UNIVERSAL SCHOOL PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE

I QUARTER 2022-2023
Grade: 10 Lesson File Nº: 1

Subject: Pre-Calculus Unit: 1. Algebra Foundations

Teacher: Elián Topics: 1.1.1. Properties of Real Numbers

Bustamante 1.1.2. Properties of Exponents
1.1.3. nth Roots and Exponents

Value: 100 points Start date: Monday, August 15, 2022

Time: 4 periods Due date: Friday, August 19, 2022 at 11:59 pm

Learning Objectives:
Students will review how to apply the order of operations and properties of numbers to rewrite algebraic
expressions in equivalent forms.
Lesson Summary:
Order of Operations
The standard order of operations involves specific steps for performing the mathematical calculations
presented in any mathematical statement. These steps are represented by the letters PEMDAS. The steps
do not change whether they are being applied to positive real numbers or negative real numbers. The
rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing real negative numbers must be applied when
evaluating expressions that require PEMDAS to be used. In addition, properties of exponents must be
applied too when necessary.
P Parentheses Perform operations within parentheses and/or other grouping symbols.
E Exponents Find the value of all exponential expressions, including roots.
MD Multiplication and Division Perform all multiplication and division in order from left to right.
AS Addition and Subtraction Perform all addition and subtraction in order from left to right.

Example 1: Simplify the following expression: 𝟑 ∗ [𝟒𝟐 + 𝟑 ∗ 𝟗 − (𝟑 + 𝟓)]

3 ∗ [42 + 3 ∗ 9 − 8]
3 ∗ [16 + 3 ∗ 9 − 8]
3 ∗ [16 + 27 − 8]
3 ∗ [35]
105
Solve parentheses
Solve exponents
Solve the multiplication
Add and subtract
Solve the multiplication

Example 2: Simplify the following expression: ൫ξ𝟔𝟒 − 𝟑൯ ∗ (𝟐𝟐 − 𝟔) + 𝟐𝟎

(8 − 3) ∗ (4 − 6) + 20 Solve exponents in parentheses
5 ∗ (−2) + 20 Subtract in parentheses

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−10 + 20 Solve the multiplication
10 Add

Properties of Real Numbers

Algebra (a, b and c are real numbers, variables or algebraic
Property
expressions)
1 Commutative Property of Addition 𝑎+ 𝑏 = 𝑏 + 𝑎

Commutative Property of 𝑎• 𝑏 = 𝑏 • 𝑎
2
Multiplication
3 Associative Property of Addition 𝑎 + (𝑏 + 𝑐) = (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
4 Associative Property of Multiplication 𝑎 • (𝑏 • 𝑐) = (𝑎 • 𝑏) • 𝑐
5 Additive Identity Property 𝑎+ 0 = 𝑎
6 Multiplicative Identity Property 𝑎• 1 = 𝑎
7 Additive Inverse Property 𝑎 + (– 𝑎) = 0

8 Multiplicative Inverse Property 1

a ൬ ൰ = 1, where a ≠ 0
a
9 Zero Property of Multiplication 𝑎• 0 = 0
10 Substitution Property If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then a may be substituted for b, or conversely.

Properties of Equality and Inequality

Property Equality Inequality
1 Addition If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then If 𝑎 > 𝑏, then If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then
𝑎+𝑐 =𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 >𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑐 <𝑏+𝑐
2 Subtraction If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then If 𝑎 > 𝑏, then If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then
𝑎−𝑐 =𝑏−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 >𝑏−𝑐 𝑎−𝑐 <𝑏−𝑐
3 Multiplication If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then If 𝑎 > 𝑏, then If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐, if 𝑐 > 0 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐, if 𝑐 > 0
𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐, if 𝑐 < 0 𝑎𝑐 > 𝑏𝑐, if 𝑐 < 0
4 Division If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then If 𝑎 > 𝑏, then If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑐 ,𝑐 ≠ 0 > 𝑐 , if 𝑐 > 0 < 𝑐 , if 𝑐 > 0
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
< , if 𝑐 < 0 > , if 𝑐 < 0
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐

Note: All properties of inequality are also true when > and < are replaced with ≥ and ≤.

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Properties of Exponents
Property Algebra Example
Product of Powers 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 54 × 5−3 = 54+(−3) = 51 = 5
Quotient of Powers 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 410 ÷ 47 = 410−7 = 43 = 64
Power of a Power (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚 (22 )2 = 22×2 = 24 = 16
Power of a Product (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑚 (4 × 5)2 = (4)2 × (5)2 = 16 × 25 = 400
Power of a Quotient 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 10 3 103 1000
ቀ ቁ = 𝑚 ,𝑏 ≠ 0 ൬ ൰ =ቆ 3 ቇ=൬ ൰=8
𝑏 𝑏 5 5 125
Negative Exponent 1 1 1
𝑎−𝑚 = ,𝑎 ≠ 0 3−3 = =
𝑎𝑚 33 27
Zero Exponent 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0 (2525)0 = 1
One Exponent 𝑎1 = 𝑎 (695)1 = 695

Example 3: Simplify (−𝟑𝒂−𝟐 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 (𝒂𝟒 )𝟑

= (−3𝑎−2 𝑏 2 )2 (𝑎12 ) Power of a Power
= (−3)2 (𝑎−2 )2 (𝑏 2 )2 (𝑎12 ) Power of a Product
= (−3)2 (𝑎−4 )(𝑎12 )(𝑏 2 )2 Group the coefficients and the variables
= (−3)2 (𝑎)8 (𝑏 2 )2 Product of Powers
= 9𝑎8 𝑏 4 Power of a Power

Therefore, the product is 9𝑎8 𝑏 4 .

In class examples:
4𝑚4 𝑛3 𝑝3
1. 3𝑚2 𝑛2 𝑝4

2ℎ3 𝑗 −3 𝑘 4
2. 3𝑗𝑘

1 2
3. ቀ𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 ቁ (𝑦 −2 )3

−1
3 1 −2
ቀ2∗ ∗ ቁ
9 3
4. ቎ 1 ቏
9 2 2 −1
൬ቀ ቁ ∗ቀ ቁ ൰
4 5

𝑎2 ൫23 ∗𝑐 −2 ൯ 𝑐 −2
5. −2 − 2 ቂ(𝑎2∗2−1 )2 ቃ
𝑎 3
൤ቀ ቁ ൨
2

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nth Roots and Rational Exponents
𝑛
If 𝒂 is a real number with at least one 𝒏th root then, the principal 𝒏th root of 𝒂 (written as ξ𝑎), is the
number with the same sign as 𝒂 that, when raised to the 𝑛th power, equals 𝒂. The index of the radical is
𝒏.
Suppose we know𝑎2 = 4. What number raised to the 2nd power equals 4? Since22 = 4, we say that 2 is
the square root of 4.
Radical expressions can be written without the radical, by using rational exponents. However, the index
4
3
must be a positive integer. Therefore, ξ164 can be expressed as163 .

nth Roots Rational Exponents

𝑚
𝑛
If ξ𝑎 = 𝑏 If we have 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛
then𝑏 = 𝑎 Then, it can be expressed as 𝑛ξ𝑎𝑚
𝟑
Example 4: Write ξ𝒄𝟖 in exponent form
3 8
ඥ𝑐 8 = c 3
𝟑
Example 5: Simplify 𝟗𝟐 using nth root property.
3
92 = ඥ93 = ξ729 = 27

Activities:
Exercises:
Evaluate each expression.
24 3
1. ൤ቀ 2 ቁ − 4൨ ∗ 10 + 21 3. (−5) + 2 ∗ [5−1 ∗ 8]3

−4 2 −1∗[3−3 ∗(−81)]
2. ൜(−10) ቂ−2ቃ ൠ ∗ (−3) + (−5) 4. 1 1
64 3 +92
Simplify each expression.
32𝑥 4 𝑦3 𝑧 6
5. (𝑥 2 𝑐)(𝑐 3 𝑥) 13.
−8𝑥𝑦𝑧 3

2
2 3 4 −2 4𝑝4
6. (𝑙 𝑘 )(𝑙 𝑘 ) 14. ቀ ቁ
8𝑟 3

7. (𝑎2 𝑏 5 )(𝑎5 𝑏 3 ) 15. 𝑣 0 (𝑣 3 )(𝑣 −2 )

1
8. (𝑑 2 𝑒 2 )(𝑒 4 ∗ 𝑑) 16. (𝑑 −1 )(𝑒 −6 )(𝑓 2 )

0
4 256𝑥 5 𝑦5 𝑧 12
9. (−3𝑚 𝑛)(−4𝑚𝑛) 17. ቀ ቁ
1024𝑥 25 𝑧 5

25𝑎6 𝑏 −9
10. (−5𝑝2 𝑟 3 )3 18.
5𝑎𝑏 −11

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 −15𝑡 0 𝑢−1
11. (−2𝑔2 ℎ5 )2 (𝑔) 19.
5𝑢3

−21𝑤 5 𝑥 2 48𝑥 6 𝑦7 𝑧 8
12. 20.
7𝑤 4 𝑥 5 −12𝑥 6 𝑦7 𝑧 7

Write each expression in radical form or write each radical in exponential form.
1 1
21. (8𝑥)2 23. (6𝑧)2
1
22. ξ25 24. 33𝑙𝑚3

Word Problem.
If the price of an item increases from P1 to P2 over a period of 𝑛 years, the annual rate of inflation 𝑖
1
𝑃
(expressed as a decimal) can be modeled by𝑖 = (𝑃2 )𝑛 − 1. In 1969, the average value for a house was
1
$25600. In 2022, the average value was $428700. What was the rate of inflation for a home?
Assessment:
Exercises:
Solve all EVEN-numbered exercises. Finally, solve the word problem.
Learning Outcome:
Students rewrite algebraic expressions in equivalent forms using different properties of numbers
successfully.

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