Hello!

I am Paulo
Mannikko
Master of Arts in Education
Major in Mathematics
WEST VISAYAS STATE
UNIVERSITY
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MTH-506 (Concepts of
Geometry)

Geometry of
Pappus
Historical Background
▧ The word Geometry is of
the Greek origin; it
derives from the
Greek geo (earth)
and metron (measure).

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▧ Originally, the subject
of Geometry was earth
measurement. With
time, however, both the
subject and the method
of geometry have
changed.

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▧ From the time of
Euclid's Elements (3rd cen
tury B.C.), Geometry was
considered as the
epitome of the axiomatic
method which itself
underwent a fundamental
revolution in the
19th century.

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▧ Revolutionary in many
other aspects, the
19th century also
witnessed
metamorphosis of a
single science -
Geometry - into
several related
disciplines.
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▧ The subject of
Projective Geometry,
for one, is the
incidence of geometric
objects: points, lines,
planes.

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▧ Incidence (a point on a line, a
line through a point) is
preserved by projective
transformations, but
measurements are not. Thus in
Projective Geometry, the
notion of measurement is
completely avoided, which
makes the term - Projective
Geometry - an oxymoron.

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 ▧ Pappus of Alexandria is
the last of the great
Greek geometers and
one of his theorems is
cited as the basis of
modern projective
geometry. It is the
Pappus’ Hexagon
Theorem.

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Pappus’ Hexagon Theorem
▧ Pappus Hexagon Theorem
- If A, B, and C are three distinct points on one
line and if A’, B’, and C’ are three different
distinct points on a second line, then the
intersections of 𝐴𝐶′ and 𝐶𝐴′, 𝐴𝐵′ and 𝐵𝐴′, and
𝐵𝐶 ′ and 𝐶𝐵′ are collinear on a line called the
Pappus line of the configuration.

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▧ The theorem has only to do with points lying on
lines.
▧ No distances, no angles, no right angles, no
parallel lines.
▧ You can draw it with a straight-edge with no
compass.
▧ The simplest non-trivial theorem of that kind.

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Creating Pappus Theorem
Illustration
▧ Step 1: Draw two lines 𝐴𝐵𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵𝐶′

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▧ Step 2: Assign three points each line.

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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▧ Step 3: Connect points A and B’, A and C’, B and A’, B and
C’, C and A’ and C and B’ with lines.
B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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▧ Step 4: Plot the point of intersection of the lines.

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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▧ Step 4: Draw the Pappus Line of Configuration.

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axioms for the Finite
Geometry of Pappus
Axiom 1
▧ There exists at least one line.

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axiom 2
▧ Every line has exactly three points

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axiom 3
▧ Not all lines are on the same point.

B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axiom 4
▧ If a point is not on a given line, then there exists exactly one
line on the point that is parallel to the given line.
B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axiom 5
▧ If P is a point not on a line, there exists exactly one point P’
on the line such that no line joins P and P’
B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Axiom 6
▧ With the exception in Axiom 5, if P and Q are distinct points,
then exactly one line contains both of them.
B C
A

A’ B’ C’

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Theorem 1.10
▧ Theorem 1.10 Each point in the geometry of Pappus
lies on exactly three lines.

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▧ Pf. Let X be any point. By corrected axiom 3, there
is a line not containing X. This line contains points
A,B,C [Axiom 2]. X lies on lines meeting two of these
points, say B and C [Axiom 5]. There is exactly one
line through X parallel to BC [Axiom 4]. There can
be no other line through X since by Axiom 4 it would
have to meet BC at a point other than A, B or C
[Axioms 6 and 5], and this would contradict Axiom
2.

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Pappus geometry has
9 points and 9 lines.
THANK YOU!

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