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C A M B R i D G E U n i V E R Si t y P R E S S
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THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES
ON THE POWER WISDOM AND GOODNESS OF GOD
AS MANIFESTED IN THE CREATION
TREATISE VII
ON THE HISTORY HABITS AND INSTINCTS OF ANIMALS
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL II
' I / L S T , LV BIBLE A LA MAIN, QLE NOlS DL\ONS ENTRER DANS
I.L TILMPLE ALGISTE Dfc LA NATDJii:, POLH B1EN COMPKENDHL:
L\ VO1X DL CUEATELR." GAEDE.
ON THE
BY THE
VOL II
LONDON
WILLIAM PICKERIiXG
1835
CONTENTS
Page
EXPLANATION OF PLATES vii
VOL. II.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
VOLUME II.
PLATE X. CRUSTACEANS.
Page
PLATE XIV. REPTILES.
OF ANIMALS.
CHAPTER XIII.
Functions and Instincts. Cirripedes and
Crinoideans.
CIRRIPEDES.
1
Lat. Cirri. ? Gr. KlppOQ.
CIRRIPEDES. 3
C1UNO1DEANS.
1 2
PLATE III. B. FIG. 1. Polypi natantes.
12 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Crinoidea, 54. * j\r. D. D'Hist. Nat. x. 224.
10 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CHAPTER XIV.
Entomostracan Condylopes.
1 8
See above, VOL. I. p. 154, 164. Roget, B. T. ii. 493.
22 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 c
Intestinaux cavitaires. Entozoa, Rud.
ENTOMOSTRACAN CONDYLOPES. 23
ratory states, but in their last or perfect state,
they differ, and like the Pcecilopods, are para-
sitic ; many of them are furnished with a very
conspicuous organ, which I shall afterwards
describe, for fixing themselves; and their form
is very different, their body consisting of two
segments, like that of the Arachnidans,1 though
attached to their abdomen, like many of the
Branchiopods, they have two egg-pouches.2 In
fact the Lerneans seem scarcely more anomalous
amongst the Entomostracans, than the King-
crab, and other Pcecilopods. All things consi-
dered, perhaps, they may be regarded as forming
an osculant group between the two Orders.
1
Latreille Cours DyEntomolo(jie, i. 421. 3
Calanus.
ENTOMOSTRACAN CONDYLOPES. 29
1
Gamasus scabriculus. * Limulus.—Mull.
ENTOMOSTRACAN CONDYLOPES. 33
crust is divided into two portions, the anterior
embracing the posterior, and being terminated,
like the Rays, to which they present ah ana-
logy* by a long angular tail. They have both
compound and simple eyes ; the first are situated,
one in the middle of each lateral ridge, usually
under the spine on the outer side ; the second, or
simple eyes, are on each side of the intermediate
ridge, where it begins : these last are very mi-
nute, and not easily discoverable. The under
side of the shield, or anterior portion of the
crust, is deeply hollowed for the reception of the
body, and the cavity is marked out anteriorly
by an emarginate ridge, which gives it some-
thing the appearance of the hooded serpent.
Some of them attain to a large size, the species
found near the Molucca Islands being sometimes
two feet in length.
The head in them, as in the Arachnidans,
seems suppressed, or to merge in the thorax,
which also, as in that Class, bears the eyes, the
outer pair corresponding with those of certain
Crustaceans in which they are sessile, and the
inner pair being like those of the Arachnidans,
but they have neither the oral organs nor the
legs of the Class just named. In fact, these
animals seem to stand in much the same posi-
tion amongst the Entomostracans, that the
Cephalopods do amongst the Molluscans, and
moreover as giants amongst pigmies. Time will
VOL. II. D
34 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CHAPTER XV.
Crustacean Condylopes.
* Cliclifcr.
38 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
2
* Macropodia Phalangium. Thalassina Scorpioides.
3
Squilla Mantis.
40 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
VOL. I. p. .'347. PLATE VIII. FIG. 1.
CRUSTACEAN CONDYLOPES. 41
fathomable depth and immeasurable heighth of
Deity, which comprehends all things and is
comprehended by none ; and to whom all things
owe their being, and their form, and their
organs, and their several places and functions.
J
G. Puyillator. - Astacus Gammarus.
CRUSTACEAN CONDYLOP.ES. 45
1 Q
Astacus jluviatilis. Pagurus, PLATE X. F I G . 2.
3
Ibid. 2. a, a, a.
4(> FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Pacjurus clibanarius. See PLATE X. F I G . 2.
~ Ibid, bb, cc. * Ibid, d, d} d, d.
CRUSTACEAN CONDYLOPES. 47
1
Birgus Latro. PLATE X. F I G . 1» ~ VOL. I. p. 123.
CRUSTACEAN CONDYLOPES. 40
1
Squilla Mantis.
CRUSTACEAN CONDYLOPES. 59
CHAPTER XVI.
1
Julus, &c. * J.fcetidissimus,
* Pollyxenus lagurus. * J. terrestris.
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOPES. 67
1
Cermatia. Illig. Leach. Scutigera. Lam. Latr.
3
* Sc. Gigas. Iutrod. to Ent. t. vii./. 13. a.
08 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 2
S. phosphorea. Geophilus electricus.
70 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 3
Levil. xi. 42. - Q^JH r m o Genes, vii. 2.
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOPES. 71
1 2
Ateles. See above, Vol. I. p. 346.
74 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 2
Julus terrestris. De Geer, vii. 583. t. xxxvi./. 20, 21.
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOPES. 75
1
Latr. Cours B'Eniomologie, 167.
2
Anim. sans Vertebr. ii. 57, Note a.
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOPES. 85
1
L. Dufour. AnnaL Gener. des Sc. Nat. iv* t. Ixiv. f. 7, fl,
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOPES. 87
1 3
Phalangium. ~ Tipula. Chelifer, Ohisium, &c.
MYRIAPOD CONDYLOrES. 91
CHAPTER XVII.
1
Lamarck, Anim. sans Vertebr. v. 355.
PREHENSOUY ORGANS. 103
1
See LINN. TRANS, ii. t. iii./. a. b.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 105
1 2
Owen's Memoir, &c. 13, t. i. n. Ibid. 14.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 107
1
Lophius. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2.
a :i
Fn. Groenland, 294. See above, p. 2.
VOL. II. I
114 LOCOMOTIVE AN D
1
Introd. to Ent. ii. 308.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 115
1
VOL. I. Appendix, p. 358.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 117
1
See Nordmann, i. 61. t. v. f. 3,4,5.
c
Sanrjuisuya medicinalis. Sav.
^ VOL. I. p. 336.
] 18 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
See above, p. 5.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 123
1
Petromyzon. ~ Myxine.
3 4
Philos. Trans. 1816. t. xvii./. 2. Anolins.
124 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Achtheres Percarum, See above, p. 118.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 125
1 2 3
VOL. I. p. 251. Ibid. p. 246. Ibid. p. 289.
126 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Intro, to Ent. iii. 134.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 127
1 2 3
Nageurs. Lam. PLATE IX. FIG. 4. c. Dyticus.
134 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Manatus Americanus.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 137
1
See PLATE XIII. FIG. 1, 3. Lophiadce. Lophius. L.
2
Raiadce. Raia. L.
138 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Psihts, & c . See Jurine Hymcnopt. t. v. and \ i i i . G. 4 8 .
- Libclhilince.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 147
1
cumstances. In some genera the wing is folded
longitudinally in repose, and in others also trans-
versely.2 In the higher animals the wings never
exceed a single pair; but in insects the typical
number is four; and though some are called
Dipterous, or two-winged, yet even a large pro-
portion of these have, in the winglets,3 the rudi-
ment of another pair. The anterior pair, called
elytra, &c. in the beetles, and some others, are
principally useful to cover and protect the wings
when unemployed, still they produce some effect
in flight, and they partake in a reduced degree
of the motion of the wings, those of the cock-
chaffer4 describing an arc equal to only a fourth
part of that of the latter organs.
M. Jurine, in which he is followed by M.
Chabrier, has regarded the primary wing of in-
sects as analogous to the wing of birds; but
though this may hold good in some respects, it
does not in its main feature. If we consider
that the wing of birds is really the analogue of
the fore-leg of quadrupeds, and replaces it; and
also that insects have a representative of that
leg fixed to the anterior segment of the trunk,
thence called the 3Ianitnmk, in contradistinction
to the Ali/runk, which bears the wings; it seems
not probable that the anterior leg, and the ante-
rior wing which belong to different segments,
1 c
Vespifhr. Colcoptera.
•J Aluhc. * Mrhdontha vuhjmis.
148 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Geotrupes stercorurlus, &c. * Man. Ap. Angl. i. 108.
150 LOCOMOTIVE AND
n
'" Lcpittoptcra. ~ Su.r l< Vnl dc,< ln$. 2 4 .
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 151
1
Lit. G a z t ' l t e , O c t . ] ] , 1 8 3 4 , 6<»0.
PREHENSORV ORGANS. 155
1
Ardea cinerca. - A . stellaiis.
156 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 3
Strutkio. " Casnarius. Lcs Carnassicrs.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 157
1
See above, p. 130. * Gubernaeula.
VOL. II. M
1(32 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 3
Ephemera. ~ Uropygium. Loxia pyrrhula.
164 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Cubitus, including two parallel bones, the Ulna and Radius.
2 3
Manns. Femur.
1
Cms, including also two parallel bones, Tibia and Fibula.
5 6 7
Pcs. Os innominatum. Os ilium.
8
Os pubis. 9 Os ischium.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 169
1
Dytiscus. L.
170 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
PLATE X. F I G . 1.
172 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Camelopardalis Giraffa.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 175
1
Herodot. Melpom. § 192. Ed. Reizii.
2
It is to be observed in general, with respect to the Class of
Birds, that the conspicuous part of their legs is not the shank,
which is chiefly covered by muscle and feathers, but is formed *
of the tarsal and metatarsal bones united into one.
3
See above, p. 164.
VOL. II. N
178 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Echassicrs breripennes. '2 Struthio Camelus.
3 4
Caviariits Evtcu. Ophwtheres cristaius. Veill.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 179
1 2 3
E. G. in Scps. As in Bipcs. Zool. Jount. iii. 253.
4 [:
Acrocinus l^iKjimcuuts. Ccrambux. L.
180 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 c
Haltica vleracea, Nemorum, 8$c. Cervus. L.
182 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 2
See Bochart Hierozoic. ii. 515. a. Gryllotalpa.
190 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
PJillos. Trans. 182.",, ^17.
192 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 5
PLATE XIV. F I G . 2. Ibid. F I G . 3.
VOL. II. O
194 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 c
Scansores. Picus.
3 4
Trochilns. See Dr. Roget, B. T. ii. 1.V2.
FREHENSORY ORGANS 195
1
See Vieillot. N. D. D'Hist. Nat. vii. 342. t. B. 38.
2 3
Roget, B. T. ii. 391. Scolopax rusticola.
1 5
Sc. gallinago, and gallinula. Platalea leucorodia.
6 7
Pelacanvs Onocrotalus. Spatulc.
190 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 2
N. D. D'Hist. Nat. xxv. 139. Ubi supr. 138.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 197
1
Sparrman. Voyage, ii. 98.
202 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Roget, B.T.I 520.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 203
1
Catoblepas Gnu. ~ Bos.
204 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Isai. lx. 7.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 205
1
Edentes.
206 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 2 3
M. didactylas. PLATE XVI. Zool. Jonrn. iii. 551.
208 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Bradypus. ~ Linn. Trans, xvii. 17.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 209
1 c
Rodentln. Crts?or Fiber.
VOL. II. V
"210 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Cheiromys.
PRRHENSORY ORGANS. 21 1
1
Li/wnts.
212 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1 2 3
See above, p. 137, 1 J 6 . Ursus. Gulo.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 2 13
1
1 Tim. ii. 8.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 217
i Mark, viii. 2 3 - 2 5 .
218 LOCOMOTIVE AND
1
Mark, x. 16. Luke, xxiv. 50.
PREHENSORY ORGANS. 219
CHAPTER XYIII.
On Instinct.
1
Zool. Journ. i. 7.
VOL. I I . Q
226 INSTINCT.
1
A»VML dcs Sc. Nature!, xxi. 2 jf)icjm 52.
INSTINCT. 227
parlour window, and barked, to tell the gentle-
man he was ready to carry back the answer.1
The remarkable case of the ass Valiante,2 and
of other animals that find their way to their old
quarters from a great distance, may be attributed,
I think, rather to natural sagacity and memory,
than to any instinctive impulse. The animal
just alluded to might have sagacity enough to
keep near the sea, or a concurrence of accidental
circumstances might befriend her.
Divine Providence has at its disposal the
whole animal creation, and can employ all their
instincts and their faculties to bring about its own
purposes, both with respect to individuals and
mankind in general. Man, who may be called,
under God, the king of the visible creation,
makes a similar use of the creatures that are
placed at his disposal; of some, as the horse and
the ox, he employs the physical powers; of
others, as the bee and the dog, he avails himself
of the instinct. Some he instructs how they are
to do his work ; others, he takes as he finds them.
So the Deity, it may be presumed, with a secret
hand, guides some to fulfill his will, instructing
them, as it were, because their unaided instinct
would not alone avail, in the decree they are to
execute, while others, merely by following the
bent of their nature, do the same. In many
1
Annal. des Sc. Naturel. 66.
2 Introd. to Ent. ii. 496. Note a.
228 INSTINCT.
2
* Matth. x. 29, 30. Ephes. i. 5.
230 INSTINCT.
1
See Spectator, ii. p. 1\M.
INSTINCT. 231
1 2
Stapelia hirsuta. Spectator, ii. n. 120.
232 INSTINCT.
1 s
ZooL Jour. i. 5, 6. ~ Ibid. Ibid. 6.
INSTINCT. 233
1 3
Zool. Journ. i. 7. ~ Luke, x. 19. Ibid. 18—20.
234 INSTINCT.
1
S p e c t a t o r , ii. n . 1 2 0 .
VOL. II. R
242 INSTINCT.
1
La Place. E . T. ii. 337. 3 1 1 .
INSTINCT. 243
1
Dr. Virev,
244 INSTINCT.
1
Annul, dcs Sc. Natur. xx. Juin. 1830. 193.
INSTINCT. 251
1
Consolations in Travel, 214.
254 INSTINCT.
J
On the Immortality of the Smil, B. iii. c. VI, 13.
INSTINCT. 255
1
Life of Sir H. Danj, Ato. edit. .517.
256 INSTINCT.
1
See above, r>. 238.
INSTINCT. 259
1
VOL. 1. p. 102. See Jenner, Philos. Trans. 1824, 20.
202 INSTINCT.
1
Pliilos. Trans. 1RM. '20. * Ibid, 25.
INSTINCT. 265
1
See VOL. I. p. 107. ? See above, p. 231.
INSTINCT. 267
1
Consolations in Travel, 196, 197.
270 INSTINCT.
i I . 12*2.
280 INSTINCT.
CHAPTER XIX.
1 2
Nymphon grossipes. IntrocL to Etit. iii. 10. 24.
ARACHNIDANS. 283
1. Araneidans, or spiders.
No animals fall more universally under ob-
servation than the spiders; we see them every-
where, fabricating their snares or lying in wait
for their prey, in our houses, in the fields, on
the trees, shrubs,flowers,grass, and in the earth;
and, if we watch their proceedings, we may
sometimes see them, without the aid of wings,
ascend into the air, where, carried by their web
as by an air-balloon, they can elevate themselves
to a great height. The webs they spin and
weave are also equally dispersed; they often
fill the air, so as to be troublesome to us, and
cover the earth. M. Mendo Trigozo2 relates,
that at Lisbon, on the 6th of November, 1811,
the Tagus was covered, for more than half an
hour, by these webs, and that innumerable
spiders accompanied them which swam on the
surface of the water. I have in another place3
1
Manipalps would be a more proper term, as the feelers are
used for prehension, not for walking.
2 3
Latr. Cours. D' Ent. i. 497. See above, p. 183.
284 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 3
MammulcB, Introd. to Ent. iii. 391. Fusi, ibid. 392.
3
Latr. Cours D'Ent. i. 496.
ARACHNIDANS. 285
2 3
» Cteniza ariana. Ct. nidulans. Ct. ccementaria,
A
Wanderings in N. S. Wales, §c. i. -T28.
ARACHNIDANS. 289
1
PLATE XL B. FIG. 2. o.
c
Observations sur le nid (Tune Araignee lu d VAcad. des
Sc. le 21 Juin, 1830, par M. Victor Audoin; and Ann. de
la Soc. Ent. de France, ii. 69.
292 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
PLATE XI. B. FIG. 4. * i. 328.
ARACHNIDANS. 29.']
1 2
Segestria senoculata. vii. 2 6 1 .
3 l
Walck. Araneid. <lc France. 195. Segestria pcrjidu.
ARACHNIDANS. 295
1
Argyroneta aquaticiu
AUACHN1DANS. 297
1
Related probably to Thoniisus citreus.
2
Salticus scenicus.
ARACHNIDANS. 299
Pseudarachnidan Condylopes.
1
See above, p. 68.
ARACHNIDANS. 303
connecting with trachea for respiration. Circu-
lation obscure. Eyes 2—4. Legs 6—8. Sexual
organs single.
The Class consists of two Orders, perfectly
analogous to those of the Arachnidans, which
may be denominated, Pseudo-scorpions and
Phalangidans.
1. Pseudo-scorpions. BODY oblong, divided
into several segments. Eyes 2—4. Legs 6—8.
2. Phalangidans. BODY consisting of one
segment, with the analogue of the abdomen
consisting of folds. Eyes 2. Legs 8, elongated.
1. I have already given an account of the
most interesting genus of this Order, the Sol-
puga, on a former occasion ;* and there is little
known of the history of the book-crabs? except
that they are often found in books; I have also
occasionally met with them in the drawers of
my insect cabinets, moving slowly on, with
their arms expanded, probably they were in
search of the mite that is so injurious to
specimens of insects; they are also often found
upon flies. One genus,3 in this tribe, has four
eyes, all the rest of the Class have only two.
2. The most remarkable genus4 of the second
Order of Pseudarachnidans is one described in
the Linnean Transactions,6 in which the posterior
1 2 3
See above, p. 85. Chelifer Obisium.
4
Gonyleptes. K. * xii. 450. t. xxii./. 16.
304 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
Acaridan Condylopes.
1 s
Acari. * Ricini. Pteroptes.
x
VOL. II.
306 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Baker on Micr. ii. 407. t. xv.f. E. F. G.
ARACHNIDANS. 307
1
Linn. Tr. xi. 12. ? Ibid. 13.
ARACHNIDANS. 309
CHAPTER XX.
1
Vol. I. p. 303, 304. 2 Mac Leav, Hor. Ent. 206, 298.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 313
1
Melophacjus. The Sherp-Iouse.
INSECT CONDYXOPES. 319
1
Latr. Crust. Arachn. et Ins. ii. .r>4t2.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 325
1 2 3
Attunoplula. Pmnpilus. Bcmbcx.
INSECT (ONDYLOPES. 331
1 2
littrod. to Ent, i. 446. ('ynijjs Scnpiontm.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 333
1 :
Ecclus. xi. 3. PLATE XI. FIG. 3.
VOL. II. Z
338 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
It should seem from this that the eggs grow.
342 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Lutrcillc in N. D. D'H. N. xxxiii. 90.
INSECT CONDYLOl'ES. 349
1 ?
Forjicula. Lygceus (tptcrus* hrrriponus} &c.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 351J
1 2
Carabus. Mormolyce. PLATE XI. F I G . 1.
3 4
Phasma. Cicindela, Manticora.
300 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 2
Cochleoctonus. Meloe.
3
See Introd. to Ent. iii. 162. note 6.
4 5
Introd. to Ent. i. 352. Silpha. L.
fi
Dermcstes, Byrrhus, &c.
8
7 Nitidula,&c. Trox.
302 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Dermestes cadaverimts et vulpinus.
2
Scarabceus sacer.
* Ateuchus pilularius. Introd. to Ent. i. 351.
4
Spfiaridium, &c.
5
Hybosorus geminatus.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 363
1 3
Chrysomela, &c. 2 Cassida. Haltica.
4 5
Introd. to Ent. i. 187. 207. Ibid, 172. 176, &c.
6
Ccrambyx. L. 7 jntr0(L to Ent. i. 235. 260.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 305
1
Lacordaire, Ann. des Sc. Nat. xx. 260.
2 3
Dynastes. M'Leay. Rhizotrogus.
4
Cetonia aurata.
306 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Calandra. ~ Cordylia Palmar urn.
4
•*' Rhizotrogus solstitialis. Melolontha vulgaris.
5 6
Hoplia, &c. Entimus imperialism and iwlrilh.
7
Ann. des Sc. Nat. xx. 161.
INSECT CONDYLOPES. 367
CHAPTER XXI.
1
Trochilus. '- Mus messorius.
FISHES. 373
1 3
N. D. DH. N. iv. 330. Latr. Cours. D'Eut. t. 2 . / . 2.
FISHES. 375
1
Manis.
FISHES. 377
i Roget, B. T. i. 116.
378 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
J
Floret, B. T. i. 4'.YS. ~ See above, p. 135.
FISHES. 379
1
Ar. D. D'Hist. Nat. xxvii. 247.
380 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 2
Periopkthalmus. B. palpebratus.
FISHES. 381
1
Hist, des Poiss. hit rod. cxxx.
384 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CARTILAGINEAXS. OSSEANS.
1 2
Scomber Scombrus. Trigla Gurnardus.
3
Mullus. * Prrcn.
FISHES. 395
1
with which we are acquainted, I shall there-
fore only add here some particulars with respect
to the habits of a few individuals which may
throw some light upon their history.
Amongst the Cyclostomous Cartilagineans the
hag is distinguished by a singular means of
escape from its enemies. This animal adheres
to fishes by creating a vacuum by means of
its lips; this effected, it lacerates them with
its teeth, without their being able to shake it off,
and then, like the leech, it sucks their blood and
juices; but since, when thus fixed and em-
ployed, it might easily become the prey of
other fishes, Providence has enabled it to con-
ceal itself from them, by means of the excre-
ment which, when in danger, it emits, and
which remains for a time near it, detained by
the slime which exudes from its pores. This
is so abundant that Kalm, having put one in
a large tub of sea water, it became like a clear
transparent glue, from which he could draw
threads, even moving the animal with them.
A second water, upon its being again immersed,
in a quarter of an hour, became the same. Sir
E. Home was of opinion that these animals are
hermaphrodites.
1
Malthus Vesptrtilio, PLATE XIII. FIG. 1, 2, a.
408 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CHAPTER XXII.
1
The Chelonians.
1
The Gecko, Monitor, Chamaleon, &c. amongst the San-
rians.
3
Job9\\l 34; Psl. xxvii. 1 ; Ezek. xxv. 3 ; Rev. xx. 2,
x\i. 13.
410 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
I
C u v . RL-yn. An. ii. 1. 8. Lacep. Quad. Ovipar.
II
Jvrcm. li. 37.
REPTILES. 411
1
Amphibia.
412 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Outlines of a Course of Lectures, &c. 14—16.
REPTILES. 413
REPTILIA. (Reptiles.)
Animal, vertebrated, oviparous, or ovovivipa-
rous. Eggs, hatched without incubation.
Heart, really biauriculate, though in some the
auricles are not externally divided. Blood, red,
partially oxygenated, cold.
Brain, very small; vitality, in some degree,
independent of it.
Integument, various.
As the two Orders into which the Batra-
chians of Cuvier are divided by Dr. Grant,
differ from the rest of the Class not only in their
respiratory organs, but also in other important
particulars, indicating that they form a group of
greater value than the other three Cuvierian
Orders, I shall therefore consider the Class of
Reptiles as further divided into two Sub-classes,
which I propose to denominate, from the differ-
ence of their integument, Malacoderma and
Scleroderma.
Sub-class 1.—Reptilia Malacoderma. (Soft-
coated Reptiles). Heart, with two auricles,
externally simple, but internally divided. Inte-
gument, soft, naked. Eggs, impregnated, after
extrusion.
This Sub-class consists of the two Orders
called, by Latreille and Dr. Grant, as above
stated, Caducibranchia and Perennibranchia; but
considering the Reptiles as forming a single
REPTILES. 413
ORDERS.
SUB-CLASS 1. SUB-CLASS 2.
1. Amphibians. 3. Ophidians,
2. Batrachians. 4. Saurians.
5. Chelonians.
1
Rtgne Anim. ii. 117.
416 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Rtgne Anirn. ii. 99.
REPTILES. 417
1
VOL. I. p. 35. * Consolat. in Trav. 187.
* Ibid. 183—188. 4 p L A T E XIV. Fie. 1.
REPTILES. 419
1
PLATE XIV. F I G . \9a.
REPTILES. 421
1
See above, p. 265.
REPTILES. 423
1
Rusconi, in Edinb. Philos. Journ. ix. 110—113, on Sala-
mandra phttycaiulct.
424 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Ps. cxxxix. 13—16. " Hist. An. lib. v. chap. 19.
3 /•/;*/ Mat. 1. x. 67. 4 v. ut 2 ) 7 / . N. xxx. 58, .39.
REPTILES. 425
1
Cuv. Anat. Comp. iii. 90.
REPTILES. 4:29
1 c
ZooL Jonrn. iv. 165. Iguana vulgaris.
3
M. niloticus.
REPTILES. 431
1 2 3
Hijipopotamus. PsL civ. 26. Chap. xli.
REPTILES. 433
1
dile, and they are stated to destroy many of
them; even the feline race, in some countries,
contrive to make them their prey. Though the
scales that cover their back are impervious to a
musket ball, those on the belly are softer and
more easily penetrated; and here the saw-fish,
and other voracious fishes, find them vulnerable,
and so destroy them. The Trionyxy also, a kind
of tortoise, devours them as soon as hatched.
Their eggs are the prey not only of the ich-
neumon and the lizard, before mentioned, but of
many kinds of apes ; and aquatic birds also
devour them, as well as man himself.
The crocodile has no lips, so that when he
walks or swims with great calmness, he shows
his teeth as if he was in a rage. When extreme
hunger presses him, he will swallow stones and
pieces of wood to keep his stomach distended.
The heron and the pelican are said to take
advantage of the terror which the sight of the
crocodile produces amongst the fishes—causing
them to flee on all sides—to seize and devour
them: therefore they are frequently seen in his
vicinity.
Order 5.—The Chelonians, as far as at pre-
sent known, seem far removed from the Sau-
rians. The turtles, indeed, in their paddles,
exhibit an organ which is common to them,
1
VOL. i. p. 30.
VOL. II. F F
434 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CHAPTER XXIII.
1
See Introd. to Ent. Lett. xxiv.
438 FCNCT10NS AND INSTINCTS.
1
.V. D. D'Hist. Sot, x\iii. 3.5-2.
410 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
T. Caretta. 2 ]Sf. D. D'H.N. xxxiv. t. R. 8./. 1. 2.
3
Pterodactylus. Ornithocephalus. Somm.
4
GryphL Gray's Synnps. Rcpt. 78.
* N. 1). JXIL N. xxviii. 226.
BIRDS. 443
1
description of a new species, mentions having
found upon it some impressions, looking like those
of feathers; and though he thinks it flies like a
bird, seems to regard it as between the crocodile
and the monitor. The serrated beak of the
mergansers is not very unlike that of the common
pterodactyle,2 though that of the species de-
scribed by Professor Goldfuss has a few very
long dispersed teeth, of different lengths, like
those of the crocodile.3 The animals of the last
named genus, in the structure of their heart,
approximate most nearly to birds, and in their
general organization are at the head of the Class
of Reptiles.4
From these statements, it seems as if the
Class just mentioned sent forth several branches
towards the Birds ; but, all circumstances consi-
dered, the pterodactyle, especially if it has fea-
thers, or rather plumiform scales, appears to
come the nearest to them, and to prove that the
feathers of the Bird are a transition from the
scales of the Reptile.
1
Pt. crassirostris. Isis Heft. v. 553.
2
Pt. antiquus.
3
Isis. ubi supr. t. \\. f. vii.
4
For these observations, with respect to the crocodile, I am
indebted to Mr. Owen.
444 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
AVES. (Birds.)
Animal, vertebrated, oviparous, biped.
Anterior extremities, organized for flight.
Integument, plumose.
Eggs, usually hatched by incubation.
Lungs, fixed.
Respiration and circulation, double.
Blood, red, warm.
i Otis.
446 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Rodentia.
BIRDS. 447
Nature is infinite in his essence and attributes, we
must expect there will be something that indi-
cates their origin from such a Being; though
not a real, there will be in them a seeming
infinity to finite minds. He who made them sees
them all at once, and in their several places, and
traces simultaneously every series through all
its numberless divarications or convolutions;
whereas man sees only a part of the ways of his
Creator. He can have no simultaneous view of
things, and must be contented with adding, here
a little and there a little, to his stores of know-
ledge. To investigate the works of his Creator
is a laudable exercise of his powers, and to aim
as much as possible to discover the system of
things that the God of Nature has established
by his Wisdom, and upholds by his Power, is
to aim at the discovery of Truth; who will more
and more reveal herself to those that, using the
proper means, seek her in sincerity.
ORDERS.1
1. Swimmers. 5. Climbers.
2. Waders. 6. Percheis.
3. Coursers. 7. Raveners.
4. Scratchers.
1
The Latin names of the Orders are,—
1. Natatores. 5. Scansores.
2. Grallatores. 6. Insessores.
3. Cur sores. 7. Raptores.*
4. Rasores.
* Raptor milvius. Pheedr.
448 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
2
i Voyage, i. 16. N. D. DJH. N. xiii. 306.
452 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS,
1
Tachypetes Aquila. 2 Diomedea exulans.
• Coryphama hippurus. * Scomber Pelamis.
5
Sula Bassana.
6
Richardson, Fn. Boreal. Americ. ii. 15. Audubon.
Biocjr. 162.
BIRDS. 453
1
Palamedea cornutu.
c
Hist. Nat. ct Med. Ind. Occid. 01.
BIRDS. 455
1 3
N. D. &H. N. i. 190. 2 Ciconia alba. C. uigra.
BIRDS. 457
1 2
Cursores. See ZooL Trans, i. i. t. x. 74.
458 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 2
Gallus giganteus. Sumatra, 2 Ed. 98.
3
Gallus Sonneratii.
4
N. D. D'H. N. vii. 472. Modern ornithologists appear to
account all these breeds as well as those mentioned in a former
chapter (VOL. I. p. 66) as distinct species. Linne, besides his
Phasiamis Gallus a, or the common breed, has Var. /3, P . G.
462 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Yunx torquilla.
2
I owe these observations on the wryneck principally to a
medical friend, George Helsham, Esq. of Woodbridge, in Suffolk,
a practical ornithologist, not only systematically and anato-
mically, but knowing birds also in their haunts, and conversant
with their habits and instincts.
BIRDS. 465
1 c
The Psittaceans. The Pies.
3 4
The Cuckows. The Toucan.
VOL.11. HH
466 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
lVv,K XV. VUtm J.
BIRDS. 460
1 c
Turdus grylllvorus, See Introd. lxxii.
3
E/.ek.i. 1 0 ; x. 1.
472 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
CHAPTER XXIV.
1 :
Stenops. Dipns Sac/itta. * Lemmns.
478 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
MAMMALIA. (Beasts.)
Animal vertebrated, ovoviviparous, or vivipa-
rous.
Extremities ambulatory, or natatory ; in a few
organized for flight.
480 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Rtyn. An. i. 174.
MAMMALIANS. 481
1
See above, p. 13l>. ' Tnchecus rosmaru*.
486 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
See above, p. 156.
2
See V O L . I. p . '27o, and I I . p. 00. ;*/>.
MAMMALIANS. 489
1
for a quadrumane, and several other instances
occur.
Sub-class 1. Order 1.—The animals of this
Order have puzzled Zoologists to ascertain their
place and character. At first they were regarded
as oviparous instead of mammiferous quadru-
peds, and the Ornythorhynckus in particular, was
thought to be something between bird and beast.
The researches of Mr. Owen have almost proved
that the animal just named does not leave the
womb of its mother as an egg, requiring her
incubation, to complete its birth; but in the
form it is afterwards to maintain, in which case
it must necessarily derive its support from her,
by some lactescent organ, traces of which have
been discovered. Its beak resembling that
of a duck, and its webbed feet seem to con-
nect it, in some degree, with the first Order of
the Birds; but the entire scapular apparatus,
the developement of the oviduct and uterus
in both sides, the absence of the ligamentum
teres, its four legs, and reptant motions, shew
that it is most nearly connected with the Rep-
tiles. The Echidna, by its extensile tongue, its
food, and mode of taking it, approaches the ant-
eaters : it also rolls itself up like an armadillo.
The functions of the Order seem to be to keep
in check the numbers of small animals; the
i See V O L . I I . \y. 2 1 0 .
490 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Sot above, p. 4'o'2.
MAMMALIANS.
1
Bulrrna. '- Balamopteru. * Balcpiw Mysitcetus.
494 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
See Vol. T. p. 199—2(V>. « Manatns Americanvs.
3
Hulicore Dtu/ong.
MAMMALIANS. 497
:
i N. D. D'H. N. xxxiii. 53. Ltujomys.
508 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
N. D. D'H. N. xxvi. 407 -410.
510 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1 c
See above, p. 476. Fn. Boreal. Amer. i. p. 107.
512 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
Abies niyra. * Populus trcmula. * Betula alba.
MAMMALIANS. 513
Cheiromys.
MAMMALIANS. 515
1
Fn.Boreali Americ. i. 15, 23, 28. ' Carnivora. Cuv.
516 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
1
See above, p. 156.
9
Written also Ourang Outang, and Orang Otang.
MAMMALIANS. 517
CHAPTER XXV.
J
V O L . I. p. 141', 156. 109.
524 FUNCTIONS AND INSTINCTS.
FINIS.
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