Professional Documents
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and Operations
Module 1
1
Course Contents
2
Lecture 1: Algebraic Properties and
Operations
ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
3
REVIEW: In order to understand basic algebraic operations and processes, let
us familiarize ourselves with the structure of the real number system.
5
Properties and Operations of Real Numbers
Commutative Properties
Addition Multiplication
Commutative property
𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎 𝑎∙𝑏 =𝑏∙𝑎
✓ Changing the order of the numbers in
addition or multiplication will not
Example: change the result
1 1 1 1
+3=3+ ∙3=3∙
2 2
2 2
Example:
3 3 2 3 3 2 −2.5 ∙ −1.2 ∙ 10 6
+ + = +( + )
4 5 5 4 5 5
= −2.5 ∙ [(−1.2) ∙ 10}
Identity Properties Identity property
✓ Adding zero a number does not
Addition Multiplication
change its value
𝑎 + 0 = (0 + 𝑎) 𝑎 ∙ 1 = (1 ∙ 𝑎) ✓ Multiplying a number by 1 does
not change the value of the
Example: number
100 + 0 = 0 + 100 100 ∙ 1 = 1 ∙ 100
7
Properties of Fractions
Property Example
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 2 5 2 ∙ 5 10 ✓ When multiplying fractions, multiply
1. 𝑏
∙ =
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 ∙ = = numerators and denominators
5 7 5 ∙ 7 35 ✓ When dividing fractions, invert the
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑑 2 5 2 7 14 divisor and multiply
2. ÷ = ∙ ÷ = ∙ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏 𝑐 ✓ When adding fractions with the same
3 7 3 5 15
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 2 7 2+7 9 denominator, add the numerators
3. 𝑐
+ =
𝑐 𝑐 + = = ✓ When adding fractions with different
5 5 5 5
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑+𝑏𝑐 2 3 2 ∙ 7 + 3 ∙ 5 29 denominators, find a common
4. 𝑏
+ =
𝑑 𝑏𝑑 + = = denominator. Then add the
5 7 35 35
numerator
𝑎𝑐 𝑎 2∙5 2 ✓ Cancel numbers that are common
5. 𝑏𝑐
=
𝑏 = factors in the numerator and
3∙5 3 denominator
𝑎 𝑐 2 6
6. 𝐼𝑓 𝑏
=
𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑 = 𝑏𝑐 = 𝑠𝑜 2 ∙ 9 = 3 ∙ 6 = 18 ✓ Cross-multiply
3 9
8
Properties of Absolute Value
Property Example
1. 𝑎 ≥0 −3 = 3 ≥ 0 ✓ The absolute value of a number is always
positive
2. 𝑎 = −𝑎 5 = −5 ✓ A number and its negative have the same
absolute value
3. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 −2 ∙ 5 = −2 5 ✓ The absolute value of a product is the product
of the absolute values
4.
𝑎
=
𝑎 12 12 ✓ The absolute value of a quotient is the
𝑏 𝑏 = quotient of the absolute values
−3 −3
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Properties and Laws of Exponents
Exponential Notation Example
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 𝑎 (−3)4 = (−3) ∙ (−3) ∙ −3 ∙ −3 = 81 ✓ The exponent tells us how many times the
base base b is used as a factor
Product Property of Exponents
10
Properties of Exponents
Product to a Power Property Example
✓ To raise a product to a power, raise each
𝑛
(𝑎𝑏) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
(3 ∙ 4) =(3) ∙ 4
2 2 2
= 9 ∙ 16 = 144 factor to the power then simplify
✓ To raise a product to a new power, multiply
(𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛 )𝑝 = 𝑎𝑚𝑝 ∙ 𝑏 𝑛𝑝 (−3𝑎)2 =(−3)2 ∙ (𝑎1 )2 = 9𝑎2
the exponents of each base then simplify
e.g.(2𝑎3 𝑏 2 )(3𝑎𝑏 4 )3 = (2𝑎3 𝑏 2 )[33 𝑎 3 (𝑏 4 )3 ] - product to power property
= 54 𝑎6 𝑏14 - result
12
Simplifying Expressions with Negative Exponents
Examples
1. 3ℎ𝑘 −2 3
6ℎ−2 𝑘 −3 −2
= 33 ℎ3 𝑘 −6 6−2 ℎ4 𝑘 6
To Simply an Expression
= 33 ∙ 6−2 ∙ ℎ3+4 𝑘 −6+6 1. Eliminate parenthesis by applying
27ℎ7 𝑘 0 the distributive property (mentally
=
36 change to algebraic addition if you
3ℎ 7
= find it helpful)
4 2. Use the commutative and
0
2. 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 0 + 3−2 =1+3 1 +
1 associative properties to group like
32 terms
1
=1+3+ 3. Simplify using the distributive
9
1 37 property to combine like terms.
=4 =
9 9
6𝑠𝑡 −4 6𝑠𝑠 2 3𝑠 3
3. 2𝑠 −2 𝑡 2
= 2 4 = 6
2𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
2
𝑦 −2 3𝑧 3 9𝑧 6
4. 3𝑧 3
= = 2
𝑦 𝑦
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Lecture 2:Index Laws and Radicals
ILO 2: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
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Review: Radicals
1
𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑛
✓ To give meaning to a
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑 power whose
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙ed the radical exponent is a rational
number (fraction), we
2
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎 need to discuss about
radicals
𝑎 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑) 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
3
𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑) 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
4
𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
5
𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑓𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎
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Properties of the nth Roots
Product Property of Radicals Example
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 3 3 3
1. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎∙ 𝑏 a. −8 ∙ 27 = −8 ∙ 27
= −2 3 = −6
3 3
b. 5 125𝑥 4 = 5 ∙ 125 ∙ 𝑥 4
3 3 ✓ Not all radicands are
= 5 ∙ 125 ∙ 𝑥 3 ∙ 3 𝑥 perfect squares. To
=5∙5∙𝑥∙3 𝑥 simplify an expression
with radicals the
= 25𝑥 3 𝑥 simplified
3 3 expression/answers
c. 1.2 16𝑛4 ∙ 4𝑛5 should be:
3
= 1.2 ∙ 64𝑛9 1. A radical, unless
3 3 the radical
= 1.2 ∙ 64 ∙ 𝑛9 reduces to an
integer
= 1.2 ∙ 4 ∙ 𝑛3 2. A radicand, with
= 4.8 𝑛3 no factors
containing
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 3 6 perfect squares
2. 𝑎= 𝑎 729 = 729 = 3 3. No decimals
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Quotient Property of Radicals Example
𝑛 4
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎 4 16 16 2
3. 𝑏
= 𝑛
𝑏
a. = 4 =
81 81 3
18𝑎5 18𝑎5
b. = = 9𝑎4 = 3𝑎2
2𝑎 2𝑎
3 3 3
3 81 81 27∙3 3 3
c. 125𝑥 3
= 3 =
5𝑥
=
5𝑥
125𝑥 3
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Simplifying Expressions Involving nth Roots
Exercises:
3 3
1. 𝑥4 = 𝑥3𝑥 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒
3 3 3 3
= 𝑥3 3 𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 1: 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑥3 𝑥 3
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 4: 𝑎3 = a
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2. 81𝑥 8 𝑦 4 = 81 ∙ 𝑥 8 ∙ 𝑦4 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 1: 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎∙ 𝑏∙4 𝑐
4 4
=3 𝑥2 4 𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 5: 𝑎4 = 𝑎
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 5:
4
𝑎4 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
4 4 4 4 4 4
3. 16𝑥 8 = 16 ∙ 𝑥 8 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 1: 𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑎∙ 𝑏∙4 𝑐
4 4 4
= 2 4 ∙ 𝑥2 4 = 2𝑥 2 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 5: 𝑎4 = 𝑎
3 3 3
4. 𝑥3𝑦 = 𝑥3 ∙ 3 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 4: 𝑎3 = a
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Rational Exponents/ Fractional Exponents
1 𝑛 1 1
𝑛 1 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒: 𝑎 =𝑛
𝑛 𝑎
1. 𝑎 𝑛 =𝑎 𝑛 =𝑎 =𝑎
𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
𝑛 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
2. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜: 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 > 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≥ 0
1 1 4
d. 3 = = −
𝑥 3
𝑥4 4
𝑥3
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Simplifying by Writing Radicals as Rational Exponents
Exercises
1 1 1 2 5
1. 2 𝑥 33 𝑥
= 2𝑥 2 3𝑥 3 = 6𝑥 2+3 = 6𝑥 6
1 1
2. 𝑥 𝑥 1 2 3 2 3
= 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 =𝑥 4
3. 53 𝑥 24 𝑥 1 1 1 1
+
7 ✓ For simplifying
= 5𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 = 10𝑥 3 4 = 10𝑥 12 radicals to rational
1 1 1 exponents, use the
16𝑢3 𝑣 3−1 2 1−5 2 properties of
4. = 162 𝑢 𝑣
𝑢𝑣 5 exponents
1 1
4𝑢
=4 𝑢2 2 𝑣 −4 2 =
𝑣2
𝑥𝑦 1 1
5. −
4
16𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦 2 16𝑥𝑦 4
1 1 1
− −
= 𝑥𝑦 2 16 4 𝑥𝑦 4
1 1 1
−1 − −1
= 2 𝑥𝑦 2 4 = 2 𝑥𝑦 4
1 1
𝑥4𝑦4
=
2 20
Rationalizing the denominator
21
Rationalizing Example
Denominator
2 2 3 2 3
1. 3 = ∙ =
3 3 3
1 1
3
52
3
52
3
25
3
25
2. 3 = ∙3 = = =
5 3 3 3
5 52 53 125 5
1 1
5
𝑥3
5
𝑥3 𝑥3
5
3. 5 = ∙5 = =
𝑥2 5
𝑥2 𝑥3
5
𝑥5 𝑥
1 1
7
𝑥4
7
𝑥4 𝑥4
7
4. 7 = ∙7 = =
𝑥3 7
𝑥3 𝑥4
7
𝑥7 𝑥
8 8
5
24
5
8 16
5
8 16
5. 5 = ∙5 = =
5
= 4 16
2 5
2 24
5
25 2
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Lecture 3: Factorization and
Simplification
ILO 3: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
23
Review: Algebraic Expression
−𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
Monomial - 𝐼𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝒂𝒙𝒌
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 and
k is a nonnegative integer
Binomial − 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
Trinomial − 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙, 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑷𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔
𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓:
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙𝒏−𝟏
. + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 … 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
n is a nonnegative integer
𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝒏
24
Review: Rules of Signed Numbers/Integers/algebraic expressions
Operations Rule Example
Same sign. Add and keep the sign 7𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 10𝑥
Different signs. Subtract and keep the
sign of the larger absolute value
7𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 5𝑥
Addition and ✓ In operations of
Subtraction Different signs. Subtract and keep the polynomials:
sign of the larger absolute value.
−7𝑥 + 3𝑥 = −5𝑥
1. combine like
Same signs. Add keep the sign −7𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −10𝑥 terms
Same signs. The sign is positive 2. apply
(4𝑥)(5𝑥) = 20𝑥 2 properties of
Same signs. The sign is positive (−4𝑥)(−5𝑥) = 20𝑥 2 fractions and
laws of
Multiplication −15𝑥 exponents if
and Division Different signs. The sign is negative = −3 applicable
3𝑥
3. simplify using
Same signs. The sign is positive 15𝑥 rules of
=3 signed
3𝑥
numbers
25
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
−𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐
𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = −1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 = −𝑏 − 𝑐
Examples:
1. (𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥)
= (𝑥 3 +𝑥 3 ) + (−6𝑥 2 +5𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 4 Group like terms
= 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 Combine like terms and simplify
2. (𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) − (𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 7𝑥)
= 𝑥 3 −6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 − 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 Distributive property
= (𝑥 3 −𝑥 3 ) + (−6𝑥 2 −5𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 4 Group like terms
= −11𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 4 Combine like terms and simplify
F O I L
1. 2𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 2) = 2𝑧 2 −4𝑧 + 𝑧 − 2 Distributive Property
F O I L
= 8𝑣 3 −27 Result
= 5𝑥 3 −7𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 Result
3. −2𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 2𝑎 + 1) = −2𝑎2 𝑎2 −2𝑎2 (−2𝑎) −2𝑎2 (1) Distribute and Simplify
28
Factoring
Polynomials
GCF
✓ To factor an
expression means
to rewrite the
Number of Terms expression as an
equivalent
product.
✓ Polynomials
that cannot
Two Three Four be factored
are said to be
Prime
29
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
−𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
Example GCF Result
a. 12𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 =6 = 6(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦)
b. 8𝑥 4 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 4 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 (4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )
Common Binomial Factor
a. 𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 3 5 = (𝑥 + 3) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 5)
b. 𝑥 2 𝑥 − 2 − 3(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
c. 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 − 3 − 5(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 4 − 5 𝑥 − 3 = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
Simplify
30
Factoring by Grouping
1. 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝐶𝐹
2. 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑏𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
3. 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝐶𝐹 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑠
4. 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
5. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
Examples
a. 3𝑡 3 + 15𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 − 30 = 3(𝑡 3 +5𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 10) 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡 3
b. 9𝑞3 +6𝑞2 +15𝑞 + 10 = 9𝑞3 +6𝑞2 + 15𝑞 + 10 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 1𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
factors of a
Example:
✓ simplify
2
1. 6𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 5 Factors of 6 6 ∙ 1 𝑜𝑟 3 ∙ 2 using rules
Factors of -5 −5 ∙ 1 𝑜𝑟 5 ∙ −1 of signed
numbers
10𝑥 −3𝑥
10𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 7𝑥
(3𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1) (3𝑥 + 5)(2𝑥 − 1)
6𝑥 2 −5
2. 2𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15 Factors of 2 2∙1
Factors of 15 −3 ∙ −5 𝑜𝑟 5 ∙ 3
−10𝑥 − 3𝑥 = −13𝑥
32
(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5)
Special Product of Polynomials and Factoring
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
1. (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝐴2 − 𝐵2 Difference of Two Perfect Squares
𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠: 1. 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝐶𝐹
2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠.
3. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
Example
a. 4𝑥 2 − 25 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = 4𝑥 & B = 5 = 2𝑥 2
− 5 2
= 2𝑥 + 5 (2𝑥 − 5)
2
b. 𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑧2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 & B = z = 𝑥+𝑦 2
− 𝑧2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧)
1 1 2 1 1
c. 𝑧 4 − 81 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑧 2 & B = 1 = (𝑧 2 + )(𝑧 2 − )
9 = 𝑧2 2
− 9 9
9
d. −3𝑛2 + 48 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 3 = −3(𝑛2 − 16)
2
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = n & B = 4 = −3 𝑛 − (4)2 = −3(𝑛 + 4)(𝑛 − 4)
33
Special Product of Polynomials and Factoring
2. 𝐴−𝐵 2
= 𝐴2 − 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 Difference of Perfect Square Trinomials
3. 𝐴+𝐵 2
= 𝐴2 + 2𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵2 Sum of Perfect Square Trinomials
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
Example 2. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙′𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
a. 12𝑚3 − 12𝑚2 + 3𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 3𝑚 = 3𝑚(4𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 1)
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = 2m & B = 1 = (2𝑚)2 & (1)2 ✓ 1𝑠𝑡 & 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
b. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐴 = x & B = 3 = (𝑥)2 & (3)2 ✓ 1𝑠𝑡 & 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
b. −5𝑚3 𝑛 + 40𝑛4 = −5𝑛(𝑚3 − 8𝑛3 ) = (𝑚)3 −(2𝑛)3 𝐴 = 𝑚, 𝐵 = 2𝑛, 𝐴2 = 𝑚2 , 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑚𝑛, 𝐵2 = (2𝑛)2 = 4𝑛2
ILO 1: By the end of the learning experience, students must be able to:
36
Equations
− 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑠
3+5=6+2
𝑀𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠
𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑨𝒍𝒈𝒆𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒄 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
• For an Algebraic Equation, our goal is usually to figure out what value of the
variable will make a true equation
Solutions or Root of the equation
• The values of the unknown that make the equation
Example:
37
Linear Equation
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
wℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑎 & 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Solving Roots of Linear Equations Solving for x
a. 7𝑥 − 4 = 3𝑥 + 8 7𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 8 + 4 4𝑥 = 12 𝒙=𝟑
𝑥 2 3 𝑥 2 3 2𝑥 + 8 = 9𝑥 7𝑥 = 8
b. 6
+ = 𝑥
3 4 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐶𝐷 12 ∙ + = 12 ∙ 𝑥
6 3 4 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝟖
𝒙=
9𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 8 𝟕
1 1 𝑥+3 1 1 𝑥+3
c. + = 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐶𝐷 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥+1 𝑥−2 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥−2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 2−𝑥−2
𝑥+1 𝑥−2 𝑥 2 −𝑥−2
38
Review: Translating Written or Verbal
Information into Mathematical Model
39
Example: Writing algebraic expression
1. Twice a number increased by five
2. Six less than three times the width
3. Ten less than triple the payment
4. Two hundred fifty feet more than double the length
5. The difference of negative ten and a number, a number subtracted
from negative ten, some number less than negative ten, some number
less than negative ten, negative ten decreased by a number.
6. The quotient of negative twelve and a number, negative twelve
divided by a number, the ratio of negative twelve and a number, a
number divided into negative twelve
7. The cost for a rental car is $35 plus cents per mile. Express the cost of
renting in a car in terms of the number of miles driven.
40
Solutions:
1. Let 𝑁 represent the number. Then 2𝑁 represent twice the number, hence: 𝟐𝑵 + 𝟓
represents twice a number increased by five
2. Let W represent the width. Then 3W represents three times the width, hence:
𝟑𝑾 − 𝟔 represents six less than three times the width
3. Let P represent the payment. Then 3P represents a triple payment, hence: 𝟑𝐏 − 𝟏𝟎
represents ten less than triple the payment.
4. Let 𝐿 represent the length. Then 2𝐿 represents double the length, hence: 𝟐𝑳 + 𝟐𝟓𝟎
represents 250 more than double the length
5. Let 𝑛 represent the unknown number: hence: −𝟏𝟎 − 𝒏
−𝟏𝟐
6. Let 𝑥 represent the unknown number: hence: −𝟏𝟐 ÷ 𝒙 𝒐𝒓
𝒙
7. Let 𝑚 represent the number of miles driven. The 0.15𝑚 represents the cost for
each mile. Thus: 𝐶 = 35 + 0.15 𝑚 represents the total cost for renting the car.
41
Modeling with Equations
Guidelines 1. Identify the variable – introduce notation for the variable (call it
x or other letter)
2. Translate words to Algebra – draw a diagram or make a table
3. Set a model – set up an equation that express the relationship
4. Solve the equation and check your answer
Example:
a. A car rental company charges $30 a day and 15 cents a mile for renting a car.
Helen rents a car for two days, and her bill comes to $108. How many miles did
she drive?
42
Sample Problem
a. A car rental company charges $30 a day and 15 cents a mile for renting a car.
Helen rents a car for two days, and her bill comes to $108. How many miles did
she drive?
Solution: Identify the variable Let x = number of miles driven
In words: In algebra
Mileage cost (at $0.15 per mile) 0.15x
Daily cost (at $30 per day) 2(30)
Set up the model:
mileage cost + daily cost = total cost
0.15x + 2(30) = 108
Solving for x:
0.15x = 48 x = 320 miles
43
Problems on Interest
Simple Interest Formula 𝐼 = 𝑃𝑟𝑡
𝐼 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑
𝑃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛
𝑟 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦
(remember to 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙)
𝑡 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛
Sample Problem:
Mary inherits $100,000 and invests it in two certificates of deposit. One certificate
1
Pays 6% and the other pays 4 2 % simple interest annually. If Mary’s total interest is $5025 per year, how
much money is invested at each rate?
44
Sample Problem
e.g. Mary inherits $100,000 and invests it in two certificates of deposit. One certificate
1
Pays 6% and the other pays 4 2 % simple interest annually. If Mary’s total interest is $5025 per year,
how much money is invested at each rate?
Solution: Identify the variable: The problem asks for the amount she invested at each rate.
In words In algebra
the amount invested at 6% x
1
amount invested at 4 2 % 100,000-x
interest earned at 6% 0.06x
1
interest earned at 4 2 % 0.045(100,000-x)
Set up the model. We use the fact that Mary’s total interest is $5025 to set up the model
1
Interest at 6% + Interest at 4 2 % = Total Interest
0.06x + 0.045 (100,000-x) = 5025
0.06x +4500-0.045x = 5025
0.015x +4500 = 5025 0.015x = 525 x = 35000
1
Hence: Mary invested $35,000 at 6% and 65,000 at 4 2 %
1
✓ Total Interest = 6% of $35,000 + 4 2 % of 65,000 : $2100 + $2925 = $5025
45
Problems about Concentrations
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Solution Problems:
(% 1 strength sol’n) (vol 1) + (% 2 strength sol’n)(vol 2)= (final % strength)(total vol)
46
Sample of Mixture Problem
1. Two galloons of 20% salt solution is mixed with 4 galloons of 50% salt solution. Determine the
percentage of salt solution in the new mixture.
20% + 50% = x %
2 gal + 4 gal = 6 gal
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 2(.2) + 4(0.5) = 6x 2.4 = 6x x = 0.40
Hence: The percentage of salt solution to the new mixture is 40%
2. A manufacturer of soft drinks advertises its orange soda as “naturally flavoured,” although it
contain only 5% orange juice. A new federal regulation stipulates that to be called “natural”, a
drink must contain at ;east 10% fruit juice. How much pure orange must this manufacturer to add
900 gal of orange soda to conform to the new regulation?
Solution: 5% juice + 100% juice = 10% juice
900 gal + x gal = (900 + x)
0.05(900) + 1(x) = .10 (900+x)
45 + x = 90 + 0.10x
0.9x = 45 x = 50 gal
Hence: The manufacturer should add 50 gal of pure orange to the soda to comply with the regulation
✓ Total amount of mixture = 45 gal + 50 gal = (900+50)
95 gal = 95 gal
47
Problems about the Time Needed to Do a Job
Steps:
1 1 1
A problem involving work can be solved using the formula Work Formula +𝑡 =𝑡
𝑡𝐴 𝐵 𝑇
where 𝑡𝑇 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟,
𝑡𝐴 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝐴 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒,
𝑡𝐵 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝐵 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑒
Example:
1. Because of an anticipated heavy rainstorm, the water level in a reservoir must be lowered by 1
ft. Opening a spillway A lowers the level by this amount in 4 hours, whereas opening the smaller
spillway B does the job in 6 hours. How long will it take to lower the water level by 1 ft if both
spillways are opened?
48
Sample Problem
Example:
1. Because of an anticipated heavy rainstorm, the water level in a reservoir must be lowered by
1 ft. Opening a spillway A lowers the level by this amount in 4 hours, whereas opening the
smaller spillway B does the job in 6 hours. How long will it take to lower the water level by 1
ft if both spillways are opened?
Solution: We are asked to find the time needed to lower the level by 1 ft if both spillways are
open.
1 1 1 2
+ = ; solving for x: 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 12 ; 5𝑥 = 12 ∴ 𝑥 = 2 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
4 6 𝑥
2
Hence: It will take 2 5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 or 2 hrs and 24 min, to lower by 1 ft if both spillways are open
49
Problems about the Distance, Rate (Speed) and TimeUsing
Using the formulas: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∙ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 Rate = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Solution: We are asked to find the time t it took Mary to catch up with Bill.
Given: Distance Rate Time (h) Use the equation: 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∙ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
(mi) (mi/h)
1 1
Mary 16 t 16 t Bill had 10-minute or 6 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡 + 6
Bill 12 (t+6)
1 12 (t+6)
1
Distance travelled by Mary = Distance travelled by Bill
1
Hence: Mary caught up with Bill after cycling for half an hour, 16𝑡 = 12 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡
6
that is at 2:40 PM
1 1 1 2 16𝑡 = 12𝑡 + 2
Checking: Bill travelled : t+ = + = ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 4𝑡 = 2
6 2 6 3
1
1
𝑡 = hour
2
✓ Distance travelled by Mary = 16(2)= 8 mi
∴Distance are equal
2 50
✓ Distance travelled by Mary = 12(3)= 8 mi
Sample Problem about Distance, Rate and Time
Example:
2. Wendy took a trip from Davenport to Omaha, a distance of 300 mi. She travelled part of the way
by bus, which arrived at the train station just in time for Wendy to complete her journey by train.
1
The entire trip took 52 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠. How long did Wendy spend on the train?
The total time Wendy spend on the Bus is: 5.5 − 4 = 1.5 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝐷𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 40 ∙ 1.5 = 60 𝑚𝑖
𝐷𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 60 ∙ 4 = 240 𝑚𝑖
𝐷𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 60 + 240 = 300 𝑚𝑖
51
Functions 𝒇
−𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑓 − refers to the function itself
𝑓(𝑥) − refers to the value taken by the function when evaluated at a point .
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Input x
Evaluating a Function
1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 −2 , 𝑓 0 , 𝑓 4 , 𝑓( )
2
𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓 −2 = 3(−2)2 +(−2) − 5 =5
𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝑓 0 = 3(0)2 +(0) − 5 = −5 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 4 = 3(4)2 +(4) − 5 = 47
1 1 1 15
𝑓 = 3( )2 +( ) − 5 =−
2 2 2 4
Output y
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 𝑎 , 𝑓 −𝑎 , 𝑓 a + h
53
Example
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒: 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑜𝑟 𝑦|𝑦 ≠ 0
54
The Domain of a Function
- When stated explicitly, this is how the function is written:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
Solution: We want the value of the function w when h =100; that is:
2
3960
𝑤 100 = ≈ 123.67
3960 + 100
Hence: At height of 100 mi, she weighs about 124 lb
b. Construct a table of values for the function w, what gives her weight at height from 0 to 500
mmi. What do you conclude from the table?
Solution: The table gives the astronaut’s weight, rounded to the nearest pound at 100-mile
increments. h w(h)
0 130
100 124 Hence, the higher the astronaut travels, the
200 118
less she weighs.
300 112
400 107
500 102 56
End of Topic
Thank you
Dr. Maricel G. Dayaday, EcE, ME-EcE, Engr. Jean Martin, MSEnE, Engr. Jay M. Navaluna,MEP-CE
College of Engineering and Information Technology 57