Non- euclidean

GEOMETRY
 ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
JOHN KELVIN D. MONDIA, LPT
Presenter
Spherical Geometry
vs.
ELLIPTIC GEOMETRY
Corresponding Terms
Spherical Double Elliptic
Geometry Geometry
great circle straight line
geodesic arc straight line segment
spherical triangle triangle
sphere double elliptic plane
antipodal points opposite points
r k
radian standard angular unit
Glimpse . . .
• German mathematician
• born at about the time of
the discovery of non-
Euclidean geometry and
later a student of one of G. F. B. Riemann
its discoverers, Gauss. (1826-1866)
• based on the alternative to the fifth postulate,
which states that there are no parallels to a
line through a point on the line.
It is also necessary to further
modify the postulational system
of Euclid by replacing the
statement about infinitude of a
line with the milder statement
that a line is boundless in elliptic
geometry. An intuitive idea of
the meaning of the word
boundless is that the line cannot
be enclosed by a circle lying in
the same plane. That is,
boundless means unbounded.
 CHARACTERISTIC POSTULATE
OF ELLIPTIC GEOMETRY
• Any two lines in a plane meet at an
ordinary point.
 ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
Single Elliptic Geometry Double Elliptic Geometry
• Elliptic Geometry • existence by
• occur on just half of a considering relations
sphere involving the entire
• elliptic geometry of sphere
the hemispherical • elliptic geometry of the
type spherical type
• any two straight lines • any two straight lines
meet in a single point meet in two points
 Double Elliptic Geometry
• existence by considering relations
involving the entire sphere
• elliptic geometry of the spherical type
• any two straight lines meet in two
points
Model of Double Elliptic
Geometry
 If the figure is in
elliptic geometry, with
EH and FI both
perpendicular to CG
these two lines meet at
some point A because
of the characteristic
postulate that any two
lines intersect.
 In elliptic geometry, it is
customary to use curves to
show straight lines. If
𝐷𝐸 ≅ 𝐸𝐹, then ΔAEF ≅
ΔAED and 𝐴𝐷 is also
perpendicular to 𝐶𝐺. By an
extension of this argument,
it can be shown that every
line through A intersects
𝐶𝐺 at right angles.
Point A is called a
pole of 𝐶𝐺, and the
line is the polar for
point A. Here, the
distance from A to
any point on 𝐶𝐺 is a
constant.
Furthermore, if
𝐴𝐸 ≅ 𝐸𝐵 then
ΔBEF ≅ ΔAEF and A,
F, and B are also
collinear. This
means that B is also
a pole of 𝐶𝐺, and
that two lines
intersect in two
points.
It is assumed here
that A and B are
distinct points,
although it is also
possible to consider
them as identical (in
single elliptic
geometry).
The common
polar of the two
points of
intersection is
the unique
common
perpendicular to
the two lines.
Interestingly enough,
two straight lines,
such as ADB and
AFB, enclose a region
in elliptic geometry.
This region is called a
digon or biangle.
In Figure 9.33, let 𝐻𝐼and
𝐾𝐽 be lines in elliptic
geometry such that H and I
are the poles of 𝐾𝐽, and K
and J are the poles of 𝐻𝐼.
In elliptic geometry, the
distance from any line to
its pole is constant – the
same for all lines.
Furthermore, a line
is of finite length,
and the length is
four times the
distance from the
pole to the line.
The use of a model also
helps to explain what it
means when a line is
called boundless. A
great circle on the
sphere, representing a
line in elliptic geometry,
cannot be enclosed by a
curve on the sphere.
There is no way to "get
around" the great
circle from a point on
one side of it to a point
on the other without
intersecting the great
circle
In elliptic geometry, there are no parallel
or nonintersecting lines, since any two
lines meet. However, there are
quadrilaterals and triangles that have
some properties analogous to those
encountered in hyperbolic geometry.
Theorem
 THEOREM 9.21
The sum of the measures of the angles
of any triangle is greater than π.
 THEOREM 9.21
The sum of the measures of the angles
of any triangle is greater than π.
Proof:
Thank you for
listening!
 References
• Smart, James, R. (1978). Modern
Geometries. USA: Wadsworth Publishing
Company,
• Gans, David. (1973). An Introduction to
Non-Euclidean Geometry. New York:
Academic Press, Inc.