SURVEY Module 4 Im-Format

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME 12 hr WK NO. 4 & 5 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Unit 4
II. LESSON TITLE

Traverse Surveying
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Traverse adjustment by Transit rule and Compass rule. Area computation by coordinates, DMD/DPD.
Partition of land.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Use transit and compass rule to balance traverse
2. Compute traverse areas by coordinates and DMD/DPD
3. Subdivide tracts or parcel of lands
V. LESSON CONTENT
Definition
A traverse is a form of control survey used in a wide variety of engineering and property surveys.
Essentially, traverses are a series of established stations tied together by angle and distance. Angles
are measured by compass, theodolites or total stations; the distances can be measured by electronic
distance measurement (EDM) instruments, sometimes by steel tapes. Traverses can be open, as in
route surveys, or closed, as in closed geometric figures.
General Classification of Traverse Surveying

1. Closed traverse: When the lines form a circuit which ends at the starting point, it is known as a
closed traverse.
2. Open traverse: When the lines form a circuit ends elsewhere except starting point, it is said to be
an open traverse
Methods of Traversing
1.Deflection Angle Traverse
2.Interior-angle traverse
3.Traverse by angles to the right
4.Azimuth traverse
5.Compass traverse
Traverse Computations
In dealing with a closed traverse, we have computations in:
1)Determining latitudes and departures
2)Calculating total error of closure
3)Balancing the traverse
4)Determining adjusted positions of traverse stations
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
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IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
5)Area computation
6)Area subdivision/Partition of Land
7)Omitted Measurements
Latitude and Departure

Latitude
 Projection of a line onto a reference meridian or North-South line
 Lines with Northerly bearings (+) LAT
 Lines with Southerly bearings (-) LAT
 Equal to distance x cosine of bearing angle
Latitude = d cosθ
Departure
 Projection of a line onto a reference parallel or East-West line
 Lines with Easterly bearings (+) DEP
 Lines with Westerly bearings (-) DEP
 Equal to distance x sine of bearing angle
Departure = d sinθ
Error of Closure
Is usually a short line of unknown length and direction connecting the initial and final traverse stations
In computing for θ , use the absolute values for ΣDep and ΣLat. Determine the quadrant where the line
falls using corresponding signs of the 2 sums.
Relative Error of Closure

Ratio of the linear error of closure to the perimeter or total length of the traverse
REC = Relative Error of Closure

LEC = Linear Error of Closure
D = Total Length or perimeter of the traverse
Traverse Adjustment
1. Compass Rule (Bodwitch Rule)
Named after the distinguished American navigator Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-1838)
Based on the assumption that:
- All lengths are measured with equal care
- All angles are taken with approximately the same precision
- Errors are accidental
- Total error in any side is directly proportional to the length
of the traverse
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
2. Transit Rule
No sound theoretical foundation since it is purely empirical
Not commonly used but best suited for surveys where traverse sides are measured by stadia or
subtense bar method
Based on the assumption that:

1. Angular measurements are more precise than linear measurements
2. Errors in traversing are accidental
Not applicable in some instances (lines in E , W, N or S)
Traverse Adjustment Examples
1. Compute for the following if North and East Coordinates of A are NA=20,000.000, EA=20,000.000.
a. Latitude and Departure of each line
b. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC
c. Adjust the traverse and compute for the adjusted coordinates of traverse stations using
Compass Rule
d. Adjust the traverse and compute for the adjusted coordinates of traverse stations using using
Transit Rule
e. Provide a sketch of the traverse
SOLUTION:
a. Latitude and Departure of each line
b. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC Resulting sign

Negative Departure (South)
−∑ Dep −(+ 18.08 ) −18.08

tanθ= = = =1.075550268
−∑ Lat −( +16.81 ) −16.81
Resulting sign
Negative Latitude (West)
θ=47 ° 05 '
Bearing of the side error is S 47o05’ W
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
c. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule
adj
Adjusted Latitude = Latitude + (±clat)

Adjusted Departure = Departure + (±cdep)
Adjusted Distance = (Lat2 + Dep2)1/2
Adjusted Bearing can be computed as follows:
Dep Dep
Adj. Adj. tanθ=
Lat
θ=tan −1
Lat ( )
+ 45.737
θ AB =tan −1 (
+ 491.903 )
θ AB =05 ° 19 '
Bearing of AB is N 5o19’ E. Lat and Dep are both
positive therefore the line lies on the first
quadrant or the northeast quadrant.
The Azimuth is the computed from the bearing.

Example: AzimS of AB = BearingAB +180o
= 5o19’ +180o
AzimS of AB = 185o19’
Coordinates of Point A is given

A (20000.000,20000.000)
Northings or North Coordinate can be thought of

as the y-coordinate of points. Northing of point B
is found by adding the Northing of A to the
latitude of line AB.
Northing of B=20000.000+491.903
Northing of B=20491.903
Eastings or East Coordinate can be thought of
as the x-coordinate of points. Easting of point B
is found by adding the Easting of A to the
Departure of line AB.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
d. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule
Computation the same as compass rule
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
e. Draw the Traverse (see drawing in c)
Note: Balancing the traverse using Compass rule and Transit Rule yields slightly different results.
Area Computation
1. Area by Coordinates
1
AT = ( x y + x y + x y + x y + x y )−( x1 y 2+ x2 y 3 + x3 y 4 +
2[ 2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 1 5
Example: Note that x1 = 20000.000 and y1 = 20000.000, x2 = 20047.271 and y2 = 20490.715, and
so on. It follows that y1*x2 = 20000.000 x 20047.271 = 400945420.00. AT = (A2 – A1)/2
2. Area by Double Meridian Distance (DMD) and Area by Double Parallel Distance (DPD)
DMD/DPD RULES
RULE 1: The DMD/DPD of the first course is equal to the departure/latitude of the course.
RULE 2: DMD/DPD of any other course is equal to the DMD/DPD of the preceding course, plus
departure/latitude of the preceding course, plus departure/latitude of the course itself.
RULE 3: The DMD/DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure/latitude of the
course, but with opposite sign.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
Partition/Subdivision of Land
Subdivision of Land:
The subdivision of land is a usual task undertaken by surveyors and engineers in property surveys.
When tracts of land are sold or inherited it is often necessary to divide it into smaller parcels or into
areas having certain proportions to each other.
In this lesson and the succeeding lesson, four of the most common cases encountered in the
subdivision of land will be explained. These are:
1. Dividing an area into two parts by a line between two points.
2. Dividing an area by a line running through a point in a given direction.
3. To cut off a required area by a line through a given point.
4. To cut off a required area by a line running in a given direction.
Dividing an Area into Two Parts by a Line between Two Points:
In Fig. 47-1, ABCDEF represents an irregular parcel of land to be divided into two parts (Tract
ABCD and Tract DEFA) by a cut off line extending from D to A.
It is assumed that the length and direction of each course has been earlier determined, the
latitudes and departures computed and adjusted, and the area of the whole tract computed.
The solution here is to determine the length and direction of the dividing line DA by computations, and
calculate the area of each of the two tracts into which the parcel of land is divide.
Dividing an Area by a Line Running through a Point in a given Direction:

In Fig. 47-2, ABCDEF represents an irregular parcel of land to be subdivided into two parts by a cut off
line (BP) running in a given direction (indicated by Ɵ) which passes through point B. Out of the desired
division, tract BCDEP is formed on one side of the dividing line and tract FABD on the other side.
It is assumed that the length and direction of each course are known, the latitudes and departures
computed and adjusted, and the area of the whole tract computed. The solution will require the
calculation of the lengths BP and FP and the area of each of the two tracts.
The computations are further checked by determining if the algebraic sums of the latitudes and of the
departures of AB, BP, PF and FA are equal to zero.
Illustrative Problem
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
1. Dividing a tract of land into two parts by a line between two points. Given the following data of a
tract of land, determine the area east of a line running from F to C and calculate the length and
bearing of FC.
Solution:
A. Determining Area of Tract ABCDEF (Area of whole traverse):
Course DMD DOUBLE AREA

AB 47.27 23,195.86
BC 703.43 412,997.82
CD 2099.10 -687, 266.33
DE 3104.20 -3,112,767.59
EF 2205.90 -270,597.75
FA 544.64 204,245.45
SUM -3,430,192.54
2 X Area = -3,430,192.54
Area = -1,715,096.27 Sq. m. = - 171.5096 Hectares
B. Considering Tract CDEF (Area east of the dividing land).
ƩLat = ƩNL+ ƩSL = Latcd + Latde + Latef + Latfc = 0

-327.41 + (-1002.76) + (-122.67) + Latfc = 0
Latfc= 1452.84 m (Latitude of line CF)
ƩDep = ƩED + ƩWD = Depcd + Depde + Depef + Depfc = 0

786.78 + 218.32 +(-1116.62) + Depfc = 0
Depfc = 111.52 m (Departure of line FC)
Length of FC = (1452.842 + 111.522)1/2 = 1457.11 m
Bearing of FC
θ = tan-1(111.52/1452.84) = 4o23’22’’
Bearing of FC = N 4o23’ E
Area of tract CDEF
2. DIVIDING A TRACT OF LAND BY A LINE RUNNING IN A GIVEN DIRECTION. Given the following
data of a tract of land, find the area of tract ABCDP of the two parts into which the tract is divided by
a line through A with a bearing of N 75°30’ E.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
Solution:
Area of ABCDP = A1 + A2
a) determine lat and dep of DA

find the length & bearing of DA
490.71+587.12–327.41 + LatDA =0
LatDA = - 750.42 m
47.27+608.89+786.78+ DepDA= 0
DepDA = - 1442.94
m
Length of DA = ((-750.40)2 + (-1442.94)2)1/2 Bearing of DA = S 62o31’ W
Length of DA = 1626.40 m
θ2=tan −1 ( 1442.94
750.42 )
=62 ° 31 '
b)Determine θ, Ø, and β
θ = 75o30’ – 62o31’ = 12o59’ β = 62o31’ + 12o17’ = 74o48’
Bearing of DE = S 12o17’ E Ø = 180o – θ – β = 92o13’
θDE = tan-1(218.32/1002.76) = 12o17’
c)Determine length of PA and area A2

From law of sines:
DP 1626.40
= DP=365.67 m
sin ⁡(12 ° 59 ' ) sin ⁡( 92° 13' )
LatAD = 750.42 m DepAD = 1442.94 m

LatDP = 365.67 cos 12o17’ = -357.30 m (negative because line DP is pointing to the south)
DepDP = 365.67 sin 12o17’ = 77.79 m
-357.30 + 750.42 + LatPA = 0 LatPA = -393.12 m

77.79 + 1442.94 + DepPA = 0 DepPA = -1520.73 m
d)Determine A1
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
e)Determine Area of tract ABCDP
AT = A1 + A2 =964082.17 m 2
e)Determine Area of tract ABCDP

Area of tract ABCDP = 286968.82 + 666941.84 = 953,910.66 m2
TO CUT OFF A REQUIRED AREA BY LINE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT.

In the Figure below, ABCDEF represents an irregular parcel of land with courses of known lengths and
directions, with computed and adjusted latitudes and departures, and its total area already determined.
A dividing line is to pass through point B cutting a required area from the tract. The traverse may be
subdivided into tracts of equal areas or into any desired proportional parts. Before the length and
direction of the dividing line can be determined, a trial line BF is drawn to that corner of the traverse
which, by inspection of the sketch, will come nearest to the required line of division. This is a simple
case of omitted bearing of BF. The area can be easily determined by DMD or DPD method, the area of
ABF is calculated and the difference between this area and that required for tract FABP is found. In the
figure it is assumed that ABF has an area lesser than the desired size. Triangle BFP represents the
difference in these two areas. In this triangle, angle FBP may be computed from known bearings of the
trial line and course BC. Since one side BF, one angle FBP, and the area of BFP is known, the length
of BP is computed as follows:
Area BFP = (1/2)(BF)(BP) Sin(∠FBP) BP = 2 (Area BFP)/(BF) Sin (∠FBP)

Where : ∠FBP = included angle
BFP = triangle formed by the trial line, dividing line, and side FP
BF = known side (trial line)
The triangle is then solved for the length of the dividing line BP by applying the cosine law. Also, by
applying the sine law, angle BFP is determined and the bearing of BP is computed. The latitudes and
departures of lines PF, BP, and FB are also computed. As a check, the areas of the two tracts are
calculated independently based on the given and calculated latitudes and departures. The sum of the
areas of the two tracts should equal the area of the entire parcel. In the field, the length FB is laid off in
the required direction, and a check on fieldwork and computations is obtained if points P thus
established falls on lines EF and if the computed distances PF and EP agrees with the measured
distances.
TO CUT OFFA REQUIRED AREA BY A LINE RUNNING IN A GIVEN DIRECTION

With reference to Figure 11.8(a), it is required to fix line HJ of a given bearing, which divides the area
ABCDEFGA into the required portions.
Method
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
1. From any station set off on the given bearing a trial line that cuts off approximately the required
area, say AX.
2. Compute the length and bearing of AD from the traverse coordinates.
3. In triangle ADX, length and bearing AD are known, bearing AX is given and bearing DX = bearing
DE; thus the three angles may be calculated and the area of the triangle found.
4. From coordinates calculate the area ABCDA; thus total area ABCDXA is known.
5. The difference between the above area and the area required to be cut off, is the area to be added
or subtracted by a line parallel to the trial line AX. Assume this to be the trapezium AXJHA whose
area is known together with the length and bearing of one side (AX) and the bearings of the other
sides.
6. With reference to Figure 11.8(b), as the bearings of all the sides are known, the angles θ and φ are
known. From this YH = x tan θ and JZ = x tan φ; now:
7. Thus, knowing x, the distances AH and XJ can easily be calculated and used to set out the required
line HJ.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
Given the survey data below with the northing and easting of A being 15000.00 and 20000.00
respectively, solve the following problems:
DIST, L
COURSE BEARING AZIMs
(m)
AB 475.48 N 00°50' E 180°50'
BC 649.13 N 63°54' W 116°06'
CD 867.34 S 25°54' W 25°54'
DE 522.48 S 44°40' E 315°20'
EF 504.90 N 33°27' E 213°27'
FA 311.25 S 84°21' E 275°39'
SUMS 3330.58
1. Balance the traverse using Compass rule, determine the corresponding REC and the coordinate of
points.
2. Balance the traverse using Transit rule, determine the corresponding REC and the coordinate of
points.
3. Compute the area by coordinates using the results of the compass rule adjustment.
4. Compute the area by DMD and DPD using the results of the compass rule adjustment.
5. Divide the adjusted traverse into two equal tracts by a dividing line passing thru A using the results
of the compass rule adjustment.
IX. REFERENCES
1. Surveying and Levelling by N. N. Basak , Tata McGraw Hill.
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
2. Surveying: Theory and Practice by James M. Anderson, Edward M. Mikhail, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Principles & Application of Surveying, Kavanagh
4. Elementary Surveying, La Putt
5. Higher Surveying, La Putt
6. Surveying Fundamentals, McCormac
7. https://sites.google.com/site/civilengineeringwebsite/
8. http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/30504/305047967.pdf
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

General Classification of Traverse Surveying

Latitude and Departure

Relative Error of Closure

REC = Relative Error of Closure

Based on the assumption that:

Not applicable in some instances (lines in E , W, N or S)

Traverse Adjustment Examples

b. Bearing of the side error, LEC, REC Resulting sign

−∑ Dep −(+ 18.08 ) −18.08

c. Traverse Adjustment by Compass Rule

Adjusted Latitude = Latitude + (±clat)

The Azimuth is the computed from the bearing.

Coordinates of Point A is given

Northings or North Coordinate can be thought of

d. Traverse Adjustment by Transit Rule

Computation the same as compass rule

Dividing an Area by a Line Running through a Point in a given Direction:

Course DMD DOUBLE AREA

B. Considering Tract CDEF (Area east of the dividing land).

ƩLat = ƩNL+ ƩSL = Latcd + Latde + Latef + Latfc = 0

ƩDep = ƩED + ƩWD = Depcd + Depde + Depef + Depfc = 0

Length of FC = (1452.842 + 111.522)1/2 = 1457.11 m

Area of tract CDEF

a) determine lat and dep of DA

c)Determine length of PA and area A2

LatAD = 750.42 m DepAD = 1442.94 m

-357.30 + 750.42 + LatPA = 0 LatPA = -393.12 m

e)Determine Area of tract ABCDP

TO CUT OFF A REQUIRED AREA BY LINE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT.

Area BFP = (1/2)(BF)(BP) Sin(∠FBP) BP = 2 (Area BFP)/(BF) Sin (∠FBP)

TO CUT OFFA REQUIRED AREA BY A LINE RUNNING IN A GIVEN DIRECTION

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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