SURVEY Module 7 TRIANGULATION AND TRILATERATION Im-Format

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING
YEAR LEVEL 2 TIME FRAME 6 hr WK NO. 6 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Unit 7
II. LESSON TITLE

TRIANGULATION AND TRILATERATION
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Control Surveying: Triangulation and Trilateration
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Understand the concept of Control Surveying
2. Compute and adjust chain of triangles
3. Computing trilateration data
V. LESSON CONTENT
Control Surveying
The determination of the precise position of a number of stations which are distributed over a large area.
These stations of the system serve as the basis for originating or checking other subordinate surveys for
engineering projects such as topographic and hydrographic mapping; planning, design and layout of
highways and railroads; and delineation of property or political boundaries. Two general types are
Horizontal Control and Vertical Control.
Horizontal Control
Established geodetic latitudes and longitudes and longitudes of stations by Traversing, Triangulation,
and Trilateration. Field procedures used in horizontal control surveys include Traversing, Triangulation
and Trilateration.
Traverses for control surveys consists of closed polygons with most of the sides and angles measured
directly in the field.
Triangulation surveys consist of networks of geometric figures with almost all of the angles measured
directly in the field and with relatively few of sides measured.
In Trilateration procedure the lengths of the sides of a series of triangles are measured and the angles
are measured from the lengths. This is the most accurate of the three methods.
Aside from the Photogrammetric techniques, inertial and satellite Doppler systems and other more
modern techniques can also be employed.
Vertical Control
In vertical control surveys, the main objective is the establishment of a network of the reference bench
marks. The elevations of these bench marks are determined usually with respect to the mean sea level
or some other preferred datum by leveling and other modern techniques.
Triangulation Systems
Network of connected triangles which adjoin or overlap each other. The vertices of which are marked
points on the earth’s surface. There are four commonly used geometric arrangements: Chain of Single
Triangles, Chain of Quadrilaterals, Chain of Polygons, Chain of Polygons with Diagonals.
Base Line is one of the lines in a triangulation system whose length is precisely measured and its true
direction determined by astronomical observations. It is usually located at the beginning of the
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IM No.:CE 1-1S-2020-2021
triangulation system and its length is used as the basis for computing the lengths of other lines in the
system.
Check Base is one of the lines in a triangulation system whose length is also precisely measured and
may be located at regular intervals or at the end of triangulation system. It serves as a check for
triangulation computations involving lengths of the lines.
TRIANGULATION METHOD
TRIANGULATION NET FOR A CITY
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TRIANGULATION FIGURES
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It is desirable to avoid distance angles near 0 and 180 degrees. Where possible, the distance angles
should be kept between the limits of 30 and 150 degrees, or preferably near 90 degrees. Figures of
triangulation containing interior angles within these specified limits are referred to as strong figures. This
can be achieved by carefully selecting the location of stations for the triangulation system.
Methods of Adjustment of Chain of Triangles

1. Method of Least Squares – this method is based upon the theory of probability and is one on which
simultaneously adjusts the angular and the linear measurements to make the sum of the squares of
the residuals a minimum.
2. Approximate Method – lower order precision than method of least squares. The two steps involved
are Station Adjustment, and Figure Adjustment. The sum of angles about each station is equal to
360 degrees. After station adjustment the figure is adjusted taking into account the fact that the sum
of interior angles is 180 degrees.
EXAMPLE: TRIANGULATION – Adjustment of Chain of Triangles by Approximate Method
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TRILATERATION METHOD
In any trilateration, before the lengths of the lines are used in any subsequent computations their slope
distances have to be reduced to horizontal lengths at sea level.
Since three sides of any triangle within a trilateration net are measured, the three angles may be
calculated by the law of cosines. Sine law may be used to check the values computed from cosine law.
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TRILATERATION FIGURES
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EXAMPLE: TRILATERATION – Determining Trilateration Data
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VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
1. Given in the tabulation are the observed angles of a chain of triangles as shown in the
accompanying sketch. Perform station and figure adjustment using approximate method. Refer to
the figure below.
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IX. REFERENCES
1. Surveying and Levelling by N. N. Basak , Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Surveying: Theory and Practice by James M. Anderson, Edward M. Mikhail, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Principles & Application of Surveying, Kavanagh
4. Elementary Surveying, La Putt
5. Higher Surveying, La Putt
6. Surveying Fundamentals, McCormac
7. https://sites.google.com/site/civilengineeringwebsite/
8. http://docshare04.docshare.tips/files/30504/305047967.pdf
Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN
School Year
Semester
Course Number
e.g.:
IM-COURSE NO-SEMESTER-SCHOOL YEAR
IM-MCB180-1STSEM-2020-2021

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. SURVEY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

TRIANGULATION NET FOR A CITY

Methods of Adjustment of Chain of Triangles

EXAMPLE: TRIANGULATION – Adjustment of Chain of Triangles by Approximate Method

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Numbering the IM No.: IM-CCCCCC-SSSSSS-NNNN-NNNN

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