."
Even in modern themselves times, and traditions. Although Filipinos overseas have held
themselves as the peak of their interest in the prism of their domestic uniqueness with a
passionate approach to political, social and economic liberty. Filipinos may have
plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity, but they share a
common country love and vision for a better Philippines.
8. Speak Out Our Own Language
Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is
our unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language
is an important tool to achieve further unity and national development.
9. Remember and commemorate our heroes' sacrifices for our country
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and
independence. Some fought using their pens and tongues, while some used the power
of their arms and weapons. Each had their own way of showing their love and respect to
our country, in today's generation, let us value and treasured our heroes sacrifices and
devotion for our country. (Google. com)
10.Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen
The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family and nation apart of
their enduring engagement. They may even express their dedication to unpopular
choices born to the advantage of the majority. We are strongly committed to our
obligations. Filipinos create an all-out effort to work and make private sacrifices around
the clock over the weekend hard work. These values, combined with an abundant
reservoir of patience, to our youthful have been minds.
Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is ideal evidence of human sacrifice for family
love and nation love. Being away from home and dealing with the problems of life in a
nation you knew no one and risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are
exemplary particularly when serving a well-formulated task supporting our family's
necessities back home by sending remittances that, in turn, would help increase the
economy of the nation and make it more financially stable through monetary asset

PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF NATIONALISM_________

Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of countries, especially if
these symbols are related to a sense of nationalism. The officially recognized national
symbols of the Philippines are:

1) The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun
representing the provinces of the country.

2) Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8 rays
depicting the original provinces in the Philippines.

3) Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem -

4) Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the Philippines;

symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is small, white, and pleasantly
fragrant.

5) Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known as

Rosewood, it is strong, sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.

6) Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national bird. It is

acknowledged to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle is protected by
law in the country and there is extreme punishment for any harm done to them.

7) Dr. Jose P. Rizal - The National Hero of the Philippines.

8) Carinosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness is

symbolized by this dance.

9) Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It symbolizes

industriousness and hard work due to its use on many farms in the country.
 10) Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines' national fish. It symbolizes versatility,
because of the many ways in which it can be cooked.

11) Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the sweetest fruit
in the world.

12) Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -(untucked
shirt of thin fabric displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical and Hindu
influences) for Women: Baro't Saya (skirt and blouse with no collar)

13) "Bayan Ko" and "Pilipinas Kong Mahal" are the Philippine national songs.

14) Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting)

15) Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This plant is often
used as hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino's resourcefulness.

16) Nipa Hut - The Philippine national house; typically a small bamboo house with a
thatched roof.

IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE OF FILIPINO

NATIONALISM_____________________________________________

The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce

On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce after reviewing
different economic policies 1834 - 1873. This is the period of the development of
agriculture in the country because foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various
ports opened in 1855 in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 Cebu and in
1873 in Tacloban.
Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was stimulated that made the
lives of the Filipinos prosperous. Modern farming techniques were introduced and the
means of transportation and communication were that boost financial advancement,
boost tobacco, sugar and abaca manufacturing.

How Some Filipino Become Illustrados?

 The middle class or the "Illustrados" were the educated Filipinos who, by writing
essays, articles, novels or publication in news journal called "La Solidaridad,"
campaigned for reform in the colony in a peaceful way. They were made up of the
"principalia or those belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to
Filipino or upper class. Their families were "inquilinos" who leased property to the friars.
Agricultural production evolved during Philippine's opening to world trade, which led
them to become rich. They were able to improve their social status and send their
children to European schools. They later clamored for reforms and equality, and their
children became propaganda movement members.

Influx of Liberal Ideas

Suez Canal's opening shortened the distance between the Philippines and Spain.
This paved the way for liberalism to enter the nation. Europe brought liberal concepts
such as equality, freedom and brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish
Republic; more Spaniards came to our nation and imparted liberal thoughts to the
Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not only in Manila, but
also in the provinces that occupied positions in municipal government, the amount of
Spaniards is increasing. With only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social
prestige by gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep the
Filipinos tightly protected.

Secularization Movement
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish friars was one of the
effects of Europe's spreading of liberal ideas.
There Are Two Types of Priests:
1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates - They belong to specific religious orders like
Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians, Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish
priests could be regular priests.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests -These priests not religious orders and were
under the archbishop's oversight.

1565
Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines these are the
Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican, and Franciscan.
Council of Trent
 It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes relates to deacons
and priests who are not monastics or members of a religious institute. But few secular
priests are accessible because some of them have been sent to America.
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino clergys and the
racial and national conflict with the Friars.
19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular Priests.
Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the one who boost
and inspired the Secularization movement and leads a Liberal Regime in Spain
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an autocratic and
oppressive ruler; replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He boasted that he ruled with a crucifix in
one hand and a sword in the other. He decide to restor old order and repealed the
exemption of the Filipino's from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and
tribute (tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.
January 20, 1872
Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando La Madrid,
who took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied against Spaniards. Gov.
Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the rebellion. The ring leaders were murdered
and persecuted by La Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the Rebellion's
mastermind.
Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified against the GOMBURZA
February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta (Bagumbayan)
GOMBURZA - Refers to the three martyrs:
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held the most senior
position of the three as Archbishop's Vicar in Cavite. He was truly nationalistic and
accepted the death penalty calmly as though it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos, was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He was a parish
priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known to be close to the liberal Governor
General de la Torre. He was 35 years old at the time and was active and outspoken in
advocating the Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars and was
known to weep like a child.
Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He was the parish
priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain. He once
snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
Issues On The Three Priests
 1. Fr. Gomez. - participated in secularization but no longer active in 1872 and he
was already more than 80 years old.

2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.

3. Fr. Zamora-Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest was addressed
to a certain Jose Zamora, a known critic of Spanish Government at the time.

GomBurZa Execution
The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the death of secular
priests in the 19th century. The Spaniards wanted the secular priests to be silenced.
Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in
February 17, 1872 by Garrote after being implicated as master minds in Cavite Mutiny.
At the death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they removed their hats
and knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the order of Archbishop Melito
Martinez.
Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where a tightened
iron collar is used to strangle or break a convicted person's neck. It is saidtobethe form
of execution performed to the three priests.
The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution
It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the Philippine history
because the three priests were innocent yet accepted the brutal punishment for the
nation.
Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement
Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La
Solidaridad, was founded in 19th century by the illustrados, to improve the lives of low
Indios thru reforms or changes implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro
Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the foundation of the
movement in Madrid.
Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion and beliefs by means of
pen and tongue; literally means the propagation of a given opinion.
Propagandists or Reformists
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to escape persecution in
1872. They didn't have the intention of achieving social changes through armed struggle
and revolution rather they campaign for reform or change by way of writing. They
advocated reform by writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were popularly
known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain, England and France.
The Goals of Propaganda Movement
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in Spanish
government)
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly.
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement:
1. Emergence of Middle Class
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava
Cerrada
3. Execution of GOMBURZA
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos

THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY_

1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar

DR. JOSE P. RIZAL

Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most prolific writer among
the Propagandists. His pen names are Dimasalang and Laong laan commonly known
and acclaimed as the "Father of Philippine Nationalism" due to his intellectual and
idealistic support for system Philippine itself should Independence. be blamed for him
the unfortunate Spanish colonial state of the Filipinos and the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna. At the age of 3,
he learned his alphabet, at the age of 8, he wrote a poem entitled" Sa Aking mga
Kabata"(To My Fellow children) a poem that talks about love for one's language. At the
age of 9, he was sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his
family name from Mercado to Rizal because Mercado was closely identified to Fr.
Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In 1877, he graduated Bachelor of
Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine
while taking up agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal's poem A la juventud Filipina
(To the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero
Literario-Artisticio.
 The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge learned that it was
written by Filipino. In 1882, he sailed for Spain without the knowledge of his parents and
finished medicine in Universidad Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De
Cien Anos (The Philippine Century Hence) his written essay, where he showed how the
ancient civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Mga Kababaihan ng
Malolos (The Young women of Malolos) He commended the 20 women of Malolos who
bravely disobeyed their parish priestby establishing a night school where they could
learn the Spanish language.
He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about social reality in the
Philippines in 19th century. On February 1888, he was forced to leave Manila, he went
to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US and England causing him to learned numerous
language. On July 3. 1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster
cooperation among Filipinos, to help each other in times of needs, to promote education
and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life as an exiled in Dapitan. He became
a teacher to little boys, he built artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he
served as a doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to
serve as military doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being connected with
revolution which broke out in the Philippines in 1896. He was imprisoned at Fort
Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal association. On December 30,1896, he was
executed in Bagumbayan (Luneta). His last poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios,
secretly hid inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking lamp).

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of Reform
Movement. Born on August 30, 1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan, Bulacan. He used his
grandmother's surname based on Gov. General Narciso Claverias decree in 1849-
"Filipinos should adopt a Spanish Surname."
He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the degree in Bachelor of
Arts at Colegio de San Jose. He took up law at University of Sto. Tomas but unable to
finish it because he was suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He
was also imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married his second cousin
Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia and Anita. He
was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He delivered speeches in
baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to exposed the abuses of the friars and
the injustices his family experienced from them.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a journalist who mastered the use of satire (the use of
humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices,
particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was the
co-founder of the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines "Diariong Tagalog" where
he published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog translation of Jose Rizal's "El
Amor Patrio." His other writings were:
a. Caingat Cayo - He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan - Collection of revised Catholic Prayers where he exposed
the true nature of the friars.
c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria into Aba Ginoong
Barya,
d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremancy in the Philippines).
g. La Frailocracia Filipina (The Frailocracy in the Philippines)

Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato Arellano, a propagandist

and first president of the Katipunan. He organized the 1st political group in the
Philippines known as the "Junta de propaganda." His pseudonyms are, Dolores
Manapat, Piping dilat, V. Garcia and Plaridel.

GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents encourages him to
become a priest. However, Graciano wanted to become a doctor. He left the seminary
and enrolled in the School of Medicine in University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial
difficulties he wasn't able to finish his medical degree and forced to go back in Ilollo. The
poor people of Ilollo consulted him for medical problems. He started the campaign for
freedom in 1874 by writing "Fray Botod" (La hija de fraile) means "Big - Bellied Friar." In
his work he revealed the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as represented by
Fray Botod.
He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and then he went to
Valencia Spain and continues his medical degree but later shifted to journalism in
Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of LOSDOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and
was acclaimed as the "Prince of the Filipino Orators" and the great orator of the Reform
Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura and he founded the La Solidaridad
(Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote
articles campaigning for reforms in the Philippines. He became a member of the
freemasonry and founded masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.
For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic supremacy was the
root cause of impoverishment of the Filipinos under Spanish colonialism. He has a habit
of eating sardines straight from the can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear it the
next day without being laundry.
OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS_______________________________
DR. PEDRO PATERNO
A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled "Ninay," the 1st Filipino Novel that
shows the Filipino's developed culture.

ANTONIOLUNA
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts the
actual life in the Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe defects of the
educational system for women. His pen name was Taga-ilog.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Known to be "Supremo of Katipunan" was one of the founders of Katipunan. He wrote
poem, letters, essays and dialogue while his writing are:
 Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of loving
motherland.
 Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya.
 Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an era of
darkness under the Spaniards
 He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only refer to
particular ethnic group but to all inhabitants who lived near bodies of water (tags-
ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called Tagalog.

His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a Decalogue to serve as

guide for Katipuneros " Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga "Anak ng Bayan" but later
adopted the “ Kartila ng Katipunan” of Emilio Jacinto.

EMILIO JACINTO
Regarded as the "Brain of the Katipunan." Born on Dec. 15, 1875 in Trozo,
Manila. He took up Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de San Juan de Letran. He took
up law from University of Sto. Tomas but he was not able to finish it because of
revolution. He joined Katipunan in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla
ng Katipunan that served as moral and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works
are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria.
 He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official newspaper of Katipunan. He
assigned to rescue Rizal while waiting the ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be
rescued. He fought with cazaderos or Spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna,
where he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6, 1899 in Sta
Cruz Laguna.

THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN

The reform movement's failure paves the way for a movement that advocates
armed struggle to achieve liberty.
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
or Katipunan).
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about Rizal's exile to
Dapitan. Deodato Arellano was the first President of Katipunero followed by Roman-
Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The KKK members were divided when it increased
more than one hundred Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own password
and members undergo blood compact.
Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle method to recruit
members, where every member should recruit two new members who would only know
each other after passing the initiation rites.

CHAPTER IV
FILIPINO CORE VALUES__________

Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;

1. Recognize and relate Filipino values, its structures, models, philosophical

foundations and elements.
BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES

Core values are a person's or organization's fundamental beliefs. These

guiding principles dictate conduct and can assist individuals to know the distinction
between right and wrong. It also assists organizations by establishing an
unwavering guide to determine if they are on the correct track and fulfil their
objectives. Values are essential because they assist us to grow. They assist us
build the future that we want to experience.

Hundreds of choices are made every day by every person and every
organization. The choices we make reflect our values and beliefs and are always
aimed at a particular purpose. That aim is our person or collective (organizational)
needs to be satisfied. When we make choices using our values, we create a
conscious decision to concentrate on what matters to us. They create inner
cohesion within a group when values are shared.

FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM______________________________

Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta have derived Filipino
values. Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and Chinese who created our moral scruples
core. Cultural individuality combined with Spain-derived cultural components. The
U.S. and the contemporary planetary society (Panopio and Rolda. 2000). You can
find Filipinos in almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the sight of other co-
Filipinos when we're in a foreign nation as if there's something that connects us.
Sometimes, if we don't know a person's nationality, but the or she looks like a
Filipino, we often ask, "Filipino ka ba?" And we are happy when he or she answered
"yes." However, if someone fails to satisfy our expectations in the manner, they
answer questions or in the manner they act, we say in frustration, "kapwa Filipino
pa naman.'

Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that "there are no negative Filipino
values, only the wrong use of values". Values slowly alter, but it depends on how
powerful families are to preserve, promote and pass on our cultural values from one
generation to the next.

Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and should be

respected. As we grow older, our parents shaped us different values. From the time
we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga, at pakialam (Care) were given by them. This
value shapes our real Filipino culture, showing that we are conscious of others.
 The Filipino value system relates to the set of values or the value system that
has historically been held by a majority of Filipinos in their life. This system of
Philippine values involves the distinctive combination of coherent ideologies, moral
codes, ethical procedures, cultural etiquette and private values promoted by the
Philippine society. However, as with any culture, the values held sacred by any
person may vary on the grounds of religion, education, and other variables. As a
general description, Filipinos' separate value system is mainly rooted in private
alliance systems, particularly those based on kinship, duty, friendship, religion
(especially Christianity) and business interactions.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF FILIPINO VALUES

For the most part, Filipino values are focused on preserving social harmony,
mainly driven by a group's willingness to be accepted. The primary sanction against
diverging from these values are "Hiya" ideas, approximately translated as "a sense of
shame," and “Amor proper" or "self-esteem." Social approval, group recognition, and
group membership are significant Issues. Caring for what others believe, say or do is a
powerful influence on Filipinos ' social behaviour.
The Filipino philosophy is basically 'non-dualistic,' according to anthropologist
Leonardo Mercado. He concludes, based on his linguistic analysis of Filipino value
terms such as "loob" (Cebuano buot), that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in
interpersonal relationships, but also with nature and religion, while remaining non-
dichotomous. The Filipino wants to harmonize the object and the subject while keeping
both as distinct at the same time.

MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES__________________

1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model

A "legal and formal" model is defined as the international model. Filipinos from
Western cultures, particularly from the Spaniards and the Americans, inherited the
foreign model. An example of foreign or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy displayed
in the Philippine government.

2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model

Described as a "traditional and non-formal" model or guide, the indigenous model

is deeply integrated in the Filipinos ' subconscious.

STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO VALUES________________

 The Filipino value system is known to possess significant key components based
on research, surveys, observations, anecdotes and other literatures developed social by
scholars and researchers in relation to Filipino social values or core values, together
with the Filipino character or identity of a person or individual known as the Filipino.

One may notice how Hiya (ownership/dignity), Pakikisama (companionship/esteem),

and Utang Na Loob (gratitude/ solidarity) are simply Surface Values readily seen and
appreciated by many Filipinos. These three values are deemed branches of a single
origin Filipino Personality's real core value - Kapwa.

It implies' totality,' referring to society, or not doing stuff alone. Ibang Tao (other
people) and Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people) are two types of Kapwa. The Surface
Values spin off the Core Value through Pakikiramdam's Pivotal Aspect or mutual
internal perception ("feeling for someone else").

Other notable elements or Motivision are optimism about the future, pessimism
about current circumstances and activities, concern and concern for others individuals,
the presence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, sprititual
nature, respect for oneself and others, respect for the female members of society, fear
of God, and abhorrence of cheating and other acts.

The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the following elements: family unit
solidarity, security of the Philippine economy, orientation towards small-groups,
personalism, the concepts of "loob" or "kalooban" (meaning "what's inside the self," the
"inner self" or the "actual personal feelings of the self"), existence and maintenance of
smooth interpersonal relationships, and the sense of the self.

In a broader image, these values are categorized into particular clusters or

"macroclusters":

1. Cluster of Relationships

2. Social Cluster

3. Cluster of Livelihoods

4. Cluster of Inwardness

5. Cluster of Optimism

THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES

 Based on Dr. Ramirez's study "The Filipino Worldview and Values" and her
perspectives as a phenomenological sociologist from centuries of practice, here are the
Five Core Filipino Values based on a Filipino's Basic Aspirations.

Mapagpasalamat
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Pamumuhay" (Life) and "Pananalig
sa Diyos at Kapwa" (God and People Faith). Filipinos understand how life can be
enjoyed. We have plenty of vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos
are cheerful and sociable, of course. Even in depressing circumstances, we wear smiles
on our faces. That's because we're always looking at life's bright side.

We always have a positive outlook because, even in the smallest things, we

always find things to be grateful for. We would always say "Salamat sa Diyos" (Thank
God) whenever excellent things occur because Filipinos would attribute the blessings of
life to the Higher Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other people's
excellent acts towards us and do our utmost to return the favor.

Matatag
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have adjusted and
learned to be powerful in moments of need and in difficult circumstances that life throws
at us. This power is derived from our love for our family and our belief in the greater
being. This is based on Filipino's "Kaayusan" (Order) aspiration.

In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is "Ayos Na." When we are able to
overcome problems, we say "Ayos Na. " We Filipinos are longing for "Kaayusan, and
we will endure all and be powerful in the midst of hardships and challenges until we
overcome the barriers.

Masigasig
We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of something. We're doing
it for our loved ones and relatives. This is based on the "Kasaganaan' (Abundance) and
"Ginhawa" (Relief) aspiration of Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a Filipino
aspires to abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon (Bountiful New Year) is the Filipino
translation for Happy New Year because we match happiness and celebration with
abundance.

"Ginhawa" in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow is the soft life flow we
call "Ginhawa." Ginhawa" is the feeling of well-being in a Filipino, according to lay
theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance
of enduring being away from home to offer their families a healthy life - abundance and
relief from hardships.

Mapagmalasakit
 It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors and others that
naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion allows us to assist others without in
exchange asking for anything. This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to "Loob at
Damdamin" and "Kapwa" (Other People). "Loob" is the seat of the dignity of the
Philippines. Filipino's personality is expressed in his "kalooban." Filipinos tune in the
"kalooban" of each other by checking the situation of each other and talking about the
life of each other.

Filipinos use "kapwa" to refer not only to a stranger, but to a relative, a neighbor
next door, a distant relative, or a friend because of our family culture. Our characteristic
of "Mapagmalasakit" makes it simple for us to promote the spirit of Bayanihan-to unite
and assist one another during calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions.

Magalang
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate methods of
regard for Filipino people. We say these phrases and use this gesture to demonstrate
our respect and love to elderly. The Filipinos' respect is not just limited to the elderly but
also to other people's properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite people. Our
language is also respectful because it has no sex bias. For example, the phrases
"kapatid" (brother/ sister) or asawa (husband/wife) or "biyenan" (father in-law/ mother-in-
law) or "anak" (son/daughter) do not show gender differences. These words are
certainly sex friendly Filipino uniquely. Our respect for other people is an integral part of
our culture and our language. This is based on our "Lakas ng Loob" or "Kagandahang
Loob' aspiration.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES__________________

Being a noble profession, the police service demands from its members
specialized understanding and abilities, as well as great standard of ethics and morality.

The members of the Philippine NationalPolice must therefore conform to and

internalize the key principles of:

 Love of God.

 Respect for authority.

 Respect for women

 Respect for sanctity of marriage.

 Stewardship over material things

  Responsible dominion

 Truthfulness

The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the acronym SERVICE. The
acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE stands for:

SERVANT HOOD
As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the nation and individuals,
Police value a supportive and professional role serves and protects its clientele and
community with honesty, utmost devotion and commitment above private concern.

EXCELLENCE
Police are committed in doing and making things occur effectively and efficiently in
all of their efforts as they strive to accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with
tangible outcomes and far beyond their best.

RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY

Police carry out and execute their responsibilities and tasks as their moral duty is
to serve the public with due diligence and always bearing in mind that they are
accountable and duty bound to promote the public interest.

VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

Police always maintain their fellow human beings' dignity whenever they cater
their needs and are delicate and cautious in serving and protecting them with
compassion and utmost regard for their human rights.

INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the fulfillment of their
obligation to live an honest, upright and dignified life according to the highest ethical and
moral norms where their advocacy, values and convictions are compatible with their
words and actions.

COURAGE
From their moral strength police draw their collective and individual power of
approach to always accept difficult duties, and they are courageous enough to speak
out against temptation, anomalies, corruption and exploitation and stand firm.

EMPOWERMENT
Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture volunteerism and
operate in harmony with their clientele by training individuals for a better and safer
society in the process.