Health9

MARINDUQUE ACADEMY, INC. QUARTER 3

Module
What is this module
about?
This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to discover
Unintentional Injury, Prevention, Safety and First Aid. It covers five lessons that Grade 9
student like you ought to possess, namely

It contains the following topics:

1. The basics of first aid
2. Survey of the scene and the victims
3. Dressing and bandages
4. Carrying and transporting an injured person
5. First aid for common unintentional injuries

How does this module help you?

At the end of the module, the learner demonstrates understanding of…

1. identify the different unintentional injury, prevention, safety and first aid
2. explain the importance of first aid
3. illustrate the different first aid materials

What do you hope to accomplish in this module?

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to…

1. identify the different unintentional injury, prevention, safety and first aid
2. explain the importance of first aid
3. illustrate the different first aid materials

LESSON 1-5
Unintentional Injury, Prevention, Safety and First
Aid
What are you expected to know, do, and value?

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to…

1. identify the different unintentional injury, prevention, safety and first aid
2. explain the importance of first aid
3. illustrate the different first aid materials

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What do you already know?

Test I. Multiple choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space
provided.
_____1. What do you call the immediate care given to an injured person before the arrival of a
physician?
a. First Aid c. Chest Compression
b. Intensive Care d. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
_____2. Which is an objective of first aid?
a. To prolong life c. to end the services of a physician
b. To intensify suffering d. To bridge the gap between the victim and the
physician
_____3. When a first aider does not alarm a victim, what characteristic does she/he show?
a. gentleness c. resourcefulness
b. being observant d. tactfulness
_____4. What is the first thing to do in assessing an emergency situation?
a. Call for help c. do a head – to – toe examination
b. Survey if the scene is safe d. check the vital signs of the victim
______5. When is primary survey of the victim done?
a. When the victim is conscious
b. During the survey of the scene
c. When the victim is unconscious
d. After the victim has regained consciousness
______6. What sterile cloth is used to cover a wound?
a. Bandage b. cold compress c. dressing d. hot compress
______7.What is used to stop bleeding and provide support for immobilization of a fracture?
a. Bandage b. cold compress c. dressing d. hot compress
______8. Which is a break in the continuity of the tissue in the body?
a. Fracture b. laceration c. sprain d. wound
______9. What open wound is caused by nails, needles and other pointed objects?
a. Avulsion b. incision c. laceration d. puncture
______10.Which is used to transport an unconscious victim who should not be lifted due to serious
injures?
a. Blanket drag b. chair drag c. hammock carry d. lover’s carry

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What do you need to know?

First aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured.
It includes self – help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. It can mean
the difference between life and death in extreme cases. However, you must know the limits of the
first aid you can give because improper first aid can actually do more harm than good in some
instances. Anyone who gives first aid is a first aider.
Roles of First Aid
1. It is a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compute with or to take the place of the services of the physician.
3. It ends when the services of the physician begins.
Objectives of First Aid
1. To save lives
2. To prolong life
3. To alleviate suffering
4. To prevent further injury
Characteristics of a Good First Aider
1. Gentle – does not cause pain and panic
2. Observant – notices all signs
3. Resourceful – makes the best use of things at hand
4. Tactful – does not frighten the victim
5. Sympathetic – comforts and reassures the victim
Principles of First aid
(Dos in Giving First Aid) (Don’ts in Giving First Aid)
1. DO stay calm. 1. DON’T give food and drink to
2. DO reassure and comfort the victim. an unconscious person.
3. DO check for a medical bracelet 2. DON’T move an injured
indicating a condition, such as person unless you need to
epilepsy or diabetes. place him/her in the recovery
4. DO loosen any tight clothing. position.
5. DO keep the victim covered to reduce
shock.

SURVEY OF THE SCENE AND THE VICTIMS

Vital signs are measures of various physiological statistics taken in order to assess the most
basic body functions. The act of taking vital signs normally entails recording body temperature,
pulse rate or heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate.
Before, Airway, Breathing and Circulation ( ABC ) are mnemonics for essential steps used by
both medical professionals and lay persons such as first aiders when dealing with a patient.
In 2010, the American Heart Association is rearranged the ABCs of cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) in its American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular.

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For more than 40 years, CPR training has emphasize the ABCs of CPR, which instructed people
to open a victim’s airway by tilting their head back, pinching the nose and breathing into the victim’s
mouth, and only then giving chest compression.
Difference between signs and symptoms
SIGNS SYMPTOMS
 details discovered by applying your  Sensations that the victim feels or
senses – sight, touch, hearing and smell experiences and may be able to
during the course of the examination. describe.
Example:
o Bleeding Example:
o Swelling o Nausea
o Deformities o Vomiting
o Heat
o Impaired sensations

Two ways to conduct physical examination when giving first aid:

1. Primary Survey
 Used when the victim is unconscious and to find out and immediately treat life-
threatening conditions.
a. Check for consciousness
1. Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?” while carefully shaking the victim’s
shoulder.
2. When there is no response, not even mumbles or groans, the victim is unconscious
and in need of immediate medical help.
b. Open the Airway
1. The victim’s unconsciousness maybe due to an obstruction in his/her airway. It may
also be caused by a narrowed airway making breathing impossible.
2. Find out if there is loss of muscular control in the throat area which allows the tongue
to slip back and block the throat.
3. Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if the victim is an adult). This way you
will be able to lift the tongue from the back of the throat, leaving the airway clear.
c. Check for Breathing
1. Put your face near the victim’s mouth and look, listen, and feel for breathing. You
should observe for
 Chest movement, sound of breathing, or feel of breath on your cheek
d. Check for Circulation
1. Locate pulse using your middle and index finger. Pulse indicates blood circulation,
which is essential for the heart and brain function
2. Poor blood circulation may be reflected on the pale color of the skin. This is fatal.
To revive circulation, perform CPR immediately.
1. Secondary Survey
 Used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to detect everything about the patient’s
condition.
a. History Taking
SAMPLE PAIN is the mnemonic in order to perform the steps more easily.
S - ymptoms ( the chief complaint of the
patient)
A – llergy (find out if the victim is allergic
to anything)
M – edication ( what are the medicines
s/he is currently taking)

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P – revious illness ( that may be related to Module
the problem)

L – ast meal ( only for those subject of operation)

E – vents prior to what happened
P – eriod of pain ( How long? What started it?)
A – rea ( Where is the pain coming from?)
I – ntensify
N – ullify ( What stopped it?)

b. Checking for Vital Signs

A. Pulse rate
Steps in checking the pulse:
 Use your fingertips in getting the pulse. Follow the following procedure.
1. Place the finger tip over an artery where it either crosses a bone or lies close to the
skin.
2. Feel the pulsations as the pressure wave of blood causes the vessel wall to expand –
that is the pulse.
 The pulse rate may be taken in different points in the body like:
1. Brachial 5. Subclavian
2. Carotid 6. Axillary
3. Wrist 7. Femoral
4. Temporal
 NO – NO in Getting Pulse Rate
o Never use your thumb; it has its own pulse.
o Do not palpate both the carotid arteries at the same time.
o Do not take the pulse when the victim is in sitting position. Pulsations disappear as
the victim is elevated to a sitting position.
o Never put too much pressure or massage the carotid. You may disturb the heart’s
electrical conduction system.
Normal Pulse Rate
60 - 70 Men
70 - 80 Women
80 - 90 Children over 7 years old
80 - 120 Children over 1 – 7 years old
110 - 130 Infants

B. Temperature
Guidelines in checking temperature:
 It is being important to monitor temperature in the case of stroke and high fever.
 Body temperature is measured by using a thermometer within the:
1. Rectum (rectal)
2. Oral (mouth)
3. Axillary (armpit)

C. Respiration
Guidelines in checking respiration:
 Count the number of breaths per minute.
 A whistle sound or wheeze and difficulty in breathing may mean an asthma attack.

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 A gurgling or snoring noise and difficulty in breathing may mean that the tongue,
Module
mucous or something else is stuck in the throat and does not let enough air to get
through.
*Between 12 – 20 breaths per minute are normal for adults and older children; 40
breaths per minute are normal for babies.

D. Skin color

Guidelines in checking skin color:

 Skin color reflects the circulation of blood and the saturation of oxygen in the blood.
 The presence of mucous around the mouth, inner eyelids, and nail beds is a sign of poor
blood circulation.
 A healthy skin is warm and pink because blood flows normally in the blood vessels.
c. Head to Toe Examination
1. Head and neck
 Are there any lacerations or contusions in the area?
 Is there a presence of blood in the victim’s hair? If yes, immediately find out where is
coming from.
 Is there any fluid in the victim’s nose, and ears? If so, the victim has a skull fracture.
2. Eyes
 Pay close attention to the pupils.

Pupil Appearance Assessment

Dilated pupil State of shock
Very small pupils Poison or use of prohibited drugs
Different size Head injury that requires immediate attention
Small and bright Pupils are reactive
No reaction DEATH

3. Chest
 Check for cuts, bruises, penetrations, and other impairments.
 If the victim feels pain while you apply pressure onto his/her chest, there could be a rib
fracture.
4. Abdomen
 Does the victim’s abdomen hurt? Where is the pain coming from?
 Is his/her abdomen tender?
 Did you feel any lumps? If yes, get immediate medical assistance.
5. Back
 Is there movement in the victim’s lower extremities?
 Is there sensation in these parts? If the answer is yes, do not move the victim.
Immobilize him/her.

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Top Ten things to do in case of emergency

1. Shout for HELP!

2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the nearest hospital or if simple cleansing and
band aid will do.
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim needs it, begin CPR right away.
5. Stop the bleeding, if there is any.
6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
7. Look for the medical alert tag in every victim.
8. Seek trained medical assistance.
9. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.
10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.
*ALWAYS LOOK FOR A MEDICAL ALERT TAG IN EVERY VICTIM.

DRESSING AND BANDAGES

A dressing is a piece of sterile cloth that covers a wound to prevent infection and / or to stop
bleeding.

Techniques in Applying a Dressing

1. Wash hands and wear gloves, if possible.

2. Unwrap the dressing as close to the wound as possible. Be sure not to touch the wound.
3. Skin not sterile. If the dressing slips over the victim’s skin while you are trying to position it,
discard and use a fresh one.
4. Place the dressing over the wound.
5. Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch beyond the edges of the wound.
6. If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the wound with a dressing that will stick.
7. Then secure the dressing with a bandage or adhesive tape.
 Cold compress – used to reduce swelling and relieve pain, especially used for sprains
and strains.
 Hot compress – is also used to allow normal blood circulation.
 Cold and hot compress – applied alternately for closed wounds or contusions.
 Bandages are used to apply pressure to bleeding; for covering wounds and burns; and
providing support for immobilization for broken bones, sprains and strains.

Three main types of bandages:

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1. Triangular bandage – made from cloth and can be used as cold compress,Module
padding, support for pressure, or support sling.

2. Ace bandage – secures dressing in place.

3. Tubular bandage – used to support joints or hold dressing in place. Smaller
tubular bandage is used for finger injuries.

Two phases of Bandaging

A. Open phase bandaging – used for wounds on top and back of the head, chest, back, hand, and
foot, and as arm sling.
B. Cravat phase bandaging – used for wounds that need extra support like wound on the eye,
forehead, ear cheek, jaw, shoulder, hip, arm, leg, elbow, knee, and palm and for a sprained
ankle. The narrower the cravat is, the greater pressure it will give.

Techniques in Bandaging

1. Keep in mind the following:

a. Always use a square knot.
b. Keep the cloth sterile to avoid infection.
c. Always keep the ends
2. Bandaging technique depends upon the size and location of the wound, your first aid skills,
and materials at hand.
3. Bandage firmly over bleeding and securely over the broken bone, not so tight so as not to cut
off blood circulation.
4. When wrapping bandages around the body, such as knees, ankles, neck, and small back, use
its natural hollows to slide the bandage gently into place.
5. Since most injuries swell, check regularly to ensure that the bandage is still comfortable and
that it remains firmly secured.
6. Secured the bandage with a tape, clips or a bow or square knot. Ensure that the bandages,
especially the knots, do not touch the skin.

Wounds

 Break in the continuity of a tissue in the body.

 Also called hematoma or contusions.
 A wound may also be an open wound in which there is a break in the skin.

Kinds of Open Wounds

1. Puncture is a piercing wound caused by nails, needles and other pointed objects.
2. Abrasion is caused by rubbing or scraping the skin against a rough surface.
3. Incision is a cut caused by knife, broken glass or any a rough surface.
4. Laceration is a blunt breaking or tearing of soft tissues usually resulting from mishandling
tools and other accidents.

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5. Avulsion is a forcible tearing or partial tearing away of tissues. Module

How to Manage Wounds:

A. For management of hematoma, we use the mnemonic RICE:

1. Resting the injured part

2. Ice application

3. Compression

4. Elevation

B. First Aid for Open Wounds with Severe Bleeding

1. Wear gloves and remove or cut clothing as necessary to expose wound.

2. Control bleeding by applying direct pressure.

3. Elevate the injured part above the heart except for eye injury and wound with embedded

object.

4. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage.

5. Care for shock.

6. Consult a physician immediately.

CARRYING AND TRANSPORTING AN INJURED PERSON

Transporting an injured person to a safer place requires great care. A first aider must undergo
proper training. When doing this, a first aider must consider the following factors:
a . Weight and height of the victim
b. Status of the victim ( conscious or unconscious)
c. Environment ( safe, floor is smooth, narrow or wide)
d. Special need considerations ( injuries of the victims)
One – man Transport
 Fireman’s Carry – the easiest way to transport a light and smaller victim
 Piggy Back – when the victim is conscious
 Pack Strap Carry – when the victim is smaller than the first aider
 Shoulder Drag – used when the floor is smooth, short distance transport
 Fireman’s Drag or Tied – hands Crawl – used when first aider and victim must crawl
underneath a low structure
 Blanket Drag – used when the victim is seriously injured and should not be lifted.
Two – man Carry
 Chair or Seat Carry – when there are two first aiders an a chair is available
Three or More – Man Transport
 Hammock Carry – when there are three first aiders
 Bearer Alongside Carry – carriers will stay on the uninjured side of the victim
 Six Man Lift and Carry – when there are six first aiders

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MARINDUQUE ACADEMY, INC.
FIRST AID FOR UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
Fist aid for common unintentional injuries
FRACTURE is a break or crack in a
bone.
First aid:
1. Check the vital signs.
2. Do not move the injured part.
3. Stop bleeding if there is any.
4. If you have to move the person,
immobilize the broken part by splinting.
5. Seek medical help immediately.
SPRAIN is an injury to the ligaments of a
bone due to accidental tearing or
overstretching.
STRAIN is an injury to the muscles
which is a result of improper use of the
muscle.
First Aid:
1. Rest the injured part.
2. Apply ice.
3. Compress the injured part.
FOOD POISONING is caused by
consuming food or drink that is
contaminated with bacteria or viruses.
First Aid :
1. Help the person to lie down and rest.
2. Give him plenty of flavorless fluids to
drink and a bowl to use if he vomits.
3. Call for medical help if the condition
worsens.
HEART ATTACK is caused by a sudden obstruction of blood supply to the part of the heart
muscles.
First Aid:
1. Help the person sit or lie down with head elevated.
2. Call for medical help.
3. If the person is conscious, give him/her a full – dose aspirin an advise him/her to chew it slowly.
4. Constantly monitor the vital signs. Be prepared to give rescue breaths and chest compression.
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QUARTER 3
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DISLOCATION is a partial or complete
displacement of the bones.
First Aid:
1. Call for help immediately.
2. Splint the affected part.
3. Do not try to move a dislocated part or
force it back into place.
4. Apply ice on the injured part to reduce
swelling.
HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by loss of
salt and water due to excessively high
temperature. This may lead to heatstroke and
even death.
First Aid:
1. Transport a victim to a cool place.
2. Give him/her plenty of water.
3. Check for vital signs.
4. Seek medical help.
DROWNING happens when air cannot get
into the lungs because of water. It can cause
immediate death when taken for granted.
First Aid:
1. Lay the person down on his/her back.
2. Check breathing and open the airway.
3. Give rescue breaths and chest
compression if necessary.
4. If the person is breathing, place him/her
in the recovery position.
5. Treat for hypothermia by removing wet
clothing and covering him/her with a dry
blanket.
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CHOKING result when a foreign objects blocks the throat.

First Aid:
1. Ask the person if he is choking.
2. Encourage him/her to cough.
3. When the person cannot speak or stops coughing, give him five back blows. Stand
behind him and help him lean forward. Support his chest with one hand, and give five
sharp blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand.
4. If back blows fail, try abdominal thrusts. Stand behind the person and put your arms
around the upper part of his abdomen. Clench your fist with thumbs inward. Place it
between navel and the bottom of breastbone. Grasp your fist with your other hand.
Pull sharply inwards and upwards up to times.
5. Check his mouth. If obstruction is not cleared, repeat the back blows and abdominal thrust.
6. If obstruction still has not cleared, call for an ambulance.
Continue until help arrives.

HEAT STROKE is caused by a failure
of the “thermostat” in the brain to
regulate body temperature. When this
happens, the body becomes seriously
heated.
First Aid:
1. Move the person immediately to
a cool place.
2. Remove as much of his outer
clothing as possible.
3. Call for medical help.
4. Wrap the person in a cold, wet
sheet and keep the sheet wet
until his temperature drops to
38°C or 37.5°C under the
tongue or armpit, respectively.
5. If the person has returned to
normal temperature, replace wet
sheet with a dry one.
6. Monitor vital signs until help
arrives.
7. If temperature rises, repeat the
cooling process.
BURNS are often due to domestic incidents such as
touching a hot iron, friction (rope burn) or spilling
boiling water on the skin.
First Aid:
1. For minor burns, flood the injured area with
cold water for at least haw long t stop
burning and relieve pain.
2. Put on gloves and cover the area with sterile
non – adhesive dressing or bandage.
3. For severe burns, help the person to lie
down and prevent the burnt area from
coming into contact with the ground. Douse
the burn with plenty of cold liquid.
4. Seek for medical assistance. Do not delay
medical help.
5. Wear disposable gloves and gently remove
any rings, watches, belts, shoes, or
smouldering clothing before the tissues
begin to swell.
6. Carefully remove any burnt clothing, unless
it is sticking to the skin. Cover the burnt
area with non – adhesive dressing or
bandage.
7. Continue to monitor vital signs.

CHEMICAL BURNS may occur when electricity passes through the body.
First Aid:
1. Make sure that contact with the electrical source is broken.
2. Flood the sites of injury at the entry and exit points of the current with plenty of cold
water.
3. Wear disposable gloves and place a sterile dressing or a bandage over the burn to
protect it from airborne infection.
4. Call for medical help.
5. Reassure the victim and treat for shock.
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STROKE is a condition in which the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly and
seriously to a part of the brain is suddenly and seriously impaired by a blood clot or
ruptured blood vessel.
First Aid:
1. If the person is conscious, help him to lie down with his head and shoulders
slightly raised and supported.
2. Inclined his head to the affected side and place a towel on his shoulder to absorb
any dribbling.
3. Call for help.
4. Loosen any tight clothing.’
5. Monitor vital signs and reassure the victim.
6. If the victim is unconscious, give rescue breathing and chest compression.
7. Call for an ambulance or call for help.

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Please cut along the broken line and submit this page to your
teacher.
How much have you learned?
Name:_____________________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: __________________
A. Directions: Arrange the scrambled letters in column A to form words related to first aid.
Connect them to their correct definition or purpose in column B. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number. ( The first number was provided for you.)

___BURN_________1. BRUN a. a sterile cloth used to cover wound

__________________2. TRAIN b. used to reduce swelling
__________________3. OLDC DAP c. can be used as cold compress
__________________4. NABGADES d. used to apply pressure to stop bleeding
__________________5. DOUNW e. the end of the bone is displaced
__________________6. SINGDERS f. a broken bone
__________________7. SPARIN g. ligaments
__________________8. CLOD PRESSCOM h. muscles are overstretched
___________________9. FARCTERU i. caused by heat
__________________10.LISDOCATION j. a cut in the skin

B. Essay: As a student, how important is first aid in your daily life. Write it in 3- 5 sentences.

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Please cut along the broken line and submit this page to your
teacher.
How do you apply what you learned?
Name:______________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: __________________________

Directions: Draw 5 first aid materials.

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Please cut along the broken line and submit this page to your
teacher.
How do you apply what you learned?

Name:____________________________________________
Grade & Section: _______________________________
Directions: Draw a cartoon / comic strip showing a person ready to help other people through
his/her knowledge and skills in first aid.

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