Theory 01

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: IM-THEORY-1STSEM-2022-2023
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. THEORY

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE STRUCTURAL THEORY
YEAR LEVEL 3 TIME FRAME 6 hrs. WK NO. 1 IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
II. LESSON TITLE

Introduction to Structural Analysis, Classification of Structures, Loads on Structures, Analytical Models, Equilibrium of
Structures, Determinacy and Stability of Beams, Frames, and Trusses.
III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This lesson introduces a general introduction to the subject of structural analysis, its role in structural engineering and a brief
explanation is given of the various types of loads that must be considered for an appropriate analysis and design, analysis on
the stability and determinacy for beams, frames, and trusses is included in the end part.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Discuss the role of structural analysis in structural engineering projects.
2. Describe the basic types of structures and their components.
3. Classify determinate and indeterminate structures, and determine the degree of indeterminacy.
4. Determine if a structure is stable or unstable.
5. Understand instability caused by concurrent and parallel force systems.
V. LESSON CONTENT
1-1: Introduction
The design of buildings, bridges, towers and other fixed structures is very important to the civil engineer. Such members are
composed of interconnected members and are supported in such a manner that they are capable of holding applied external forces in
static equilibrium.
Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or other external effects,
such as support movements and temperature changes. The performance characteristics commonly of interest in the design of structures
are
1. stresses or stress resultants (axial forces, shear forces, and bending moments)
2. deflections
3. support reactions.
The analysis of a structure usually involves determination of these quantities as caused by a given loading condition.
1-2: Role of Structural Analysis in Structural Engineering Project

▪ A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.
▪ Structural engineering is the science and art of planning, designing, and
constructing safe and economical structures that will serve their intended
purposes.
▪ Structural Analysis is a process by which the structural engineer determines
the response of a structure to the specified loads or actions.
Structural engineering projects can be divided into 6 stages.
1. Planning Phase
- Establishment of the functional requirements of the proposed
structure
- layout and dimensions of the structure
- consideration of the possible types of structures.
- types of materials to be used.
2. Preliminary Structural Design
- sizes of the members of the structural system are estimated based
on approximate analysis, past experience, and code requirements.
3. Estimation of Loads
- Determination of all the loads expected to act on our structure.
4. Structural Analysis - carried out in order to determine the stresses in the Figure 1: Phases of a Typical Structural
Engineering Project
members and the deflections.
5. Safety and Serviceability Checks
6. Revised Structural Design
“In accordance with the section 185, Fair use of copyrighted work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this materials may be reproduced for
Educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 13
The design of a structure involves many considerations, among which are 4 major objectives that must be satisfied.
Safety (the structure must carry loads safely)
Economy (the structure should be economical in material and overall costs)
Utility (the structure must meet the performance requirement)
Beauty (the structure should have a good performance)
1-3: Classification of Structures

The most important decision made by a structural engineer in implementing an engineering project is the selection of the
type of structure to be used for supporting or transmitting loads.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Some of the more common elements from which structures are composed are as follows.
1. Tie Rods
- Structural members subjected to a tensile force are often referred to as tie rods or bracing struts.
- Slender members (often chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels)
Figure 1
2. Beams
- straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads
- primarily designed to resist bending moment.
- Classified according to the way they are supported.
Figure 2: Beams Classified According to their Supports
3. Columns
- Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads.
- Tubes and wide-flange cross sections are often used for steel columns
- Circular and square cross sections with reinforcing rods are used for those made of concrete.
- Beam columns (columns subjected to both an axial load and a bending moment)
Figure 3
TYPE OF STRUCTURES
Structural system
- the combination of structural elements and the materials from which they are composed.
1. Trusses
- Are composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged connections to form a stable configuration
- Consist of slender elements, usually arranged in triangular fashion.
Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof support.
Space trusses have members extending in three dimensions and are suitable for derricks and towers.
Figure 4: Space Truss (a) and Plane Truss (b)
2. Cables and Arches

Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension (used to support bridges, and building roofs)
Arches achieves their strength in compression, since it has a reverse curvature to that of the cable.
- Frequently used in bridge structures, dome roofs, and for openings in masonry walls.
Figure 5:Golden Gate cable suspension bridge (a) and Nine arch bridge (b)
3. Frames
- structure often used in buildings and are composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
- members are, in general, subjected to bending moment, shear, and axial compression or tension under the action of external
loads.
Figure 6: Typical rigid frame
4. Surface Structures.
- made from material having a very small thickness compared to its other dimensions
- is very flexible and can take the form of a tent or air-inflated structure and acts as a membrane that is subjected to pure
tension.
- may also be made of rigid material such as reinforced concrete and may be shaped as folded plates, cylinders, or hyperbolic
paraboloids, and are referred to as thin plates or shells.
- These structures act like cables or arches since they support loads primarily in tension or compression, with very little
bending.
Figure 7: Sydney Opera House
1-4: Loads on Structures

The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes. In general, the structural engineer works with two types of codes:
general building codes and design codes.
General building codes
- specify the requirements of governmental bodies for minimum design loads on structures and minimum standards for
construction. (National Building Code of the Philippines)
Design codes
- provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements for the actual structural design.
(National Structural Code of the Philippines)
✓ Codes provide only a general guide for design. The ultimate responsibility for the design lies with the structural
engineer.
Dead Loads (D)

- consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to
the structure.
- Includes weights of the columns, beams, and girders, the floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical
fixtures, and other miscellaneous attachments.
Live Loads (L)
- Loads caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
Wind Loads (W)
- produced by the flow of wind around the structure. The magnitudes of wind load that may act on a structure depend on
the geographical location of the structure, obstructions in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and the
geometry and the vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.
Rain Loads (R)

- Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the load of rainwater that will accumulate on it if the primary
drainage system for that portion is blocked plus the uniform load caused by water that rises above the inlet of the
secondary drainage system at its design flow.
Earthquake Loads (E)

- Earthquakes produce lateral loadings on a structure through the structure’s interaction with the ground.
- The magnitude of an earthquake load depends on the amount and type of ground accelerations and the mass and
stiffness of the structure.
Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure (H)

- Structures used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, develop pressure by these loadings that becomes an important
criterion for their design (e.g. tanks, dams, retaining walls).
Other Natural Loads

- The effect of blast, temperature changes, and differential settlement of the foundation to be considered in the design of a
structure, depending on its location or use.
1-5: Analytical Models

Plane vs Space Structure
If all the members as well as the applied loads lie in a single plane, the structure is called a plane structure. The analysis of
plane (two-dimensional) structures is considerably simpler than the analysis of space (three-dimensional) structures. Fortunately,
many actual three-dimensional structures can be subdivided into plane structures for analysis.
Figure 8: Framing of a bridge
For the system above, the weight of the traffic, deck, stringers, and floor beams is transmitted by the floor beams to the
supporting trusses at their joints; the trusses, in turn, transmit the load to the foundation. Because this applied loading acts on each
truss in its own plane, the trusses can be treated as plane structures (Figure 9b).
▪ Space structures are analyzed as three-dimensional bodies subjected to three-dimensional force systems and cannot be
subdivided into planar components due to their shape, arrangement of members, or applied loading. e.g. latticed domes,
aerospace structures, and transmission towers.
Line Diagram
Structural idealization is a process in which an actual structure and the loads acting on it are replaced by simpler models for
the purpose of analysis. Civil engineering structures and their loads are most often complex and thus requires rigorous analysis. To
make analysis less cumbersome, structures are represented in simplified forms (line diagrams). The line diagrams of the bridge truss
of Fig. 9(a) is shown in Figs. 9(b). On this diagram, each member of the structure is represented by a line coinciding with its
centroidal axis.
Connections
Two types of connections are commonly used to join members of structures:
a. Rigid connections
- prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends connected to it; that is, all member ends connected to
a rigid joint have the same translation and rotation.
b. Hinged connections
- prevents only relative translations of member ends connected to it; that is, all member ends connected to a hinged
joint have the same translation but may have different rotations (idealized in Figure 9c).
1-6: Equilibrium of Structures
Recall from Statics of Rigid Bodies that a structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when
subjected to a system of forces and couples. If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members and parts are also in equilibrium.
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS OF SPACE STRUCTURES (THREE DIMENSIONS)
A structure in three dimensions, that is, in a space, must satisfy the following six requirements to remain in equilibrium when
acted upon by external forces:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ; ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0; ∑ 𝑀𝑦 = 0 ; ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS OF PLANE STRUCTURES (TWO DIMENSIONS)

For a structure subjected to a system of forces and couples which are lying in the xy plane to remain at rest, it must satisfy the
following three equilibrium conditions:
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ; ∑ 𝑀𝑧 = 0
o ∑ 𝐹𝑥 and ∑ 𝐹𝑦 are the summation of the x and y components of all the forces acting on the structure
o ∑ 𝑀𝑧 is the summation of the couple moments and the moments of all the forces about an axis z, perpendicular to the xy
plane of the action of the forces.
o When a structure is in equilibrium under the action of a concurrent force system—that is, the lines of action of all the
forces intersect at a single point—the moment equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied, and only the force
equilibrium equations (∑ 𝐹𝑥 and ∑ 𝐹𝑦 ) need to be considered.
o If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only two forces, the forces must be equal, opposite, and collinear.
o If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only three forces, the forces must be either concurrent or parallel.
1-7: External and Internal Forces

External Forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration.
Applied forces
o referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and wind loads), have a tendency to move the structure and are usually
known in the analysis.
Reaction forces, or reactions
o are the forces exerted by supports on the structure and have a tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in
equilibrium.
• The state of equilibrium or motion of the structure as a whole is governed solely by the external forces acting on it.
Internal forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure.
o The internal forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs, because each member or portion exerts back on the rest of
the structure the same forces acting upon it but in opposite directions, according to Newton’s third law.
o Internal forces cancel each other, so they do not appear in the equations of equilibrium of the entire structure.
1-8: Types of Supports
Figure 9: From left to right, a roller support, a hinge support, and a fixed support.
The type of support provided for a structure is important in ensuring its stability. Supports connect the member to the ground
or to some other parts of the structure. It is assumed that you are already familiar with several types of supports for rigid bodies, as this
was introduced in our statics course.
Pin or Hinge Support
o allows rotation about any axis but prevents movement in the horizontal and vertical directions.
Roller Support (Rocker support)
o allows rotation about any axis and translation (horizontal movement) in any direction parallel to the surface on which it
rests. It restrains the structure from movement in a vertical direction.
Link
o has two hinges, one at each end.
o It permits movement in all direction, except in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis, which passes through the two
hinges.
Fixed Support
o offers constraint against rotation in any direction, and it prevents movement in both horizontal and vertical directions.
1-9: Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Beams and Frames

A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from
the supports. Conversely, a structure is termed internally unstable (or nonrigid) if it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large
displacements under small disturbances when not supported externally.
Figure 10: Examples of Internally Stable Structures (Rigid Structures)
Figure 11: Examples of Internally Unstable Structures (Nonrigid Structures)

RIGID STRUCTURE – means the structure offers significant resistance to its change of shape.
NONRIGID STRUCTURE – offers negligible resistance to its change of shape when detached from the supports and would
often collapse under its own weight when not supported externally.
STATIC DETERMINACY OF INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES

An internally stable structure is considered to be statically determinate externally if all its support reactions can be
determined by solving the equations of equilibrium. A plane structure that is statically determinate externally must be supported by
exactly three reactions.
Figure 12: Examples of Externally Statically Determinate Plane Structures

If a structure is supported by more than three reactions, then all the reactions cannot be determined from the three equations of
equilibrium. Such structures are termed statically indeterminate externally. The reactions in excess of those necessary for equilibrium
are called external redundants, and the number of external redundants is referred to as the degree of external indeterminacy. Thus, if a
structure has r reactions (𝑟 > 3), then the degree of external indeterminacy can be written as
𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 − 𝟑
Figure 13: Examples of Externally Statically Indeterminate Plane Structures

If a structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions, the reactions are not sufficient to prevent all possible
movements of the structure in its plane. Such a structure cannot remain in equilibrium under a general system of loads and is, therefore,
referred to as statically unstable externally.
From Figure 14 it should be obvious that although

the two reactions can prevent the truss from
rotating and translating in the vertical direction,
they cannot prevent its translation in the
horizontal direction.
Figure 14: Example of Externally Statically Unstable Plane Structure
The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of plane internally stable structures can be summarized as
follows:
𝒓 < 𝟑 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒓 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝒓 > 𝟑 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
A structure may be supported by a sufficient number of reactions (𝑟 ≥ 3) but may still be unstable due to improper arrangement of
supports. Such structures are referred to as geometrically unstable externally.
In Figure 15a, although there is a sufficient number of

reactions (𝑟 = 3), all of them are in the vertical
direction, so they cannot prevent translation of the
structure in the horizontal direction.
The beam in Figure 15b is supported by three

nonparallel reactions. However, since the lines of
action of all three reaction forces are concurrent at the
same point, A, they cannot prevent rotation of the
beam about point A.
Figure 15: Reaction Arrangements Causing External Geometric Instability in Plane Structures
STATIC DETERMINACY OF INTERNALLY UNSTABLE STRUCTURES—EQUATIONS OF CONDITION
If there are 𝒆𝒄 equations of condition (one equation for each internal hinge and two equations for each internal roller) for an
internally unstable structure, which is supported by r external reactions, then if
𝒓 < 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆
𝒓 = 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒓 > 𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆
For an externally indeterminate structure, the degree of external indeterminacy is expressed as
𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 − (𝟑 + 𝒆𝒄 )
Alternative Approach An alternative approach that can be used for determining the static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy
of internally unstable structures is as follows:
1. Count the total number of support reactions, 𝑟.
2. Count the total number of internal forces, 𝑓𝑖 , that can be transmitted through the internal hinges (2) and the
internal rollers (1) of the structure.
3. Determine the total number of unknowns, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 .
4. Count the number of rigid members or portions, 𝑛, contained in the structure.
5. Because each of the individual rigid portions or members of the structure must be in equilibrium and each must
satisfy the three equations of equilibrium. Thus, the total number of equations available for the entire structure is
3𝑛.
6. Determine whether the structure is statically unstable, determinate, or indeterminate by comparing the total
number of unknowns, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 , to the total number of equations 3𝑛, then find the degree of indeterminacy for
indeterminate structures.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
number of reactions = 5
number of members = 1
𝑓𝑖 = 0
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 5 ; 3𝑛 = 3, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 > 3𝑛
𝑖𝑒 = 5 − 3 = 2
✓ The structure is statically indeterminate to the second degree (2°).
𝑓𝑖 = 2 (1 internal hinge)
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 8 ; 3𝑛 = 6, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 > 3𝑛
𝑖𝑒 = 8 − 6 = 2
✓ The structure is statically indeterminate to 2°.
𝑓𝑖 = 1 (1 internal roller)
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 5 ; 3𝑛 = 6, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 < 3𝑛
✓ The structure is statically unstable.
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 9 ; 3𝑛 = 9, 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 3𝑛
✓ The structure is statically determinate externally.
number of reactions = 4 number of reactions = 6

number of members = 2 number of members = 4
𝑓𝑖 = 2 (1 internal hinge) 𝑓𝑖 = 6 (3 internal hinge)
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 6 ; 3𝑛 = 6 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 12 ; 3𝑛 = 12
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 3𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 3𝑛
✓ The structure is statically determinate externally. ✓ The structure is statically determinate externally.
To classify a frame with a closed loop, the loop has to be cut open by the method of section, and the internal reactions in the
cut section (𝑓𝑖 ) should be considered in the analysis. See illustration below.
𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 = 13 ; 3𝑛 = 6; 𝑟 + 𝑓𝑖 > 3𝑛
𝑖𝑒 = 13 − 6 = 7
✓ The structure is statically indeterminate to 7th degree.
1-8: Determinacy and Stability of Trusses
We can develop the criteria for the static determinacy, indeterminacy, and instability of general plane trusses containing m members
and j joints and supported by r (number of) external reactions. For the analysis, we need to determine m member forces and r external
reactions; that is, we need to calculate a total of m + r unknown quantities. Since there are j joints and we can write two equations of
equilibrium ( ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 and ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0) for each joint, the total number of equilibrium equations available is 2j.
• If the number of unknowns 𝒎 + 𝒓 for a truss is equal to the number of equilibrium equations 𝟐𝒋— that is, 𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋—all
the unknowns can be determined by solving the equations of equilibrium, and the truss is statically determinate.
• If a truss has more unknowns 𝒎 + 𝒓 than the available equilibrium equations 𝟐𝒋—that is, 𝒎 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋—all the unknowns
cannot be determined by solving the available equations of equilibrium, such truss is called statically indeterminate.
The excess members and reactions are called redundants, and the number of excess members and reactions is referred to as the degree
of static indeterminacy, i, which can be expressed as
𝑖 = 𝑚 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗
The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of plane trusses can be summarized as follows:
𝒎 + 𝒓 < 𝟐𝒋 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒔
𝒎 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒔
𝒎 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒔𝒔
External Stability
The first condition, for the static instability of trusses, is both necessary and sufficient in the sense that if 𝑚 < 2𝑗 − 𝑟, the
truss is definitely statically unstable. However, the remaining two conditions, for static determinacy 𝑚 = 2𝑗 − 𝑟 and
indeterminacy 𝑚 > 2𝑗 − 𝑟, are necessary but not sufficient conditions. In other words, these two equations simply tell us that the
number of members and reactions is sufficient for stability. They do not provide any information regarding their arrangement.
• A truss may have a sufficient number of members and external reactions but may still be unstable due to improper
arrangement of members and/or external supports.
• A structure (or truss) is externally unstable if all of its reactions are concurrent or parallel.
For example, if a horizontal force is applied to the top cord of each of the two trusses in figure above, each truss will be externally
unstable, since the support reactions have lines of action that are either concurrent or parallel.
• If a truss is constructed so that it does not hold its joints in a fixed position, it will be unstable or have a “critical form.” It
can be seen from the figure below that no restraint or fixity is provided between joints C and F or B and E, and so the truss
will collapse under a vertical load.
Bear in mind, however, that if a truss is unstable, it does not matter whether it is statically determinate or indeterminate.
Obviously, the use of an unstable truss is to be avoided in practice.
EXAMPLES
m = 21 j = 10 r=3 m = 16 j = 10 r=3
m = 17 (number of members) 𝑚 + 𝑟 > 2𝑗 𝑚 + 𝑟 < 2𝑗
j = 10 (number of joints)
r = 3 (number of reactions) The truss is statically indeterminate The truss is unstable.
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 with degree of indeterminacy of 4.
The truss is statically determinate
r=4
r=3
m = 13 j = 8 m = 14
r=4 𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 j=9
m = 16 The truss is unstable because it 𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗
j = 10 contains two rigid portions ABCD Truss is statically determinate.
𝑚 + 𝑟 = 2𝑗 and EFGH connected by three
Truss is statically parallel members, BF, CE, and DH.
determinate.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Verify the instability, determinacy and indeterminacy of the structures below with calculations.
Statically indeterminate (1 degree)
Statically indeterminate (4 degree)
Unstable
Determinate
Starically indeterminate (𝑖𝑒 =2)
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
For the following problems classify each of the structure as unstable, statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If
indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy. All internal joints are fixed connected.
1.
2.
3.
4.
IX. REFERENCES
1. Aslam Kassimali, 2019. Structural Analysis. 6th Ed. SI Ed., Cengage Learning
2. R.C. Hibbeler, 2012. Structural Analysis. 9th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall
3. W.M.C. McKenzie. 2006. Examples in Structural Analysis. Taylor & Francis. N.Y., USA.
4. Structural Analysis (Udoeyo)
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Engineering/Book%3A_Structural_Analysis_(Udoeyo)

Theory 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Theory 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. THEORY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1-2: Role of Structural Analysis in Structural Engineering Project

1-3: Classification of Structures

Figure 2: Beams Classified According to their Supports

Figure 4: Space Truss (a) and Plane Truss (b)

2. Cables and Arches

Figure 6: Typical rigid frame

Figure 7: Sydney Opera House

1-4: Loads on Structures

Dead Loads (D)

Rain Loads (R)

Earthquake Loads (E)

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure (H)

Other Natural Loads

1-5: Analytical Models

Figure 8: Framing of a bridge

EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS OF PLANE STRUCTURES (TWO DIMENSIONS)

1-7: External and Internal Forces

1-8: Types of Supports

1-9: Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy and Stability of Beams and Frames

Figure 10: Examples of Internally Stable Structures (Rigid Structures)

Figure 11: Examples of Internally Unstable Structures (Nonrigid Structures)

STATIC DETERMINACY OF INTERNALLY STABLE STRUCTURES

Figure 12: Examples of Externally Statically Determinate Plane Structures

Figure 13: Examples of Externally Statically Indeterminate Plane Structures

From Figure 14 it should be obvious that although

Figure 14: Example of Externally Statically Unstable Plane Structure

In Figure 15a, although there is a sufficient number of

The beam in Figure 15b is supported by three

number of reactions = 4 number of reactions = 6

✓ The structure is statically indeterminate to 7th degree.

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Statically indeterminate (1 degree)

Statically indeterminate (4 degree)

Starically indeterminate (𝑖𝑒 =2)

You might also like