Module 2-Traffic Management

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-HR ENG-1STSEM-2021-2022
College of Engineering
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. HR ENG

SPECIALIZATION SE/CEM/TE/WRE COURSE TITLE Highway and Railroad Engineering
YEAR LEVEL 3rd TIME FRAME 3 WK NO. IM NO. 2
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Traffic Management
II. LESSON TITLE
Traffic Management
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
I. Traffic Management
a. Introduction
b. Traffic Regulations
c. Traffic Control Devices
d. Traffic Signs and Markings
e. International Standard Traffic Signs
f. Pavement Markings
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
 To determine the basic concepts of Traffic Engineering

 To determine the parts of a Traffic roadway
V. LESSON CONTENT
Introduction
Traffic management is a term used to embody the activities undertaken by a highway transportation
agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency and effectiveness for both providers and consumers
of transportation services. There are two distinct types of traffic management. The first one is through the
use of traditional traffic engineering tools or simple devices to regulate and control traffic. The second
relies more on simple devices to regulate and control traffic. The second relies more on advanced
technology through the use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Advancement of ITS has been
the primary goal of many developed countries. The more conventional applications are common in
developing countries.
Traffic Regulations
Traffic regulation must cover all aspects of the control of both vehicle (registration, ownership, mechanical
fitness, accessories, size, and weight) and driver (age, ability to operate specific types of vehicles,
financial responsibility). Traffic regulations must be reasonable and effective. This can only be achieved
through careful study. Facts must be sought through the conduct of traffic studies, accident analysis,
keeping driver records, and other data.
All traffic regulations are dependent upon the laws of the states and local governments, especially the
ordinances of cities. Legislative bodies and traffic authorities must keep in mind that unreasonable
restrictions or regulations are not likely to last very long.
“In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes
only and not for commercial distribution,”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of __
For effective Traffic Regulation:

a. Regulation should be rational
- Irrational regulations cannot be enforces except by tremendous effort and expense. Social,
economic, and human problems must be considered. If the habits of a community are greatly at
variance with the regulations, success cannot be attained for any substantial period of time.
b. Regulations should be developed progressively
- Regulations must be planned over a long period of time, and the effects must be carefully observed
so that alterations can be made as experience dictates. Experience shows that abrupt changes in
regulation often lead to increase in the occurrence of traffic accidents.
c. Regulation alone often are not enough
- Regulations constitute but one approach to the overall traffic problem. When public acceptance is
poor and enforcement is lax, regulations may be totally ineffective. They must be used in conjunction
with control devices, overall highway planning and design, and administrative policies.
Traffic Control Devices
Traffic control devices are means by which the road user is advised as to detailed requirements
or conditions affecting road use at specific places and times to that proper action may be taken and
accident or delay avoided.
There are three distinct functional groups of traffic control devices:
a. Regulatory devices - These have the authority of law and impose precise requirements upon the
actions of the road user.
b. Warning devices - These are used to inform road users of potentially hazardous roadway conditions
or unusual traffic movements that are not readily apparent to passing traffic.
c. Guiding devices - These are employed simply to inform the road user of route, destination, and other
pertinent traffic.
Four Elementary Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device
To be effective, every traffic control device must be able to meet the following requirements (FHWA
1988):
a. It should compel attention.

b. It should convey a simple clear meaning at a glance.
c. It should allow adequate time for easy response.
d. It should command the respect of the road users for whom it is intended.
Traffic Signs and Markings
Traffic signs are employed more frequently than any other devices to regulate, warn, or guide road users.
Traffic markings normally consist of lines, patterns, words, symbols, reflectors, etc. They may be
considered as specialized types of traffic signs in which the message is in contrast with the color and
brightness of the pavement or other background
Traffic signs are necessary to give information as to routes, directions, destinations, etc. Their function
becomes more relevant when used to warn road users of hazards and regulate any prohibitive action at
specific places and/or at specified times.
To ensure uniformity, traffic signs shall be installed only by a duly authorized public body or official for
the purpose of guiding, regulating, and warning traffic. In case of temporary construction work, however,
special permission is given to contractors or utility companies to install signs to protect the public provided
that such signs conform to the set standards.
Traffic signs are normally of fixed/permanent type although some variable signs have been employed
and have become useful in locations where traffic and environment conditions often change
Traffic signs are classified depending on their intended uses:

a. Informative: the signs are intended to guide users while they are traveling.
b. Regulatory: the signs are intended to inform users of special obligations, restrictions, or prohibitions
with which they must comply.
c. Warning: these signs are intended to warn users of a danger on the road and to inform them of its
nature
Elements of Design
a. Shape
Shapes of signs are standardized as follows.
a) Equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal shall be used for danger warning signs.
b) Round shape shall be used for regulating traffic.
c) Rectangular shape shall be used for informative signs.
d) Octagonal shape shall be used for STOP signs only. e) Inverted equilateral triangle shall be used
for YIELD signs only.
b. Color
Danger warning signs shall have a yellow or white background with black symbols and red border.
 Prohibitory signs and restrictive signs shall have a white background with black symbols and red
border.
 Mandatory signs with the exception of STOP and YIELD signs shall have a blue background and
white symbols.
 STOP signs shall have a red background and white symbols.
 YIELD signs shall have a yellow background and red border.
 Informative signs shall have a white or light-colored symbol on a dark-colored (blue or black)
background or a blue or dark-colored symbol on a white or light-colored background.
c. Dimension
The minimum dimensions of signs depend upon the intended applications. Larger sizes are
necessary at wider roadways and on high speed highways. According to section 2.5 of DPWH
Highway Safety Design Standards Part 2: Road Signs and Pavement Markings Manual, regulatory
signs are of four sizes based on the speed of the facility as follows:
a. A for urban low-speed roads

b. B for rural roads with speed limits between 60 kph and 70 kph
c. C for high-speed rural highways
d. D for expressways
In the case of a STOP or YIELD sign, for example, table 2.1 below should be followed:
The reader is advised to refer to the DPWH manual for the dimensions of various traffic signs and for
other details – letter, symbol, border, bar sizes, etc.
d. Symbols
e. Wording
f. Lettering
g. Illumination or Reflectorization
Signs are intended to convey messages during both daytime and night time. During hours of darkness,
this can be achieved through illumination or by using reflective materials for signs.
International Standard Traffic Signs
Warning Signs
The Vienna Convention allows two forms for the warning sign – one is triangular on shape with a red
border and the other is a diamond in shape (table 2.2). Upon signing in the convention, the signatory has
to state which shape is to be adopted. In the Philippines, the first form is the one being used although the
second may still be found in rural areas. The coloring may also differ in each form. However, the choice
of color is left to discretion of the signing body. Examples of warning signs are shown in table 2.3.
Priority Signs
Priority signs have various forms. The two most commonly used priority signs are the STOP and YIELD
signs.
Prohibition Signs
Prohibition signs are round with a red border and either a white or a yellow background. Access
restrictions signs can have a red bar from low right to top left. Parking prohibitions have a blue
background. The signs that signal the end of a prohibition are white or yellow with a small black border
and a black bar form left below to right top. The bar can be replaced by a series of small bars. In addition,
the symbol for which the end of prohibition is intended is given in gray. Examples of prohibition signs are
shown:
.
Obligatory Signs
The obligatory signs are round and in blue colors. Examples are shown
Information Signs
These signs are rectangular with a white or yellow plate with a symbol that stands for the service involved.
The signs can be either blue or green.
Direction Signs
A profusion of colors and forms is available. In general, the forms shown must be adopted, and in some
cases even the color shown must be used and not be changed.
Pavement Markings
A system of clear and effective pavement markings is essential for the guidance and control of vehicles
and pedestrians. They take the form of lines, symbols, messages, or numerals, and may be set into the
surface of, applied upon, or attached to the pavement. In some cases, pavement markings are used as
a supplement to other traffic control devices such as traffic signals and road signs. In other instances,
they may simply guide traffic regulations. Pavement markings have some definite limitations:
a. They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance.

b. They may not be clearly visible if the road is wet or dusty (e.g., near shoulder edge or median).
c. They may be obscured by traffic.
d. Their effect on skid resistance requires careful choice of materials.
e. They cannot be applied on unsealed roads.
Despite these limitations, they have the advantage under favorable conditions of conveying warning
message or information to drivers without diverting their attention from the road.
Markings shall only be applied and/or removed by the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) or an authority to which these powers are delegated. All line-markings plans must be approved
by the DPWH before installation.
As in the case with all other traffic control devices, it is imperative that markings be uniform so that they
may be recognized and understood instantly by all drivers. Manuals are available from the DPWH, and
on request, it will furnish traffic authorities, road markers, material suppliers/manufacturers, and similarly
interested agencies, detailed drawings of the standard designs and locations
Types of Markings
Markings are classified into the following groups:
 Pavement and curb markings

a. Longitudinal lines are those laid in the direction of travel. These include Center Line, Lane Line,
Double Yellow Line, “No-Passing” Zone Markings, Pavement Edge Line, Continuity Lines, and
Transition Line.
b. Transverse lines are those laid across the direction of travel. These include Stop Line, Yield
(Give Way) Lines, and Pedestrian Crossing Markings.
c. Other lines, which include Turn Lines, Parking Bays, Painted Median Islands, and Bus & PUJ
Lane Lines.
d. Other markings, which include Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions, Chevron
Markings, Diagonal Markings, Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps, Curb Markings for Parking
Restrictions, Approach to Railroad Crossings, Messages, and Symbols and Pavement Arrows.
 Object markings
a. Object within the roadway
b. Object adjacent to the roadway
 Reflector markings
a. Retro-reflector raised pavement markers
b. Hazard markers
c. Delineators
Materials
Road markings should be of non-skid materials and should not protrude more than 6 mm above the level
of the carriageway. Raised pavement markings should not protrude more than 15 mm above the level of
the carriageway. The following are the commonly used materials for road markings:
 Paint
Paint with or without glass beads embedded or premixed can be applied either by hand or with line
marking machines, for proper reflectorization at night, the amount of glass beads used should be less
than 0.45 kg and no more than 0.50 kg per liter of mixed paint.
 Thermoplastic materials Use of thermoplastic materials with or without reflective properties is

recommended at locations subject to extreme traffic property is recommended at locations subject to
extreme traffic wear. The average service life of thermoplastic materials has been experienced to be
equivalent to eight times that of beaded traffic paints.
 Pre-cut sheeting Pre-cut materials both with or without reflective properties are used. It is usually in
adhesive tape form, with aggregate, pigment, and plastic rubber combined on one side and adhesive on
the other side.
 Raised pavement markers These are studs of plastic, ceramic, aluminum, cast iron, etc. that are
embodied into the carriageway or attached to the road surface with adhesive. They may be reflective or
nonreflective
Color
The color of pavement markings shall be white, except for the alternative uses of yellow in the following
cases:
a. Double yellow “no-passing” lines

b. Unbroken portion of “no-parking” lines
c. Curb markings for prohibition of parking
d. On island in line of traffic
e. Bus and PUJ lanes
Black may be used in combination with white or yellow in hazard markers to warn drivers at locations
where the protruding objects – such as bridge piers, traffic islands, or other protruding objects – on or
near the roadway. However, the use of black does not establish it as a standard color for pavement
marking.
Lines
Depending on the direction that lines are marked on the pavement, lines may be longitudinal, transverse,
or oblique. And depending on the use and meaning of such lines, they are either broken or solid lines.
A broken line shall consist of line segments of equal lengths separated by uniform gaps. The speed of
vehicles on the section of road or in the area in question should be taken into account in determining the
lengths of the strokes and of the gaps between them.
A solid unbroken line is used where crossing of the line is either discouraged or prohibited. It is generally
used to replace or supplement a broken line where required, e.g., barrier lines, center lines, etc. Solid
lines may be either yellow or white, depending whether crossing the line is legally prohibited or not.
The width of solid or broken lines varies from 100 mm to 300 mm, depending on the usage of the specified
line. Transverse lines are usually wider because of the angle at which the driver sees markings on the
carriageway.
Messages
Messages when used should be limited to as few words as possible, never more than three. they shall only be used
so supplement other traffic control devices. The distance between words is variable, depending on the message and
location at which it is based. (Usually twice the length of the word if achievable.) The first word of the message is
to be nearest the motorist on rural roads. Un-urban low-speed areas, the order is optional.
Messages are white in color. Letters or numerals used on roads in urban areas shall measure at least 2.5 m; on high-
speed highways, they may need to be at least 5 m. Messages generally in use are STOP, KEEP CLEAR, SCHOOL
PED XING, RAILROD XING, SIGNAL AHEAD, NO RIGHT (LEFT) TURN, BUS LANE, and PUJ LANE.
OBJECT MARKINGS AND MARKERS
Physical obstructions in or near a roadway that constitute serious traffic hazard, including installations designed for
the control of traffic, shall be adequately marked. Typical obstructions of this character are bridge supports,
monuments, traffic islands, beacons, signal and sign support, loading islands, railroads and draw-bridge gates, posts
of narrow bridges, underpass piers and abutments, culvert headwalls, poles, trees, rocks, and structures giving
restricted and overhead clearance. For additional emphasis it is also advisable to mark obstructions rather than
islands with reflectorized white paint with not less than five alternating black and reflectorized white stripes. The
stripes shall slope downward at an angle of 45 degrees toward the side of obstruction, and shall be uniform and not
less than 100 mm in width. A large surface, such as a bridge pier, may require stripes of 300 mm.
Raised Pavement Markers
Raised pavement markers are small rectangular or dome-shaped devices that are fixed to the pavement surface to
simulate or supplement painted pavement markings. The markers can be reflective or nonreflective.
Raised pavement markers are generally not obscured at night and under wet conditions. The reflective types are
more brilliant than reflectorized paint markings. Because of high cost of installation and maintenance, use of raised
pavement markings may be considered only in accident-prone areas, e.g., on hilly areas where there is frequent fog
and rain.
Hazard Markers
Hazard markers are rectangular and generally consist of a series of alternating black and white bands. The white
portion is always reflectorized, but the reflectorized material may cover only the central portion of each white band
in order to achieve a balance between the areas of black and white under headlight illumination. The bands may
consist of either diagonal strips where only a target is required or of chevrons where directional as well as target
properties are desirable. (See Chevron Markers)
Delineators
Delineators are small reflective panels or buttons mounted on guide posts or guard fences as an effective aid for
night driving (figure 2.7). Delineators are made of reflective material capable of reflecting light clearly visible under
normal atmospheric condition from a distance of 300-500 m when illuminated by the upper beam of a standard
automobile head lamp.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions in a clean sheet of bond paper.
1. Why did the MMDA use Pink and Blue colors in their signs?
2. What is the use of Chevron Signs and in what particular conditions or situations you can see
Chevron Signs in roads?
3. Drive along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) or along any major roads in your locality. Note
if traffic signs are visible or if they are obscured because of too many advertisement or billboard signs.
Must there be regulations on putting up advertisement signs?
4. Nowadays, many local government units have been able to get support from private companies in
fabricating and installing traffic signs at locations under their jurisdiction, provided that the company’s
logo or identification is indicated in a certain area of the sign (one-eighth to one-fifth of the total surface
area). Would you agree to this? Why or why not?
5. In the town or city where you are residing, identify the different traffic signs and see if they conform
to the Vienna Convention as to color and shape. Would you agree if these signs do not conform to the
international standards because they were fabricated at lower cost in your locality?
6. Most international signs consist mainly of symbols with minimum or almost no words in them. Would
you suggest putting words in Tagalog or in any dialects in order to convey their meaning? Why or why
not?
VIII. REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, Sigua, Ricardo G.

2. Elements of Roads and Highways, Fajardo Max

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. HR ENG

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

 To determine the basic concepts of Traffic Engineering

For effective Traffic Regulation:

Traffic Control Devices

There are three distinct functional groups of traffic control devices:

Four Elementary Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device

a. It should compel attention.

Traffic Signs and Markings

Traffic signs are classified depending on their intended uses:

a. A for urban low-speed roads

International Standard Traffic Signs

a. They are subject to traffic wear and require proper maintenance.

Markings are classified into the following groups:

 Pavement and curb markings

 Thermoplastic materials Use of thermoplastic materials with or without reflective properties is

a. Double yellow “no-passing” lines

OBJECT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

Raised Pavement Markers

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Answer the following questions in a clean sheet of bond paper.

1. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering, Sigua, Ricardo G.

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