Gudeline For Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan

REFERENCE BOOK
GUIDELINE FOR
IMPLEMENTING
GREEN HOUSE GAS
EMISSION REDUCTION
ACTION PLAN
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AGENCY
YEAR 2011
REFERENCE BOOK
Guideline for Implementing

Green House Gas Emission Reduction
Action Plan
Translated English Version
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AGENCY
YEAR 2011
TEAM OF AUTHORS
Advisor
Prof. Armida S. Alisjahbana
Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of Bappenas
Editor
Endah Murniningtyas
Deputy for Natural Resources and Environment, Bappenas
Coordinator
Wahyuningsih Darajati
Director for Environment, Bappenas
Writers
Syamsidar Thamrin, Heiner von Luepke, Herman Haeruman,
Saut M. Lubis, Arimbi Jinca, Ko Sakamoto, Anandita Laksmi Susanto,
Mariati Abdul Kadir, Yuliana C. Wulan, Philippe Guizol, Novita Sari,
Dea Rafika, Philipp Munzinger, Anja Rosenberg, Saut Sagala, Lutfi Lesilolo
Technical Support Team

Indra Ni Tua, Citara Nayla Iqbal, Amin Budiarjo, Jakfar Hary Putra,
Riga Anggarendra
Administration Team
Harliana, Lestira Wattimena
ii Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to extend our gratitude to all staff at the Deputy Office for
Natural Resources and Environment of Ministry of PPN/Bappenas for
technical facilitation support in the guideline development.
The development of the General Guideline for Green House Gas Emission
Reduction Action Plan is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Internationale Zusammenarbaeit (GIZ) through Proyek Study and Expert
Fund for RAN-GRK and ICCTF Support in cooperation with Agence Francaise
Developpement (AFD). Such support is deeply appreciated.
The document development process is made possible through closely-

fostered partnership support from various institutions along with high
dedication performed by the following stakeholders:
1. 1. Ministry of Environment
2. Ministry of Forestry
3. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
4. Ministry of Industry
5. Ministry of Transportation
6. Ministry of Agriculture
7. Ministry of Public Works
8. Ministry of Finance
9. UKP4
10. DKI Jakarta Province
11. West Java Province
12. Central Java Province
13. East Kalimantan Province
14. South Sumatera Province
15. North Sulawesi Province
16. ICRAF
17. FORDA
18. JICA
19. ICCTF
High appreciation is also extended to all parties and participants of a Green

House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan Implementation Guideline
Workshop in Jakarta, which have significantly offered inputs to the
improvement of the guideline.
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan iii
List of Abbreviations
ACERS : Abatement Cost of the Emissions Reduction Scenario

APBD : Local Budget
APBN : State Budget
BAU : Business As Usual
Bappenas : National Development Planning Agency
BLU : Public Service Agency
CSC : Cost of Saved Carbon
DAS : Watershed
EPR : Extended Producer Responsibility
ERS : Emission Reduction Scenario
GHG : Greenhouse Gas
GRK : Gas Rumah Kaca (Green House Gas/ GHG)
ICCSR : Indonesia Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
KAK : Term of Reference
KPH : Forest Management Unit
KPS : Government and Private Sector Cooperation
LULUCF : Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
MDGs : Millennium Development Goals
MRV : Measurement, Reporting, Verification
NAMAs : Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NPV : Net Present Value
NSPK : Norms, Standards, Procedures, and Criteria
OPD : Local Government Organization
PDB : Gross Domestic Product
PP : Government Regulation
RAN-GRK : National Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission Reduction
RAD-GRK : Local Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission Reduction
REDD+ : Reducing Emissions from Deforestations and Forest
Degradation
Renstra K/L : Ministry/Agency’s Strategic Plan
Renja K/L : Ministry/ Agency’s Work Plan
RKP : Development Work Plan
RKPD : Local Development Work Plan
RKTN : National Level Forestry Plan
RPJP Nasional : National Long-Term Development Plan
RPJP Daerah : Local Long-Term Development Plan
RPJMD : Local Mid-Term Development Plan
RPJMN : National Mid-Term Development Plan
Renja SKPD : District Government Work Unit Work Plan
Renstra SKPD : Strategic Plan of District Government Work Unit
SFM : Sustainable Forestry Management
TPA : Landfill
UU : Law
UNFCCC : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
iv Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TEAM OF AUTHORS ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES x
1. PREFACE 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Guideline Goal 2
2. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE

GAS EMISSION REDUCTION 4
2.1 Policy Framework 4
2.2 Scope 7
2.3 RAN-GRK in Development Planning System 9
2.4 Problems and Challenges 11
2.5 RAN-GRK Review Process 12
3. RAN-GRK DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS

NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE MITIGATION ACTIONS (NAMAs) 16
3.1 NAMAs – Conceptual Measures 17
3.1.1 BAU Baseline Scenario 17
3.1.2 Defining Mitigation Actions 20
3.1.3 Proposed Implementability Level and Mitigation Action
Selection Process 21
3.1.4 Developing Emission Reduction Plan 23
3.1.5 Establishing Unilateral NAMAs and Supported NAMAs 23
4. NATIONAL GHG EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGY 27

4.1 General Policy Direction (Cross-cutting) 27
4.2 Policy Direction and Action Plan by Sector 30
4.2.1 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in
the Land-based Sectors (Forestry, Peat Land,
Agriculture, and Other Sectors) 30
4.2.1.1 Current Situation and Future Land Resource
Management 30
4.2.1.2 Definition and Scope of NAMAs for The
Land-based Sectors 32
4.2.1.3 Concept and Methodology for BAU Baseline
Formation 34
4.2.1.4 Potential Mitigation Scenario 36
4.2.1.5 MRV Key Indicators 36
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan v
4.2.1.6 Prioritizing Mitigation Actions 37
4.2.1.7 Estimated Cost to Reduce Emission from the
Land-based Sectors 38
4.2.1.8 Optional Policies for the Land-based Sectors 39
4.2.1.9 The Next Steps 39
4.2.2 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the
Energy Sector 40
4.2.2.1 Current Situation and Future Vision 40
4.2.2.2 Suggestions for Integrated Modeling of CO2
Mitigation Evaluation on The Energy Sector 42
4.2.2.4 Policies, Actions and Instruments for the Energy
Sector 45
the Power Sector 45
4.2.3.1 Current Situation and Future View 45
4.2.3.2 Baseline Development Concept 47
4.2.3.3 Potential Mitigation Action Scenarios 48
4.2.3.4 Integrated Modelling for GHG Mitigation
Evaluation 50
4.2.3.6 Policies, Benchmark and Tools 51
the Transport Sector 52
4.2.4.1 Current Situation and Future View on Indonesia’s
Transport Sector 52
4.2.4.2 Proposed Mitigation Action Potential in
the Transport Sector 53
4.2.4.3 Baseline Concept Development and Emission
Reduction 56
4.2.4.5 Recommendations for the Next Phases 59
the Industry Sector 59
4.2.5.1 Condition and Scope of the Industry Sector 59
4.2.5.2 Baseline Scenario Development 61
4.2.5.3 Development of Potential Mitigation Action
Scenarios in the Industry Sector 63
4.2.5.4 Evaluation on Proposed Potential Mitigation
Actions in the Industry Sector 64
4.2.5.6 Policies, Efforts and Instruments Related to
the Industry Sector 65
4.2.6 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the
Waste Management Sector 66
4.2.6.1 Current Situation and Future View on Indonesia’s
Waste Sector 66
4.2.6.2 BAU Baseline Development Concept and
Methodology for the Waste Management Sector 69
vi Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
4.2.6.3 Proposed GHG Emission Reduction Potential
Scenario 72
4.2.6.4 MRV Key Indicators for the Waste Sector 72
4.2.6.5 Policies, Mitigation Actions and Instruments
for the Waste Sector 73
5. FUNDING 75
5.1 Funding Sources 75
5.1.1 Domestic Funding Sources 75
5.1.2 International Funding Sources 76
5.2 Funding Mechanism 77
6. MEASUREMENT, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION 79

6.1 Definition and Current Status 79
6.1.1 Measurement 80
6.1.2 Reporting 80
6.1.3 Verification 81
6.2 Institutional Tasks and Responsibilities 82
7. LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION

REDUCTION (RAD-GRK) DEVELOPMENT 85
7.1 GHG Mitigation Role at the Local Level 86
7.2 Synergistic Relationship between RAN and RAD-GRK 87
7.3 Goal and Objective 87
7.4 Policies and Institutional Matters 88
7.4.1 Policy Framework and Normative Reference on
Climate Change 88
7.4.2 National Policy on Green House Gas Emission
Reduction 89
7.5 Institutional Role and Its Authority 90
7.6 Pre-Condition Institution: Activity Adjustment Among
Governmental Levels 95
7.7 Local Mitigation Scope 96
7.7.1 Mitigation Scope Group by Sector 96
7.8 Local Engagement with GHG Emission Reduction in the
Forestry, Peat land, and Agriculture sectors 98
7.8.1 Baseline Development 98
7.8.2 Mitigation Scenario 98
7.8.3 Mitigation Action Proposals 99
7.8.4 Measurement, Reporting and Verification 99
Power Energy Sector 99
7.9.2 Mitigation Action Proposal Development 100
Land Transport Sector 101
7.10.2 Mitigation Scenario 102
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan vii
7.10.3 Mitigation Action Proposals 102
Industry Sector 103
7.12 Local Engagement with GHG Emission Reduction In Domestic
Solid Waste Sector 105
7.13 Local Mitigation Action Proposals 106
8. CLOSING 108
ANNEX 1 109
ANNEX 2 131
viii Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. NAMAs for Meeting National Emission Reduction Targets 5

Figure 2. Position of RAN-GRK in Development Planning System 10
Figure 3. RAN-GRK Implementation Time Frame 10
Figure 4. NAMAs Measures 17
Figure 5. Baseline Establishment 19
Figure 6. Four Pillars in Establishing Mitigation Actions for Each Sector 22
Figure 7. Scheme: Selection Process of Proposed Potential
Mitigation Actions 22
Figure 8. GHG Emission Reduction Plan 23
Figure 9. Work Flow Needed for Establishing Developing Countries’
NAMAs 26
Figure 10. Flow of Climate Change Policy Integration 29
Figure 11. Cross-Cutting and By-Sector Climate Change Policy
Integration 30
Figure 12. Indonesian Emission and PDG by Sector 31
Figure 13. Scope of Land-Based RAN-GRK Related to REDD+ 33
Figure 14. Measures for Estimating Abatement Cost Related to
Land-based Emission 38
Figure 15. National Mixed Energy Increase by 2025 41
Figure 16. Process needed to Develop Aggregated Baseline of the
Energy Sector (Bottom-up Approach) 43
Figure 17. CO2 Emission from Power System Connected to National
Network – RUPTL 2010-2019 47
Figure 18. Integrated Modelling for CO2 Mitigation Evaluation 50
Figure 19. CO2 Emission in the Transport Sector 52
Figure 20. Vehicles’ Growth Trend (ADB, 2006) 53
Figure 21. Example of Mitigation Actions in the Land Transport and
Rail Sectors 54
Figure 22. Process Integration for Aggregated Transport Baseline
Establishment 57
Figure 23. GHG Emission in the Industry Sector – BAU and Energy
Efficiency Scenarios from 2005 – 2030 60
Figure 24. Structure and Category of the Waste Sector 68
Figure 25. NAMAs and MRV 82
Figure 26. RAN-RAD-GRK in Sustainable Development Dimension 86
Figure 27. Synergy Relationship between RAN-GRK and RAD-GRK 87
Figure 28. Connection Framework between National-Local Document/
Policy and RAD-GRK (modification from ICCSR, 2010) 89
Figure 29. Sectoral Mitigation Action Proposing Process 106
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

Presented to UNFCCC Secretariat on January 30, 2010 5
Table 2. GHG Emission Reduction Targets by Bidang (Meeting
Results at the Coordinating Minister for Economy, Finance
and Industry (Ekuin) Office, December 29, 2009) 8
Table 3. Matrix of Unilateral NAMAs (Indonesian Case: 26% from
BAU in 2020) 24
Table 4. Matrix of Supported NAMAs (Indonesian Case –
Reduction Down to 41% in 2020) 25
Table 5. Example of MRV Indicators for Land-based NAMAs 37
Table 6. Measures Needed for Developing BAU Baseline for Each
Power Plant Isolated from and Connected to National
Power Network 48
Table 7. Potential Mitigation Action Scenario 49
Table 8. Potential Key Indicators 51
Table 9. A-S-I (Avoid, Shift, Improve) Strategies 54
Table 10. Proposed Key Indicators 58
Table 11. Proposed Secondary Indicators 58
Table 12. Measures Towards NAMAs in the Transport Sector 59
Table 13. Examples of Industrial Technology Available for GHG
Emission Mitigation 63
Table 14. Baseline Development Process in the Waste Sector 71
Table 15. MRV Key Indicators for the Waste Industry 73
Table 16. Potential Financing Scheme for NAMAs
(Source: Situmeang 2010) 78
Table 17. Tasks and Responsibilities of Agencies Related to MRV
Based on Perpres No. 61 83
Table 18. Tasks and Responsibilities of Agencies Related to MRV
Based on Perpres No. 71 84
Table 19. Comparison of Division of Governmental Sectors-Affairs
Related to Green House Gas Emission Reduction Actions 90
Table 20. Connection between GHG Emission Reduction Sector on
RAN and Governmental Affairs Division 91
Table 21. Framework of Governmental Affairs Division 92
Table 22. Connection between GHG Emission Reduction Sector on
RAN-GRK and Governmental Affairs Clasification
(PP No. 41/2007) 94
Table 23. Matrix of Local Mitigation Scope 97
x Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
1. PREFACE
1.1 Background
The National Action Plan for Green House Gas Reduction (RAN-GRK) is a
follow up from the Indonesian commitment to dealing with climate change
issues as delivered by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech
before state leaders at Pittsburgh G-20 Summit, USA, on September 25, 2009.
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono stated that Indonesia is committed to
reducing GHG emission by 26% in 2020 from the BAU level with its own
efforts and reaching 41% reduction if it secures international support.
To follow up the GHG emission reduction commitment, the RAN-GRK was

developed to provide a policy framework for the central government, local
governments, prívate sectors, and other key stakeholders in implementing
actions related directly and indirectly to GHG emission reduction efforts
during the period of 2010-2020 according to the Long-Term Development
Plan (RPJP 2005-2025) and the Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJM). The
RAN-GRK was approved in a Presidential Regulation No. 61 Year 2011.
The RAN-GRK proposes mitigation actions in five priority sectors (Agriculture,

Forestry and Peatland, Energy and Transport, Industry, Waste Management)
as well as other supporting actions that are an integral part to the national
development planning which supports the principles of economic growth,
poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
The RAN-GRK implementation embraces a participatory approach system in

which activity participation of the central government, local governments and
related stakeholders are badly needed for developing Local Action Plan for
Green House Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK) for the achievement of
GHG emission reduction targets across Indonesia. Therefore, for the RAN-
GRK implementation, it is necessary to develop a Guideline for Implementing
Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan.
In the initial section, the Guideline will explain key elements used for
measuring the achievement of GHG emission reduction activities. The
success of a mitigation action will be measured by identifying how much
GHG emission reduction is achieved in comparison with the BAU condition
and implementation. The GHG mitigation action framework of the RAN-
GRK is meant to follow the basic conceptual steps of Nationally Appropriate
Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan 1
1.2 Guideline Goal
The Guideline for Implementing GHG Emission Reduction is a general

guideline for Ministries/ Agencies, Local Governments (provincial, district,
and city levels) with the objective to facilitateRAN/RAD-GRK implementation.
The division of tasks which will be carried out under the mandate of Perpres
no. 61/2011 is as follows:
1. Coordinating Minister for Economy is tasked with: coordinating the
implementation and monitoring of RAN-GRK that is conducted by Minister/
Agency Head according to their respective task and function (article 5
paragraph 2); receiving reports on results of RAN-GRK review submitted
by Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of BAPPENAS (article
9 paragraph 3); receiving reports on RAN-GRK action implementation
conducted by Minister/ Agency Head periodically at least once 1 (one) year
or at any time if required (article 10 paragraph 1); and reporting integrated
RAN-GRK implementation to the President at least once 1 (one) year or at
any time if required (article 10 paragraph 2).
2. Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas receivesRAD-GRK documents enacted
by Governor Regulation within 12 (twelve) months at the latest since the
enactment of Presidential Regulation No 61/2011 (article 6 paragraphs 3
and 4); facilitating RAD-GRK development (article 7); establishing RAD-
GRK Development Guideline within 3 (three) months at the latest since the
enactment of Presidential Regulation No 61/2001 (article 8); coordinating
RAN-GRK review implementation conducted by Ministry/ Agency and
reporting the review results to Coordinating Minister for Economy with a
copy to Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare (article 9 paragraphs
2 and 3); receiving copied reports on RAN-GRK activity implementation
conducted by Minister/ Agency Head (article 10 paragraph 1). To carry
out the tasks, Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas will form a National
Working Group with membership from Ministries/Agencies at the central
level, experts, Local Government’s representatives, as well as other
stakeholders.
3. Minister of Home Affairs is tasked with facilitating RAD-GRK development
with Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas and Minister of Environment (article
7); receiving RAD-GRK documents enacted by Governor Regulation
within 12 (twelve) months at the latest since the enactment of Presidential
Regulation No 61/2011 (article 6 paragraphs 3 and 4). Then, together with
Minister of PPN/ Head of Bappenas develops a Joint Circular as a call for
Local Governments to implement RAD-GRK.
4. Minister of Environment is tasked with: facilitating RAD-GRK development
together with Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas and Minister of Home
Affairs (article 7 of Perpres 61/2011); establishing GHG inventory
2 Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
administration guideline, coordinating GHG inventory administration and
tendency of emission change and GHG absorption including carbon
storage at the national level; carrying out monitoring and evaluation on
the process and result of GHG inventory (article 7 of Perpres No 71/2011);
receiving reports on inventory activity results administered by related
Ministers and/or Agency Heads and/ or Governors once a year (article 12
paragraphs 2 and article 13 paragraph 2 of Perpres 71/2011); submitting
results of national GHG inventory administration to Coordinating Minister
for People’s Welfare; providing guidance in GHG inventory administration
to provincial, district/ city governments and stakeholders together with
Ministers and/or Agency Heads (article 17 paragraph 1).
5. Other Ministries/ Agencies according to their respective tupoksi (key tasks
and functions) are tasked with: conducting the planning, implementation,
as well as monitoring and evaluation of RAN-GRK (article 3 paragraph a
and article 5 paragraph 1); conducting RAN-GRK reviews (paragraph 9
article 2); reporting results of RAN-GRK activity implementation reports
to Coordinating Minister for Economy with copies to Coordinating Minister
for People’s Welfare, Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas and Minister
of Environment periodically at least once 1 (one) year or at any time if
required (article 10 paragraph 1). If needed, Ministers/ Agency Heads can
establish Technical Guidelines for each of respective sectors.
6. Provincial Governments must develop Local Action Plans for Green
House Gas emission Reduction (RAD-GRK) which are based on the RAN-
GRK and local development priorities (article 3 paragraph b and article 6
paragraph 2) . the RAD-GRK encompasses GHG mitigation action plans
from the provincial, district and city levels in each region.
7. Governors are tasked with: in their capacity as RAD-GRK coordinators,
enact the Governor Regulation on RAD-GRK and submit RAD-GRK
documents to the Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of PPN/Head of
Bappenas within 12 (twelve) months since the enactment of Perpres no
61/2011 (article 6 paragraphs 3 and 4).
For the GHG emission reduction implementation in the regions, it is necessary

to develop RAD-GRK at the provincial level whose establishment becomes
the responsibility of each region under coordination with Ministry of Home
Affairs. RAD-GRK should be developed by involving related technical dinas
and and shall be established by a Governor Regulation each according to
local development priorities based on APBD and community capacities.
2. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE
GAS EMISSION REDUCTION
2.1 Policy Framework
Based on the scenario in the Second National Communication report (SNC,

2010), the GHG emission reduction target by 26% in 2020 is 0.767 Gton
CO2e. The target will increase by 15% (0.477 Gton CO2e) to become 41%
GHG emission reduction if there is international funding support. However,
the GHG emission reduction target scale will be recalculated more accurately
by using better methodologies, data and information.
RAN-GRK development is part of the Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP)

and the Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJM) in the sustainable development
policy framework to address climate change impacts, especially to reduce
GHG emission. GHG emissions are defined as emission resulting from nature
and various development activities especially in the forestry, peatland, waste,
agriculture, transport, industrial and energy sectors.
Besides that, the action plan is developed based on measurable, reportable

and variable principles (Measurable, Reportable, Verifiable)1, so that the
results are nationally accountable and according to the principles to be applied
by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for
mitigation actions implemented by state parties.
Indonesia also delivered information on Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate

Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to the UNFCCC Secretariat via the Head of
Indonesia’s National Climate Change Council (DNPI) on January 30, 2010.
Seven key sectors were revealed to achieve GHG emission reduction by 26%
in 2020 from the BAU scenario as baseline2 as mentioned in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Presented to

UNFCCC Secretariat on January 30, 2010
1 Discussion on MRV is on Chapter 6 Guideline for Implementation of GHG Emission Reduction Action
Plan.
2 Baseline is estimated emission level and GHG projection under scenario without policy intervention and
mitigation technologies from sectors identified within an agreed period of time (years 2010-2020) (Chapter
3 Guideline for Implementation of GHG Emission Reduction Action Plan).
Table 1.
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Emission Reduction
Indonesia’s
Nationally The reduction will be achieved among them by the following
Appropriate actions:
Mitigation Actions 1. Sustainable Peatland Management
Presented
to UNFCCC 2. Reduction of Deforestation and Land Degradation Levels
Secretariat on 3. Carbon sequestration development 26% by 2020
January 30, 2010. 4. Promoting energy saving
5. Alternative and renewable energy resource development
6. Solid and Liquid Waste Reduction
7. Shift to low-emission transport modes
To reach the goal and targets it is necessary to develop several interventions

and action plans which are adjusted to the climate change mitigation program
policy that is implemented and supported by several Ministries/Agencies, as
well as Local Governments.
Figure 1 shows the national targets.
Figure 1.
Uniliteral
NAMAs for NAMAs
Meeting National National Baseline Business as Usual
(multi-sectors/combined) supported
Emission domestically
Reduction Targets.
Past Trends and Current
-26%
GHG Emission Situation
-41%
GHG
Internationally
supported
NAMAs
NAMAs Credit
Future GHG
Emission Plan
T0 T1 Tn 2020 Year
Integrated national process in meeting the national emission reduction

targets based on cost effectiveness and applicability level
Based on the Copenhagen Accord and from the notes that were produced
from a series of discussions on climate change in the 15th Conference of
the Parties (COP)3 for UNFCCC in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December
3 COP is an international conference organized by UNFCCC every year to discuss climate change.
2009, it was agreed that global coherent mitigation actions are required to
limit global warming by less than 2°C below pre-industrial level. To achieve
that, it is necessary to realize GHG emission reduction by all parties, with a
note that the implementation in developing countries must accord with social,
economic development efforts and poverty alleviation.
Based on IPPC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) calculation, to

reach the target, developing countries need to contribute to GHG emission
reduction by 15 to 30% from BAU scenario. With this scheme, Indonesia’s
growth plan will not be harmed and the GHG emission reduction target set by
Indonesia suits IPPC-recommended range.
In the UNFCCC context, RAN-GRK is regarded as Indonesia’s voluntary

efforts in GHG emission reduction since the Copenhagen Accord is not an
agreement that binds the state parties. With its GHG emission reduction
commitment, Indonesia hopes to demonstrate its leadership and become a
driver for other countries, especially developed countries to reduce global
GHG emission.
Indonesia’s Vision and Missions. On February 5, 2007, the Government

of Indonesia issued Law No. 17 year 2007 on the 2005-2025National Long-
Term Development Plan. The sixth mission mentioned in the document
becomes the vision of the RAN-GRK, namely to: “Realize Harmonious
and Sustainable Indonesia”. The mission emphasizes efforts to improve
development implementation management that can maintain a balance
between making use of natural resources and protecting functions as well
as environmental supporting capacity through spatial planning harmonious
with settlement, socio-economy, and conservation efforts; to improve the
sustainable economic use of natural resources and environment; to improve
natural resource and environmental management to support quality of life; to
provide life beauty and comfort; as well as to improve maintenance and use
of biodiversity as basic developmental assets.
To achieve the sustainable development vision, the Government of Indonesia

has taken an agreement that “long-term sustainable development will face
climate change and global warming challenges that impact human life and
activities”.
The RAN-GRK was developed by integrated financing between Ministries/

Agencies of central government and local governments, and is measurable
and can be implemented during the period 2010-2020.
The objective of the RAN-GRK is to act:
1. As a GHG emission reduction implementation reference by priority sectors
at the national and local levels;
2. As a reference to investment related to GHG emission reduction
coordinated at the national and local levels;
3. As a reference to GHG emission reduction action plan and strategy
development by regions in Indonesia.
The legal basis used for the RAN-GRK development comprises:

1. The Indonesian 1945 Constitution, Article 4 paragraph (1);
2. Law No. 6 Year 1994 on UNFCCC Approval;
3. Law No. 17 Year 2003 on State’s Finance;
4. Law No. 17 Year 2004 on Approval on Kyoto Protocol on United Nation
Framework Convention on Climate Change;
5. Law No. 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System;
6. Law No. 17 Year 2005 on 2005-2025 Long-Term Development Plan
(RPJP);
7. Presidential Regulation No. 5 Year 2010 on 2010-2014 National Mid-Term
Development Plan (RPJMN);
8. Presidential Regulation No. 61 Year 2011 on National Action Plan for
Green House Gas Emission Reduction
In the RAN-GRK implementation, the roles of institutions responsible for

GHG emission reduction activities in each sector and responsible parties for
GHG emission reduction supporting activities are arranged. Beside that, it
is necessary to determine institutions responsible for coordinating various
things in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the
action plan.
2.2 Scope
According to article 2 of Presidential Regulation No. 61 Year 2011, RAN-

GRK consists of key activities and supporting activities. RAN-GRK activities
include sectors of Agriculture; Forestry and peatland; Energy and transport;
Industry; Waste management; other supporting activities.
GHG emission reduction target for these 6 (six) sectors can be seen in Table
2. It is necessary to note that the target level for GHG emission reduction and
GHG emission reduction activities may be reviewed in the event that better
methodologies, data and information are available in the future.
Sector Emission Reduction Action Plan Implementing
Table 2.
(Giga tons Co2e) Ministry/Agency GHG Emission
26% 41% Reduction
Forestry and 0.672 1.039 Forest and land fire control, network Ministry of Forestry, Targets by Bidang
Peatland system management and water Ministry of Environ- (meeting results at
management, Forestry and land ment, Ministry of the Coordinating
rehabilitation, HTI (Industrial Plantation Public Works, Minister for
Forest), HR (Community Forest). Ministry of Agricul- Economy, Finance
Illegal logging eradication, ture and Industry
Deforestation prevention,
Community empowerment
(Ekuin) Office,
December 29,
Agriculture 0.008 0.011 Introduction of low-emission paddy Ministry of Agricul-
2009).
varieties, irrigation water efficiency, ture, Ministry of
organic fertilizer use Environment,
Ministry of Public
Works
Energy and 0.038 0.056 Bio-fuel use, engines with higher fuel Ministry of Trans-
Transport efficiency standard, improvement in portation, Ministry
TDM (Transportation Demand of Energy and
Management), quality of public Mineral Resources,
transport and roads, demand side Ministry of Public
management, energy efficiency, Works, Ministry of
renewable energy development Environment
Industry 0.001 0.005 Energy efficiency, use of renewable Ministry of Industry,
energy, etc Ministry of Environ-
ment
Waste 0.048 0.078 Use of Final Landfill, waste Ministry of Public
management by 3R and urban Works, Ministry of
integrated waste water management Environment
0.767 1.189
The additional 15% with International support (Supported NAMAs) to the

GHG emission reduction target bringing it up to 41% (from 26%) from BAU,
is achieved by choosing additional program/ activities whose implementation
does not utilize domestic funding sources such as APBN/APBD (including
government’s debts) and is not for the reduction of GHG emission traded in
the carbon market.
For GHG emission reduction of more than 41% from BAU, the implemented
program/ activities may include a carbon trade mechanism scheme. (or
credited NAMAs).
So, considering that international mechanisms for Reducing Emission from

Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks
(REDD+) program/ activities are still in the process of negotiation, for the
purposes of implementation it will be necessary to observe the program/
activities funding sources closely to determine the grouping into 3 categories:
a GHG emission reduction scheme with its own fund (26%/Unilateral NAMAs),
international support (41%/Supported NAMAs) or carbon market (or Credited
NAMAs).
To illustrate this idea, if REDD+ program/activities for particular locations are
funded by APBN/APBD (including government’s debts), they are included in
the Indonesian commitment to reducing GHG emission by 26%, while similar
REDD+ program / activities in different locations receiving international
funding support are within the GHG emission reduction target scheme of
41%. If REDD+ program/ activities are not related to the Indonesian GHG
emission reduction targets of 26% and 41%, they can be traded in the carbon
market.
Focus on international negotiation related to climate change will mostly be

based on the framework of increased mitigation actions, adaptation and other
key elements.
Concerning global mitigation policies and related key instruments, the

negotiation covers issues of the entire emission reduction target setting
and time schedule, emission reduction distribution among parties, financial
support and technology for mitigation actions, emission reduction instruments,
emission trade systems and other market-based instruments.
Based on the Bali Action Plan (BAP), the latest international negotiations
related to future climate management will consider NAMAs by parties for
developing countries including the key elements such as:
(i) Driving sustainable development;
(ii) Supported and made possible by technologies, financing and capacity
building, and in measurable, reportable and verifiable manners.
2.3 RAN-GRK in Development Planning System
The Action Plan was developed based on the 2010-2014 Mid-Term Development
Plan (RPJMN 2010-2014) and the 2005-2025 Long-Term Development Plan
(RPJPN 2005-2025). The following Picture 2 shows the relationship between
the RAN-GRK and the national and local development planning system.
The RAN-GRK development is based on sustainable development

mainstreaming principle as mandated by 2005-2025 RPJPN and 2010-2014
RPJMN (Book 2 Chapter 1), in which developmental activities must consider
three pillars of sustainable development principles namely those related to
economic, social and environmental aspects.
RP JMN RP JMN Figure 2.
2010-2014 2010-2014 Position of
RAN-GRK in
Development
RP JMN
RPJN 2005-2025 RKP APBN Planning System.
2010-2014
RAN
PENURUNAN
EMISI
UNFCCC
RAD
PENURUNAN
EMISI
RPJPD RP JMD RKPD APBD
RENSTRA RENJA
SKPD SKPD
Picture translation: RPJMN 2010-2014: 2010-2014 National Medium-Term Development

Plan; RPJPN 2005-2025: 2005-2025 National Long-Term Development Plan; RKP:
Government Work Plan; APBN: State Budget; RAN PENURUNAN EMISI: National Action
Plan for Emission Reduction; RAD PENURUNAN EMISI: Local Action Plan for Emission
Reduction; RPJPD: Local Local Long-Term Work Plan; RPJMD: Local Medium-Term
Work Plan; RKPD: Local Government Work Plan; APBD: Local Budget; RENSTRA
SKPD: Strategic Plan of Local Apparatus Working Unit; RENJA SKPD: Work Plan of Local
Apparatus Working Unit
Figure 3.
RAN-GRK
RAN - GRK
Implementation
Time Frame.
2010 2020
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2005 2025
RPJP
2004 2009 2014 2019 2025
RPJM RPJM 2 RPJM 3 RPJM 4
The 2010-2020 RAN-GRK implementation is divided into three time frames,

starting from the Second National Mid-Term Development Plan (RPJMN)
(years 2010-2014), continued by the Third RPJMN (years 2015-2019), and the
Fourth RPJMN period (years 2020-2024).
Funding for 2010-2014 RAN-GRK implementation has been allocated in the

2010-2014 RPJMN. Subsequently, for the following years, RAN-GRK will
provide policy direction for the government in GHG emission reduction with
estimated cost/ budget (see picture 3).
2.4 Problems and Challenges
Indonesia is the world’s biggest archipelagic country with more than 17,000
large and small islands and a long coastline. This has been the national asset.
However, on the other hand it the country becomes a victim of the impacts of
climate change.
Furthermore, Indonesia is extremely prone to various natural disasters

due to its geographical position and geological condition. Moreover, most
of the people’s livelihoods still depend on natural resources management,
especially in the agriculture sector, which turns out to increase the level of risk
of climate change impact threats.
With the above mentioned conditions, it is reasonable that Indonesia, as one

of the prone countries, takes the front line in the global efforts to address
climate change impacts. Besides this, there is huge potential insofar as
conducting climate change mitigation actions should become a driving force
for Indonesia to optimize its strategic position in various international forums,
such as fostering bilateral or multilateral cooperations to face climate change
impacts.
Efforts to deal with climate change impacts constitute an integral part

of the national development, so that all planning must be in line with the
national economic development planning. Thus, climate change adaptation
and mitigation action planning are integrated into the national and local
development planning (provincial, district/city and local).
Indonesia also has huge potential for reducing GHG emission significantly
and cumulatively by 2020. Therefore, it is necessary to take into consideration
sectors and programs that become priorities, the various costs (abatement
cost) for each sector’s actions, and also to have tools to evaluateeconomic
impacts against GHG emission reduction achievements; it is necessary to
take into consideration that target for GHG emission reduction may increase
if the scenario used is different; and it is necessary to develop GHG emission
inventory and monitoring systems from all sectors.
The Forest and peat land sectors are estimated to have the biggest potential
to reduce GHG emission with the lowest cost. However, several activities
need to be carried out in order not to be trapped into BAU scenario and to
obtain maximum results.
To achieve GHG emission reduction significantly, increased human resources

capacity and institutional capacity in every sector and region become very
instrumental. Beside that, cross-cutting issues need profound review so that
mitigation actions may be effective and economical. Good understanding on
cross-cutting cost reduction is important, but it is also necessary to observe
challenges in the policy implementation of each sector thoroughly. Thus, an
appropriate suite of policies will be achieved.
RAN-GRK was developed based on the program and activities of Ministries/

Agencies in 2010-2014 RPJMN and 2005-2025 RPJPN which would then be
discussed by inter-Ministries/Agencies. All of the action plans are intended for
reducing the national GHG emission by 26% in 2020 from the BAU scenario.
Climate change mitigation actions that become a priority are activities that use
their own funding (Unilateral NAMAs), both from APBN or APBD (including
loans), the private sector and the public, and must follow general criteria as
follows:
1. The activities must be in line with sustainable development principles.
2. Being effective in fund use by applying lowest cost principle in reducing
GHG emission in an integrated manner.
3. Being practical in the implementation by considering political, social and
cultural aspects.
4. Being in line with the national and local development priorities in which the
activities are carried out.
5. Based on mutually beneficial principle by prioritizing development program/
activities that contribute to GHG emission reduction (Co-Benefit).
To ensure engagement with and ownership of RAN-GRK, action plan

development is conducted by involving each Ministry/ governmental agency.
Therefore, mitigation actions that become a priority within RAN-GRK will
reflect the vision and priorities of each Ministry/ state agency. The next step
is for Bappenas to conduct process analysis and policy development for
integration into the national development planning.
2.5 AN-GRK Review Process
To establish GHG emission reduction action, it is necessary to have a

comprehensive basis for analysis, simultaneously considering on-going
dynamic developments taking place both at the national and global level.
In addition, scientific and technological developments enable various new
breakthroughs that can provide alternative methodologies to approach and
solutions for GHG emission reduction calculation in Indonesia.
The national GHG emission level calculation based on BAU condition needs
to be done accurately. For several sectors, re-evaluation needs to be done.
Therefore, it is necessary periodically to conduct RAN-GRK monitoring and

review based on these considerations. RAN-GRK document renewal is
also made possible based on the international negotiation results in the UN
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The goal of a RAN-GRK review is to:

• Secure international recognition (from UNFCCC) that Indonesia has met its
promise to reduce GHG emission.
• Accommodate the latest information, developmental progress and
negotiation results at the international level.
• Meet requirements to access international funds such as Green Climate
Fund .
Furthermore, after the issuance of Prepres No. 61 Year 2011 on RAN-GRK, a

review needs to be done to follow up various issues, namely:
• To date, there has been no baseline on the Business As Usual (BAU )
condition in Indonesia, while baseline establishment is vital in identifying how
much GHG emission is successfully reduced through the mitigation actions
that are executed. Moreover, to calculate the baseline, it is necessary to set
GHG emission reduction targets correctly for related sectors.
• Baseline calculation must consider development plans from sectors related
to GHG emission reduction and must be translated until 2020.
• Detailed calculation as a basis for supporting information to set GHG
emission reduction targets for each sector within RAN-GRK is not available
yet. However, the best way to calculate GHG emission allocation for each
sector (target) is by firstly establishing a baseline; secondly, developing
mitigation action scenarios (for example, to improve energy efficiency
program, improve production process, or shift in use of industrial raw
materials); lastly, calculating GHG emission reduction potential within the
mitigation actions implementing period. In other words, if baseline setting
is made the calculation basis for the impacts of GHG emission reduction
actions, reasonable target figures for each sector may be obtained.
• Many mitigation actions for reducing emission by 26% which are contained
in the annex of Perpres No. 61 Year 2011 need to be reviewed as to whether
such activities can potentially reduce GHG emission. For example, the
forestry sector includes tree-growing as GHG emission mitigation action,
however there is no explanation as to how much emission will be reduced or
carbon will be absorbed through the effort. Furthermore, basic data for peat
land must be completed in order to be able to identify how much potential it
has and the best mitigation action design.
• The policy direction set in RAN-GRK needs developing further into practical
issues.
• There is no establishment of mitigation actions to reach GHG emission
reduction target range from 26% to 41%.
• There is no monitoring system for RAN-GRK implementation, while to be
able to be internationally recognized, Indonesia needs to submit a report
that follows the MRV standard (Measureable, Reportable, and Verifiable)4.
For GHG emission reduction mitigation actions by 26%, the national
MRV system is considered being already adequate, but the result still
need consultation and analyzing according to the international standard.
Meanwhile, for GHG emission reduction target ranging from 26 to 41%,
Indonesia must possess an MRV system according to the international
standard (UNFCCC). If designed, implemented and monitored properly,
RAN-GRK will be recognized by UNFCCC as Indonesia’s official mitigation
target that was presented on January 30, 2010.
The Ministry of National Development Planning/ Bappenas will conduct

periodic coordination in the integrated RAN-GRK evaluation and review
adjust it to the national needs and latest global developments. After that, the
Minister of PPN/Bappenas will submit a recommendation for a RAN-GRK
review to the Coordinating Minister for Economy who will determine changes
on the Matrix of RAN-GRK Activities as mentioned in Annex of Perpres No.
61 Year 2011 on RAN-GRK.
The Sixteenth Conference Of Parties (COP) held in December 2010 in

Cancun, produced definitions related to categorization of NAMAs (Nationally
Appropriate Mitigation Actions), namely:
• Unilateral NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Supported by
Domestic Financial Sources):
Mitigation actions carried out by a developing country independently to
reach a particular GHG emission reduction level without any international
support (other countries) based on UNFCCC framework UNFCCC. The
financing of this type of NAMAs comes from domestic financial sources and
focuses on cost saving and implementation of mitigation measures with low
cost for per ton of carbon, especially for actions that specifically target ‘no
regret’ option or have negative cost.
Indonesia already announced Unilateral NAMAs in 2009 by targeting
national GHG emission reduction by 26% from BAU scenario in 2020.
• Supported NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions that receives
international support):
4 Explanation on MRV is in Chapter 6 of Guideline for Implementing GHG Emission Reduction Action Plan
A developing country’s mitigation actions with direct support from developed
countries as mitigation actions supported internationally based on UNFCCC
framework.
Supported NAMAs consist of mitigation action options that require medium
to high cost. However, results of the emission reduction action cannot be
traded in carbon market with other countries to meet their commitment.
In Indonesia, the action refers to national GHG emission reduction target
range by 26% to 41% from Business As Usual (BAU) scenario.
• Credited NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions that Produce
Carbon Credit):
A developing country’s mitigation actions that produce carbon credit for
trading in carbon market which will be used as compensation (offset) for
GHG emission reduction in developed countries.
Several examples of Credited NAMAs are, Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM), voluntary carbon market project, bilateral offset mechanism (BOM)
or other activities that produce carbon credit.
In general, NAMAs that produce carbon credit are expected to be
concentrated on mitigation actions that require the highest cost. All project-
based activities that produce carbon offset credit cannot be used as GHG
emission reduction by the Government of Indonesia.
Based on the negotiation results in Caucun’s COP 16 in Mexico, it is

stipulated in paragraph 53 to develop a Registry that records NAMAs which
seek international support and facilitate between developing countries and
developed countries in getting proper financial support, technologies, and
capacity building for mitigation actions to be done.
UNFCCC Secretariat will record and renew information on NAMAs to seek

available international support from developed countries and support made
available for NAMAs.
3. RAN-GRK DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS
NATIONALLY APPROPRIATE MITIGATION
ACTIONS (NAMAs)
NAMAs is a term referring to a series of policies and actions taken by a country

as part of its commitment to reducing GHG emission, in which each country
can take different actions at the national level based on justice and according
to the common but differentiated responsibilities as well as according to their
respective capacities.
Furthermore, NAMAs also emphasize financial support from developed

countries to developing countries to reduce GHH emission.
Development of NAMAs becomes very instrumental for the RAN-GRK
implementation, namely:
- NAMAs are intended to be documents that provid important tools,
methodologies and approaches in order that RAN-GRK can work;
- NAMAs are expected to be able to help Indonesia to secure and use
international fund sources, for instance Green Climate Fund (GCF) and
others;
- NAMAs enable Indonesia to get recognition from UNFCCC for mitigation
initiatives as outlined in RAN-GRK.
In the Cancun international conference on climate change in Mexico, in

December 2010, developed and developing countries set up strong reporting
requirements. At present, state parties are conducting further developments.
It should be noted that elements such as reliable measurement, measurement,

reporting and verifying system (Measurable, Reportable, and Verifiable/MRV)
are the key elements of an effective international GHG mitigation framework.
For the establishment of NAMAs, the sectors mentioned in Perpres No. 61

Year 2011 on RAN-GRK are grouped according to international classification
(UNFCCC). The sectors for NAMAs establishment are:
1. The land-based sectors (Forestry and Peatland, Agriculture)
2. The Energy sector
a. Power Sector
b. Transport Sector
c. Industry Sector (beside energy, on the sector emission made from the
industry sector is discussed)
3. The Waste Management sector
3.1 NAMAs – Conceptual Measures
The establishment of a clear framework for NAMAs is a key to consistency

in describing performance across several ministries, related sectors and sub-
sectors. Additionally, it is helps to avoid differences occurring in the various
agencies/institutions. Therefore, government and related stakeholders should
understand the NAMA framework clearly.
Therefore, the government will evaluate and identify how the designed
framework, policies and measures of NAMAs can reach national emission
reduction targets, as well as impacts and risks related to the country’s
environment, economy, political structure and population. Not only that, the
analysis will include long-term emission plan analysis supported by reliable
data. Policy makers should also evaluate related governmental structure at
the national, local and sectoral levels.
Proposed nationally-integrated process for NAMAs establishment consists of

several steps, as described in Picture 4.
Figure 4.
Establishment of Aggregated Business as Usual Baseline of Each Sectors
NAMAs Measures.
Establishment of Potential Mitigation Actions of Each Sectors
Establishment of Aggregated Business as Usual Baseline and Aggregated

Mitigation Actions
Establishment of NAMAs and National Long-Term CO2 Emission Reduction Paths
Calculate Carbon Budget for Each Sectors
Propose Required Policies, Measures and Instruments
3.1.1 BAU Baseline5 Scenario
Understanding of the baseline scenario is very important in developing

NAMAs. The Baseline scenario is a reference line for measureable indicators
5 Baseline in Bahasa Indonesia is called ‘garis dasar’
with which alternative outcomes, such as emission reduction (difference
between baseline and actual performance) through mitigation actions can be
evaluated. The Baseline scenario related to climate change is an estimated
emission level and GHG projection in a scenario without policy intervention
and mitigation technologies from the sectors identified in an agreed period of
time (years 2010-2020).
Generally, baseline is understood as:

1. A non-intervention scenario;
2. A scenario that considers possible evolution of activities and developments
in the future. This may include:
a. Macro-economic trend and demography
b. Economic structural change
c. Projected activities and key green house gas (GHG) emission sink, as
well as
d. Technological evolution that enables the use of efficient technologies
that impact GHG emission;
3. Establishment of the baseline scenario requires a long-term simulation
by the inclusion of considerations related to the uncertainties within the
system evolution and related challenges;
4. Baseline is not a simple estimation from the latest trends.

To establish the BAU baseline scenario, it is necessary to have an estimation
on planned long-term GHG emissions with start-year start-yearof calculation
and end-yearend-year. For RAN-GRK goal and national target, year 2010 is
used as the start-start-year and year 2020 as endyear.
However, establishing the baseline by-sector is likely to be slightly different.

For example, for REDD+, a historical baseline is developed to complete BAU
baseline scenario. The historical baseline used is from 2000 through 2020.
This is possible as long as it uses the same year start and year end for the
establishment of baseline as the basis for national calculation of NAMAs,
namely year 2010 through 2020.
During the establishment of the national BAU baseline scenario, it is better to

consider the specific structural nature of each sector. This is because every
sector may consist of sub-sector, sub-national or multi-layer levels according
to the national situation.
The national BAU baseline is obtained through aggregation of each related

sector by totaling annual absolute GHG values within the same period of time.
The calculation will be used as a national reference for measuring whether
national emission reduction targets are achieved completely.
Moreover, the national BAU baseline is inherently multi-sectoral and needs
to be stablished through an integrated national process and bottom-up
approach.
Figure 5 demonstrates a process for establishing national BAU and multi-

sector scenario.
Figure 5. National Business as Usual

Baseline Baseline / Aggregated BAU
Establishment. Baseline
1st Layer
Energy Land Based Other

Sector Sector Targeted Sector
2nd Layer
Power Industry Transport Other

REDD+
Sector Sector Sector Activity
Cement
Pulp & Paper Required Integrated Processes to

Establish National BAU Baselline /
Iron & Steel Aggregated BAU Baseline
(Bottom-up Approach)
Textile
isolated power systems
Industry Sub-sectors
Interconnected and
Sub-national levels
sub-national levels
By models and
3rd Layer
Measures in national BAU baseline establishment is by determining three

layers for obtaining national aggregated BAU baseline scenario:
1. Develop aggregated BAU baseline scenario of each sub sector, for
example REDD+, industry. Further explanation for the development can
be seen in Chapter 4.
2. Develop aggregated BAU baselines for each sector, for example the
power, industry, land-based sectors. For this layer, it is better to use a
bottom-up approach than a top-down one. This is because every sector
can consist of several sub-sectors (for example, the industry sector), or
many sub-national levels (for example, REDD+), or many interconnecting
systems and isolated power systems such as in the power sector. Further
explanation for the development can also be seen in Chapter 4.
3. Develop a BAU baseline that aggregates all targeted sectors.
In the BAU baseline information development, Bappenas acts as the

coordinator for developing the national BAU baseline. Every related
Ministry/Agency is responsible for developing the by-sector BAU baseline,
and provincial governments in coordination with district/city governments
are responsible for the local BAU baseline development according to their
respective local authority.
Then a scenario must be developed for each layer by considering the following
key factors:
1. Current and future policies without any intervention and climate change
policy action;
2. Market trends and the like;
3. Related uncertainty;
4. Evolution from supply and demand,
5. Cost saving; and
6. Expected system performance
The GHG emission target figure can then be calculated based on the,
scenario and parameters that are applied as long as the period can use the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ) methodology for GHG
inventory calculation, for example, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG
Inventories.
The target emission reduction volume will be different, depending on which

BAU baseline is used. The level of uncertainty will depend on the various
sectors and factors such as trends in technologies/ process/ fuel, growing
demand, etc.
3.1.2 Defining Mitigation Actions
After developing the national BAU baseline scenario, aggregated national

mitigation actions for each sector can be obtained. Not only that, national and
sector carbon budget can also be calculated by assuming the national GHG
reduction targets are achieved.
Therefore, it is immediately necessary to plan potential mitigation actions

for each sector and prepare long-term CO2 emission reduction scenarios for
each of the actions. The mitigation actions registered in Perpres on RAN-
GRK No. 61 Year 2011 can be reviewed to see whether such actions can
reduce GHG emission, and its cost analysis and implementation plan can be
carried out.
This includes the annual long-term CO2 emission reduction plan which
is developed according to the set rankings (see selection process below),
by following the start-year and end-year similar to those in BAU baseline
scenario development.
To develop the RAD-GRK, definition of mitigation actions can be seen more

clearly in Chapter 7 and the Guideline Book for Developing RAD-GRK.
In Perpes No. 61 year 2011, there is no definition of mitigation actions for the
achievement of -26% until -41% targets yet. Definition of the actions will be
further discussed in Chapter 3.
3.1.3 Proposed Implementability Level and Mitigation Action Selection

Process
As one of the parties at UNFCCC, Indonesia has re-confirmed that economic

and social development as well as poverty alleviation constitute key and the
most important priorities from developing countries6 because development
countries still have to develop and meet economic and social growth and
development. Such provision becomes an important element that needs
considering in establishing national mitigation actions.
Several testing criteria can be used to set rankings of potential mitigation

action options proposed from each sector, namely:
(i) cost efficiency (low cost to reach significant emission reduction)
(ii) maintain consistency related to national development goals;
(iii) maintain consistency related to national environmental goals;
(iv) availability and quality of data;
(v) political and social feasibility;
(vi) replicability, namely adjustment capacity to geographical, socio-
economic-cultural, legal and regulatory backgrounds; and
(vii) macro-economic considerations, such as impacts on PDB (GDP),
number of job opportunities created and closed, implication on long-term
development, sustainable economic growth and social development,
poverty alleviation, and foreign currency exchange value and trading,
etc.
The testing criteria should be in line with the whole potential mitigation
scenario framework proposed for each major and pertinent sector by using
a bottom-up approach. In addition to this guideline, existing technological
diversity, national policy and legal and regulatory frameworks must also be
taken into consideration.
6 UNFCCC COP 16, Cancun, in Decision 1/CP.16
Furthermore, GHG emission reduction cost (abatement cost) for each
potential mitigation action is considered highly important. The agreed amount
of cost and criteria will determine priority levels of each mitigation action in
the related sector and at the national scale.
Figure 6.
Job Creation
Four Pillars in
Establishing
Mitigation Actions
for Each Sector.
Social dan Economic
Poverty Alleviation
Development
Meeting National Emission Reduction Targets as Con-

tribution to Integrated Global Mitigation Efforts
Several testing criteria as proposed in Picture 6 are used to set the priority
of potential mitigation actions proposed by each sector according to national
and sub-national situations. Meanwhile, the selection process is described in
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Proposed Potential Mitigation Actions Scheme:
Selection Process
of Proposed
Potential
Mitigation Actions.
Cost Implementability
Effectiveness Level
Priority List
Potential Mitigation Actions
It should be understood that derivates from the proposed testing criteria

may vary for each sector because the condition system within each sector
in the national and sub-national level situation may have their respective
characteristics.
3.1.4 Developing Emission Reduction Plan
GHG emission reduction plan development is conducted by combining national

BAU baseline scenario and aggregated mitigation actions. (see Picture 7).
Then, it is necessary to develop mitigation action scenarios obtained from
potential actions for each sector through a unifying and ranking setting process
based on cost saving and the degree of implementability.
Each long-term GHG emission reduction plan describes CO2 saving

from various potential mitigation actions which are then presented in total
(accumulatively) and on annual basis. (see Figure 8).
Figure 8.
GHG Emission National Business As Usual Baseline (Multi Sectoral - Aggregated)
Reduction Plan.
Past Trend and Current

Conditions of GHG Emission
Sector #1
GHG
Sector #2
Sector #3
Sector #4
Sector #_
Sektor #n
Mitigation Actions
GHG Emission
of Each Sector
Future Plan
T0 T1 Tn Time
National integrated processes in meeting the national emission reduction targets

based on cost effetiveness and its implementability level
3.1.5 Establishing Unilateral NAMAs and Supported NAMAs
Establishment of NAMAs and a long-term GHG emission reduction plan in

meeting the national emission reduction targets is carried out by selecting
aggregated mitigation actions divided into two categories, namely:
- domestically supported mitigation actions (unilateral NAMAs) and
- internationally supported mitigation actions (supported NAMAs)
NAMAs classification is obtained by establishing the carbon budget for each
sector which will give information on emissions reduction level, investment/
mitigation costs, abatement costs, financing requirements for each NAMAs
categories; and implementation schedule.
At present, clear definitions and criteria for mitigation actions that can be
proposed as supported NAMAs are not available yet. However, such activities
can be proposed and recommended by the Government of Indonesia through
multi-sectoral and inter-governmental consultation coordinated by Bappenas.
Indonesian Case for Unilateral NAMAs

In order to realize the national emission reduction target by 26% below BAU
scenario in 2020, Indonesia has to make several calculations and decisions.
Indonesia has to establish the aggregated mitigation actions of the associated
sectors. Beside that, it has to establish aggregated mitigation actions from
related sectors
Based on the aggregated mitigation actions, emission reduction, the emission

abatement costs and implementation schedule can be presented in a matrix,
like iin Table 3 below.
Table 3.
Emission Mitigation Abatement
Time Frame Matrix of
Reduction Cost Cost
No Sector
Mitigation Unilateral NAMAs
Actions
Required
Operating (Indonesian Case:
[Mt CO2] [%] [US$] [US$/TCO2] Completion
Period (Year) Date -26% from BAU in
2020).
1 --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
2 --bb-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
4 --cc-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
6 --dd-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
7 --ee-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
n-1 --bb-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
n --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx xx ---zz---
TOTAL xx,xxx,xx -y- x,xxx,xx xx.xx
Indonesian Case for Supported NAMAs

Similar information required in the unilateral NAMAs development will also
be needed in developing the internationally supported NAMAs. However,
additional information is needed, for example the required funding/financing
(see Table 4)
Furthermore, as explained in the previous sub-chapter, aggregated mitigation

actions of related sectors to be included under the category of supported
NAMAs must go through selection of potential mitigation actions of each
sector.
The selection process is conducted through merging and setting of rankings
based on cost saving and implementability level, and GHG emission reduction
plan scenario development. However the chances for the implementation of
the supported NAMAs will depend on the availability of financial and related
support under the UNFCCC framework.
Table 4. Required
Emission Mitigation Abatement
Financing Time Frame
Matrix of Reduction Cost Cost
Support*
Mitigation
Supported NAMAs No Sector
Actions
Required
(Indonesian Case [Mt CO2] [%] [US$] [US$/TCO2] [US$] Completion
Operating
Date
– Reduction down Period (Year)
to 41% in 2020). 1 --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
2 --bb-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
3 --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
4 --cc-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---

5 --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
6 --dd-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
7 --ee-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
n-1 --bb-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---
n --aa-- ---xxx--- xx,xxx,xx -x- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx.xx xx ---zz---

TOTAL xx,xxx,xx -y- x,xxx,xx xx.xx x,xxx,xx
Catatan: 1. 26% + -y-% = 41%, which is deviation from the baseline in 2020
2. *) Submit to the UNFCCC Secretariat (support by Developed Country Parties)
Linking Indonesian NAMAs with UNFCCC

Several mechanisms of NAMAs under UNFCCC such as registry and matching
process of finance, technology and capacity building support to these actions are
not available yet.
However during the Caucun’s COP-16 in Mexico, December 2010, it was agreed
to set up a registry to record NAMAs that seek international support, and to
facilitate the matching of financing, technology and capacity-building.
Figure 9 explains measures to be taken to link Indonesian NAMAs process with

UNFCCC.
Figure 9.
• Registry and Matching • Project
National Submit to Processes Completion of Work Flow
Integrated the UNFCCC • Approval Confirmation NAMAs MRV Needed for
Process Secretariat by the UNFCCC • Implementation Establishing
Secretariat NAMAs Developing
Countries’ NAMAs.
• Table of Domestically
• Approved & Implementation of
Supported NAMAs • Construction &
Registered MRV (Guidlines to be
• Table of Internation- Monitoring
• Disbursement developed under the
ally Supported of • Operation Phase
Schedule convention)
NAMAs
The supported NAMAs need to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat along

with the GHG emission reduction plan, estimated mitigation cost, abatement cost,
required financing support, and related anticipated implementation schedule
such as required completion period and operating date.
4. NATIONAL GHG EMISSION REDUCTION
STRATEGY
4.1 General Policy Direction (Cross-cutting)
If seen from cross-cutting perspectives, the most important area that requires
attention in the future is the land use issue, since problems related to land
conversion and land use are also discussed in the agriculture, forestry and
energy sectors.
Connection and inter-connection among the sectors will be followed up in

the future RAN-GRK development process which will include integration of
spatial plan use that contains issues of climate change, capacity building, and
mechanism development for laws and legislation.
Regional Scope. RAN-GRK also considers diversity of the physical, political

and culture conditions so that Indonesia needs a policy approach based
on regional aspects for the national development plan. Therefore, policy
approach to climate change problems is adjusted to specific character
condition owned by Indonesian regions, namely Sumatera, Jamali (Jawa,
Madura, Bali), Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, and Papua.
Success in dealing with climate change is also determined by how far climate
policy is integrated into national development policy and sectors. Therefore,
the mainstreaming of climate change mitigation actions in developmental
decisions that bring consequences to climate becomes important for its
implementation in order to reach the national low-carbon development.
For an example, effective carbon price can realize significant mitigation action
potential in all sectors since the implementability level of carbon value can
provide economic beneficial signs in carbon markets to create investment
and financial flow from developed countries to developing countries.
The required policy is the one that can create incentives for producers and
consumers towards low-carbon development. Such approach requires
several innovation and change in traditional development approaches.
Moreover, applying low-carbon sustainable development can give significant

contribution to climate change mitigation, but the implementation may require
additional resources to deal with lots of challenges.
Not only that, it is necessary to enhance understanding on possibilities of
selecting and carrying out mitigation options in several sectors to maintain
synergy level and avoid conflicts with other dimensions of sustainable
development.
Climate change-related policies are seldom applied separately from other

policies. Instead, they are applied in the form of series of policies with other
policies, for example with development related policies. In conducting climate
change mitigation actions, one or more policy instruments must be applied.
Several national policies and instruments are made available in order to be
able to create incentives for mitigation actions to be done, like what is done
in other countries, namely government support through financial contribution,
tax credit, standard setting and creation of markets important to effective
technological development, innovation and use.
However, considering that public policies often bring about unexpected

side-effects or far-less-than-expected ones, reporting becomes important
for climate change policy integration because it can improve accountability
and learning. Stable condition also guarantees country development such as
Indonesia to get other supports, for example technological transfer and funds.
In general, NAMAs can use a large spectrum of policy instruments of GHG

emission reduction such as: (i) economic and fiscal policies, for example
carbon tax, fuel subsidy removal, or emission trade; (ii) target economic and
fiscal policies, for example subsidy for energy-saving investment, feed-in tariffs
for renewable energy technologies, or financial incentives; (iii) standards, for
example vehicles’ fuel consumption, rules and construction certification, or
tools standard and labelling for energy efficiency; (iv) knowledge-transferring
information and education, for example public awareness campaigns, energy
analysis (audit), or demonstration actions or trainings; and (v) Research and
low-carbon technological developments and new energy more suitable for
dealing with climate change issues that must be analyzed at the national level
to evaluate its application before the implementation phase.
Furthermore, effectiveness of the impacts of proposed policy instrument

implementation needs to be analyzed in order to understand how much it can
improve low-carbon economic development.
Therefore, it is clearly obvious that the application depends on the national

framework and sectors, national situation and understanding on the interaction
at the national and international levels.
Figure 10 describes a logical flow of integration of climate change policies
which constitutes a connection of key elements for reaching the whole action
at the national level in meeting GHG emission reduction targets at the national
level.
Figure 10.
State of Economy, Social, and
Flow of Climate Environment
Change Policy
Integration.
Mandatory Progarmmes &
Oppotunities Related with Climate
Change Mitigation
Policies Strategy
Policies Instruments
Outcome
According to the UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), article 3.4

it is mentioned that the parties possess the right for, and should promote
sustainable development.
Thus, policies and measures to protect the world from climate change that is
especially resulted from human beings should be in line with the condition of
each party and should be integrated with the national development program,
while taking into consideration that economic development is essential for
adopting measures to address climate change.
The question of consistency between climate change objectives and other

policy goals is rarely discussed in the general strategy development. There is
even a tendency to overlook inconsistencies between climate change issues
and other issues, while potential synergies are highlighted in the climate
change-related policies.
Some ways of integrating policies can be done through integration of cross-

cutting (cross-sectoral) policy integration or by-sector policy integration within
and across all levels of government (see Figure 11).
Cross sectoral policy refers to cross sectoral measures and procedures to

mainstream a comprehensive integration of climate change strategies and
the integration of climate change mitigation into public policies that include
broad climate change strategies and preparation/ adoption of new regulations
and the annual national budget.
Meanwhile, sectoral integration within the governmental levels refers to

the integration of climate policies into specific or certain sectors by various
entities under supervision of a ministry.
Climate change mitigation actions are often seen in the context of just one
level of governance or, if several levels are concerned they are viewed simply
as a top-down control hierarchy. However, it is clear that mitigation actions
concern all levels from the local level to global level, and their interactions are
complex and multi-directional. Therefore, the mitigation strategies must be
implemented in by-sector strategies and measures.
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY ENERGY

Figure 11.
POLICIES POLICIES POLICIES Cross-Cutting and
By-Sector Climate
CROSS CUTTING POLICIES INTEGRATION
Change Policy
MINISTRY OF MINISTRY OF MINISTRY OF Integration.
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY ENERGY
NATIONAL
LEVEL
SECTORAL POLICIES INTEGRATION
DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION
GOVERNOR
PROVINCIAL
LEVEL
AGENCY
BUPATI
DISTRICT
AGENCY LEVEL
4.2 Policy Direction and Action Plan by Sector
4.2.1 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Land-based

Sectors (Forestry, Peat Land, Agriculture, and Other Sectors)
4.2.1.1 Current Situation and Future Land Resource Management
Nevertheless, the land-based sectors, including forestry and agriculture also

give 15% contribution to the total national Gross Domestic Product (PDB)
(BPS, 2010). Picture 12 below demonstrates the contribution of the land-
based sectors to the national emission and GDP.
Another factor to consider is that the land-based sectors also helped
Indonesian economic recovery after the 1997-1998 economic crash, through
the substantial increase in export and job creation (Siregar, 2008).
However, the current land resource use in Indonesia is relatively inefficient

because the resources have been exploited very rapidly without proper
investment in the improvement in human resources and management as well
as marketing of finished products.
Therefore, a GHG emission reduction plan from the land-based sectors

by managing land resources in sustainable way will be very important for
Indonesia. It is not only in the climate change issues but also for improving
more efficient land resource use.
Figure 12. Peat Land Energy

26% 22%
Indonesian
Emission and
PDG by sector.
Industry 2%
Agriculture 5%
Waste 9%
Land Use
Conversion and
Forestry (LUCF)
36%
2004 Indonesia’s Emission (KLH, 2010)
Agriculture, Animal
Services Husbandry, Forestry &
10% Fisheries
Financial, Real Estate &
27%
Corporate Service
7%
Transportation &
Communication Mining & Digging
6% 27%
Trading, Hotel &

Restaurant
13%
Processing
Industry
Konstruksi
27%
10%
Electricity, Gas &
Clean Water
1%
Indonesian PDB by Sector 2009 (BPS, 2010)
For the last four decades, permanent natural forests have beenreduced on a
large scale. Not only that, areas of forest with a “critical condition” are also
increasing very rapidly, including the expansion of forest area without any
forest coverage at all. This “critical” land has become a fairly major challenge
for management and areas that are fire-prone especially in the dry season.
Change and dynamic land conversion in Indonesia are driven by various

activities and factors: permanent wood, agricultural land expansion, and
forest fires especially in peat land which is also a very important issue in land
resource management.
As a result, consistent policy formulation from all governmental levels and

for all stakeholders related to the land sectors is very crucial for successful
mitigation strategy development and GHG emission reduction action
implementation in the land-based sectors.
It should be noted that the majority of land resource, which represents around
70% of all Indonesian land territories, are under the authority of the forestry
sector, both at the central and local governments.
4.2.1.2 Definition and Scope of NAMAs for the Land-based Sectors
RAN-GRK development towards NAMAs for the land-based sectors refers to

a set of policies and mitigation actions to reduce GHG emission from all types
of land use which impact land enclosure and carbon stock.
The definition of “Land” in the document is seen as a unit that produces and
absorbs GHG as a result of land management by human beings, that also
deals with cross-cutting issues.
Therefore, the framework must also be consistent with a number of principles,

namely to be in accordance with the other national development goals such
as national economic growth and sectoral productivity, poverty alleviation; it
must be effective and measurable; it must be fair and respect traditional/local
people’s rights; it must produce additional benefits such as biodiversity, DAS
(watershed) protection, improving rural community resilience; as well as having
to be in accordance with UNFCCC guideline related to the land-based sectors.
Scope of activities under NAMAs for the land-based sectors include:

1. .
2. REDD+ activities as explained in paragraph 70 AWG/LCA CP_16/2011),
include: (a) emission reduction from deforestation; (b) emission reduction
from forest degradation; (c) conservation of carbon stock in forest; (d)
sustainable forest management; and (e) improved carbon stock in forests.
NAMAs territory scope for the land-based sectors includes classification of

the largest land use including forestry, peatland, agriculture, land conversion,
and national strategy for REDD+ (STRANAS REDD+). The NAMAs concept
is not intended to change the existing national strategy for REDD+, but to
facilitate better articulation between REDD+ and RAN-GRK/NAMAs. To this
end, it is proposed that there needs to be more clear definition of REDD+ to
facilitate implementation of both strategies.
In STRANAS REDD+, it is explained that the REDD+ scope will include

better activities both within and outside forest areas (Other Use Area /APL).
Meanwhile, Inpres No. 10/2011 on delayed new permit still refers to primary
natural forests and peatland both in forest areas and outside forest areas
However, there needs to be a further clarification whether REDD+ will include

all types of land use or be limited to the use of particular land types. For
example, whether emission reduction activities from paddy field in peatland
will be included in REDD+ or not.
Based on the results of consultation with stakeholders (Picture 13), it is

proposed that the scope of REDD+ and RAN-GRK for the land-based sectors
can be differentiated based on the funding source (see the graph below). This
also refers to the 26% target and specific elements of the 41% target.
Figure 13.
Scope of Land-
Based RAN-GRK
related to REDD+. C Market
Land
REDD+ Based
Supported up to NAMAs
41% of reduction
Unilateral up to
26% of reductions
Agrof
Convert. Agriculture
Permanent forest Agri
forest land
Plant.
Furthermore, as a result of discussion with the public, it is proposed that, at
the first level, REDD+ scope can be strictly based on the decision results
from UNFCCC international negotiation. Meanwhile, the activities that are
still being discussed should be included in RAN-GRK (especially for the 26%
target). Because for the 26% target, the expected MRV system will not be as
complicated as REDD+ so that the MRV cost is also expected to be cheaper.
The strategy can be changed if Indonesia has a better MRV system or further
development in international negotiations.
However, in order to be effective, RAN-GRK for the land-based sectors and

REDD+ will require the same baseline and a clear MRV system. Also it is
important that Indonesia has a national register system to record all actions
related to climate change.
4.2.1.3 Concept and Methodology for BAU Baseline Formation
For Indonesia, baseline7 is understood as a “Business-as-Usual” scenario

based on the projection of what will happen in the future without any policies
on climate change and mitigation actions.
In principle, the land-based sector baseline can be determined at the

national or local (provincial/district). For a country like Indonesia, that has a
very large territory and various characteristics, preparing a baseline will be
more accurate if done by each region. However, it is very difficult to ensure
consistency both of data and methodology used in developing a baseline in
each of the regions and then to combine them into the national baseline. This
is because most local governments do not yet have sufficient capacity, both
institutionally and with regards to human resources.
Not only that, it is necessary to consider how to address issue of leakage

and calculate it cross-region at the national level. Therefore, the national
approach will be better to minimize inconsistency and impacts of leakage.
By considering both challenges, the proposed process for the baseline

formation concept is a mixed approach between bottom-up and top-down.
Analysis on historical data related to land conversion can be carried out by the
national government, for example by Bakosurtanal and Ministry of Forestry.
Meanwhile, the establishment of assumptions to project the future Business-
as-Usual will need inputs, data and agreement from the local level.
7 The terms of ‘reference level’ and ‘baseline’ are often used alternately in REDD+ debates, but both terms
can also have different meanings (see Angelsen, 2009; REDDnet, 2010). In the document, what is refered
to as ‘baseline” (BAU) is similar to ‘reference level’.
Moreover, land resource development is also divided into several levels of
authority, being divided across several ministries/agencies at the central and
local government levels. So inter-sector and inter-governmental level policies
will be influential.
For the above reason, baseline for the land-based sector can be formed through
inter-agency coordination at the national level and involve local governments.
Therefore, this can guarantee provision of a national framework which considers
policies both at the central and local levels to minimize the risk of leakage and
double counting, as well as a standard methodology and proper tools to ensure
inter-Baseline consistency throughout the regions and with the national baseline.
The best approach to making the baseline is by using prospective methods,

namely methods that combine information on land-conversion trends in the
past, for example for the average for the last ten years and forecast on future
behavior regarding changes in land use by predicting the level and location
of the change (Huettner et all., 2009).
Prospective methods can be grouped into two key categories namely: (1)
Spatial model of land conversion dynamics such as Geographical Modelling
(GEOMOD), Land Change Modeller (LCM), Conversion of Land use and Its
Effect Model, and others; (2) Economy such as Integrated Carbon Ecology
and Economics Model (ICEE).
In Indonesia several institutions have tried to establish the baselines in several

locations or even at the district and provincial levels. In addition, regarding
REDD+, the Ministry of Forestry has also prepared a draft Regulation of
Minister of Forestry for REL development, so that it is advised that all of the
initiatives can be analyzed and then the Pokja (working groups) that will be
formed by Bappenas can develop an acceptable standard methodology.
Below are examples of assumptions that help to forecast GHG emission from land-
related sectors in the future (Responses from R. Boer at a national workshop on
implementation of RAN-GRK for Land-Based Sector, 4 October 2011).
1. For planned land conversion: all convertible forests (HPK) will be converted for out-
of-forestry activities (for example agricultural expansion, infrastructure for supporting
regional proliferation and others). The width of the area is estimated around 22
million-ha wide and it is predicted that half of if does not have forest coverage.
2. Where land conversion is not planned; it can be assumed that all land conversions
outside HPK are included in this category. For this it is necessary to have an
approach based on prevailing historical data for a certain period.
4.2.1.4 Potential Mitigation Scenario
To date, the key goal of land resource development in Indonesia is for

supporting economic development, improving rural population livelihoods,
reducing poverty and maintaining environmental supporting capacity system
including carbon stock and emission absorption.
The goals must be considered for developing a mitigation scenario for the
land-based sector. Furthermore, it is essential to consider governmental
issues including the establishment of strong and effective institutions in
implementing policies and anticipatory investment in the land-based sector.
To reduce GHG emission of the land-based sectors, the best scenario

is through balanced efforts between mitigation actions and economic
development as well as creation of the enabling conditions.
Such conditions can be created by forming strong institutions such as clarity in

land tenure, consistent policy, clear division of tasks and authorities between
governmental agencies and different stakeholders, as well as increased
resource capacities including technical, human resource and financial ones.
Not only that, a potential mitigation scenario must be formulated based on

local initiatives according to the local development plan and financial and
technical support. Thus, the provincial government role becomes important
in the process of identifying and setting up the local climate change mitigation
action plan and scenario.
4.2.1.5 MRV Key Indicators
The MRV system for the land use sector should mainly rely on a robust and
transparent national system in terrestrial carbon monitoring. Local monitoring
systems must be part of the national monitoring system. related to emission
sources and carbon sequestration, and carbon stocks in forest land
To avoid leakage or double counting, MRV REDD+ must be part of the national
MRV system. budget availability, development in capacity and technologies.
Table 5.
Measureable Components Indicators
Example of MRV
Indicators for land- Emission reduction Type of land-use activities (ha)
based NAMAs.
GHG emission reduction per unit (tCO2/ha) or
(tCO2e/ha)*
Abatement cost Opportunity cost: investment and operational costs for
various types of land use activities ($/ha)
Transaction costs
Development indicators Poverty reduction in rural areas (number of people/ha)
Creation of job opportunities in rural areas (number of
new employement/ha)
Human Development Index (HDI)
Finance Value ($)
Financial flow ($/institution)
Financial use ($/institution or $/ha)
Technology Number of lower-emission fertilizer use
Use of new method for forest product harvesting
New low-emission method to reduce
Capacity building Institutional strengthening and capacity building
Human capacity development
Additional benefits (co. benefits) Level of biodiversity, protection to water use
management and resources
4.2.1.6 Prioritizing Mitigation Actions
Decision on climate change mitigation actions must as much as possible be

taken at the local level so that it is balanced with various local development
goals such as poverty alleviation, economic growth, adaptation, conservation
and biodiversity and human rights.
The criteria for determining mitigation action priorities must also consider
local capacity, starting with the areas of human resources, institutions and
finance as activity support.
Generally, to determine priorities from mitigation actions can be based on four

key criteria, namely GHG emission reduction potential, justice, practicality in
implementation and cost-benefit.
Based on the current study, emission reductions from land-based activities

are the most effective and cost-efficient actions compared to emission
reductions from other sectors in Indonesia. However, the estimated cost has
yet to include transaction cost whose amount will be very significant.
4.2.1.7 Estimated Cost to Reduce Emission from the Land-based
Sectors
As mentioned in the previous section, information on land-based emission

reduction cost (abatement cost) will be needed to help decision makers
design funding schemes, either with domestic or international support.
The cost includes opportunity cost that shows whether an option of a particular
mitigation will be more interesting or more financially feasible compared to
alternative activities, implementation cost and transaction cost. Then, the
abatement cost can also show how much should be spent to get sold in
carbon markets.
An approach to estimating abatement cost for GHG emission reduction from

the land-based sector can be categorized into three types, namely the local-
empirical model, global empirical approach and global simulation model.
For countries like Indonesia, the local empiric model is the best approach to
estimating abatement cost because it can capture local variations in various
physical characteristics such as carbon density as well as local economic
specificities.
In general, estimated abatement cost for the land-based sectors will require
several measures as follows and require cross-discipline knowledge and
expertise. (see Figure 14).
Figure 14.
Classification Measuring Estimated Opportunity Cost curve
of land use carbon stock benefit* from cost matrix Measures for
closing (forest, change each land use Estimating
plantation (emission/ type Abatement Cost
forest, absorption) for Related to Land-
plantation, each land use $/ha based Emission
agriculture). type
Economist, $/t CO2 e $/t CO2 e Source: Modified
Geography/ tCha Agriculture from WBI, 2011.
spatial analysis & Forestry
specialist Forestry, land specialists
specialist, carbon
specialist
Estimation and Emission Matrix

mapping of
land use and its
conversion
Geography/
spatial analysis t CO2 e
specialists
4.2.1.8 Optional Policies for the land-based sectors
To ensure the achievement of national GHG emission reduction targets,

Indonesia must take several policy approaches especially for the land-based
sectors
There are two paths of policies and mixed policies that can be taken, namely
(1) special policies related to the land-based sectors such as: policies that
directly regulate land use limitation (Spatial Planning Policy), sustainable
forest management (SFM), export tax policies for particular agricultural
commodities, community-based forest management (CBFM), or direct
compensation such as Environmental Service Payment (PES system); (2)
Transformational reforms, such as land tenure reform, governance reform,
and decentralization.
Special policies (1) can be effective in reducing GHG emission and more
simple technically, but may have negative side effects on the developmen
process and poverty alleviation in rural areas. For example, high export tax
for oil palm or rural road construction limitation.
Other policies such as driving agricultural intensification through a credit

program, fertilizer subsidy and top-seed growing materials, support for a
marketing system and land cultivation technical support which probably can
help reduce deforestation, must be integrated with good spatial planning
policies.
Meanwhile, transformational reform policy (2) has political aspects, is

expensive and can only be implemented over a relatively long period. However,
the policy is required for supporting success in long-term mitigation actions
(NAMAs), especially for the land-based sectors in Indonesia. This will have a
positive effect on poverty alleviation in rural areas. (Wertz-Kanounnikoff and
Angelsen, 2010).
4.2.1.9 The Next Steps
In order to be able to formulate effective policies and mitigation strategies that

can be implemented by the central and local governments ans are recognized
by international communities, Indonesia must build consensus through the
following policy process:
1. Clarifying and establishing with stakeholders the scope of REDD+ related
to RAN-GRK for the land-based sectors. Then, review and determine
national policies and the legal system related to sustainable land resource
management both at the national and local (provincial/ district) levels as
well as review national/ sectoral strategic plan (Renstra, RPJM & RPJP,
RKTN) as well as regional spatial planning and land use planning (RTRWN,
RTRWP and TGHK)
2. National information system development. There needs to be an agency
that can perform comprehensive screening against currently available
data. This will enable to identify unknown and necessary sets of data.
Therefore, a framework can be established to show clearly who will be
responsible for collection of every set of data, as well as which agency will
be responsible for reporting to UNFCCC biennially.
3. Establish baseline for the land-based sectors (national and local) and
several mitigation scenarios, as well as prepare data on carbon stock for
every carbon pool type (particular land use type), emission produced from
land use through remote sensing, and information on land management
practices. The process will include the establishment of consensus on
scenario assumptions and budget scheme design.
4. Prepare MRV system, both technically and institutionally.
5. Calculate abatement cost including opportunity cost, implementation cost
and transaction cost, as well as evaluate land resource management
practices and additional benefits to economy, social affairs and environment.
6. The process requires more detailed criteria to set up activity priorities,
location of existing financial resources and potential international financial
sources for every type of potential mitigation action.
7. Dialogs and public consultation which are at the multi-sectoral and cross-
governmental levels to identify the role and responsibility of different
agencies at the national and local levels (provincial/ district).
4.2.2 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Energy Sector
4.2.2.1 Current Situation and Future Vision
For the last five years, primary energy supply in Indonesia has grown rapidly
and has increased from 1,166,488 thousand barrel of oil equivalent ( BOE)
in 2005 to 1,270,904 thousand BOE in 2009. Coal consumption increased
from 173,673 thousand BOE in 2005 to 231,351 thousand BOE in 2009.
Meanwhile, natural gas increased from 191,189 thousand BOE in 2005 to
220,930 thousand BOE in 2009.
For the next two decades, as explained in 2025 National Mixed Energy Target
(primary) and the current national energy path trend, fossil fuel will become
the dominant energy source and remain the largest segment of Indonesia’s
energy portfolio.
Indonesia’s energy (primary) portfolio composition shows that fossil fuel still
remains the main driver for meeting the national energy demand growth.
If Indonesia wants to reach low-carbon development in the energy sector, the

fossil energy demand growth needs to be intensively reduced.
Based on the Guide Book to 2005 Indonesian Energy Economic Statistics,

CO2 emission from the energy sector in 2005 is 293,300,000 tons with
average growth around 6.6% per-year from years 1990-2005. As a result of
long-term national energy simulation as shown in Picture 15, the Business as
Usual (BAU) scenarios show that emission from the national energy sector
will reach around 1,150 Mt CO2e by 2025.
Figure 15. GT Hydro Biofuel Geothermal

1% 2% Renewable 5% 5%
National Mixed 5% GTL 5%
Energy Increase
by 2025.
Coal Oil
Oil Gas
35% 20%
2% 30%
Coal
Gas
33%
21%
BALI SCENARIO 2025 NATIONAL ENERGY MIX

TARGET 2025
OPTIMIZING ENERGY MIX
Renewables: Renewables:
CO2-1150 MtCO2e CO2-950 MtCO2e
155 MBOE 155 MBOE
Elascticity <1 • Reduce Oil Dependency

• More Renewables
• Reduce CO2 Emission
Furthermore, the current national energy policy until year 2025 contains the
following key elements:
1. Change in national energy composition by reducing dependency on
petroleum.
2. Increased role of renewable energy.
3. Reduced energy elasticity below one, including energy infrastructure
improvement.
4.2.2.2 Suggestions for Integrated Modeling of CO2 Mitigation
Evaluation on the Energy Sector
Main goals of proposed integrated modeling are:

1. To establish a baseline collection for the energy sector, which estimates
long term CO2 emission and provides yearly CO2 emission.
2. To develop potential mitigation action collection in the power, industrial
and transport sectors as a basis for development of NAMAs in the energy
sector.
3. To develop CO2 emission reduction scenarios from potential mitigation
actions in the energy sector and a long term CO2 emission reduction path
on a yearly prioritised basis.
4. To provide a picture of CO2 emission reduction performance for each
potential scenario.
Furthermore, there are lots of approaches to the GHG mitigation action

evaluation which can be applied for modelling in the energy sector. The
approach can be categorized into top-down and bottom-up approaches.
Based on the UNFCCC Resource Guide 2008, the top-down approach is

the most useful to learn macro-economic and fiscal policies for mitigation,
such as introduction to carbon value as an environmental instrument in an
energy system or other environmental taxes in the entire economy, including
interaction of historic data.
Meanwhile, the bottom-up process constitutes a process that is driven by

demands for energy services in which domestic contribution for energy
resources is the key element in formulating a long-term energy path. The
technology also becomes a connecting tool between energy resources and
energy service supply. Therefore, the bottom-up model is the most useful to
learn options that have sectoral specific impacts and technological impact
and physical indicators that reflect mitigation action potential. Consequently,
specific policies at the sectoral level for energy can influence the long-term
energy path.
As explained in the previous chapter, the bottom-up approach:

1. More reflects system conditions at the national and local levels that have
their specific sectoral condition and evolution,
2. More reflects the use of energy resources at the national or local level,
3. Is more suitable to deal with sectoral policies and instruments both at the
national and local levels, and
4. More focuses on available technologies and technological evolution
including general characteristics and practices.
Therefore, bottom-up scenario-based modelling can be applied to integrate
the power, industrial and transport sectors as the key part in the energy sector
to reach the goals outlined earlier.
In the bottom-up model, there are two levels of process, namely the first level
intended for sectoral process in related sectors such as power, industry and
transport and the second level intended for integration process.
The first level requires at least 5 (five) key measures:

1. Defining the energy sector limits in order to avoid overlaps of supply and
demand sides. This is carried out to avoid potential double counting of
GHG emission reduction in the establishment of proposed potential
aggregated mitigation actions.
2. Establishment of aggregated baseline for the power, industry and transport
sectors as a key part in the energy sector. (see Figure 16).
Figure 16.
Process Needed Aggregated Business As Usual Baseline
to Develop for Energy Sector
Aggregated
Baseline of The
Energy Sector
(Bottom-up
Approach)
Transportation
Power Sector Industry Sector
Sector
Cement
Pulp & Paper
Iron & Steel
Textile
Other Sub-sector
targets
Power system
connected to National Transport mode and
Industry Sub-Sector
Network and non- Local Level
connected one
3. Establishment of GHG emission reduction scenario from each power

sector (power, industry, and transport) based on mitigation potential action
with similar timeframe and duration of the next two or three decades, at
least until 2020.
4. Establishment of potential mitigation actions for each energy sector based
on proposed potential mitigation action scenarios until 2020. Then, the
proposed potential mitigation action scenarios will be explained in detail in
the related Sub-Chapter.
5. Development of GHG emission reduction paths for each GHG emission
reduction scenario from each energy sector by priority. Emission reduction
must be given in an absolute value in accummulated and yearly forms.
Therefore, sectoral potential mitigation action evaluation with different cost
levels is needed to establish GHG emission reduction paths and consider
the level of implementation feasibility through a process of aggregation and
prioritisation from the lowest position. The prioritisation process is severely
needed because the application of NAMAs is based on cost effectiveness
and degree of implementability. Each GHG emission reduction path
describes savings from several proposed potential mitigation actions in
accumulated and yearly forms.
Some important information includes:

a) Key features of related energy, such as total primary energy requirement,
energy composition and intensity from each of the sectors from supply and
demand sides on a yearly basis,
b) Key features of related cost, such as total cost, investment cost/ mitigation
cost, cost composition, total and yearly fuel cost (on type of fuel),
c) Features of related GHG emission, such as CO2 projection in accumulated/
total and yearly forms, fuel processing in absolute value, and GHG intensity,
such as CO2/unit. Calculation of CO2/kWh is equivalent to the need for
per unit CO2 of primary energy from each potential mitigation action of
each energy sector, including the baseline scenario that becomes a key
element for further analysis to identify unique characteristics and system
evolution, and
d) Features of GHG emission reduction performance, which consists of
emission reduction in accummulated and yearly basis, as well as ranks
and cost for the emission reduction.
Based on the explanation related to the energy sector integration process,

the four key areas of information, -- related energy feature, related cost
feature, related GHG emission feature, and emission reduction performance
feature--, can be used further as the basis for establishing key indicators from
the energy sector.
Moreover, the selected key indicators for the energy sector are CO2 projection
in absolute value, CO2, intensity and emission reduction and are accumulated
and presented as an aggregate and on a yearly basis. The indicators can
also be considered further for being used as indicators for MRV system.
4.2.2.4 Policies, Actions and Instruments for the Energy Sector
A more integrated energy and climate change policy is needed to put the
long-term national energy plan strongly on the low-carbon energy path;
additionally, this also increases energy security.
To develop a future low-carbon energy path, it is necessary to propose

policies, actions and instruments that will enhance low-carbon economic
development in the energy sector. Moreover, it can provide a framework that
supports the key tasks as follows:
1. To orient the energy system towards low-carbon energy sources,
2. To develop and spread low-carbon and carbon-free energy technologies,
3. To promote increased efficiency in energy production (supply side) and
energy use (demand side),
4. Efficient transmission and distribution systems, and
5. To revise related policies and regulatory frameworks to draw more investment
into the energy sector, including innovative financing that creates synergy
between financial sources to stimulate the flow of investment in energy .
It is necessary to conduct further evaluation on the impacts of implementation

and effectiveness of the proposed national policy because the impacts on the
carbon emission level from the energy sector should also be identified.
However, application of the policies depends on the national framework,

sectors and national condition. Moreover, understanding on the interaction
between policies and framework at the national and international levels needs
to be confirmed and seen how far the policy instruments are in line with the
international framework in order to draw support and funding.
4.2.3 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Power Sector
4.2.3.1 Current Situation and Future View
The development of the power system in Indonesia varies greatly, from well-
connected Java-Bali power line to small-scale power systems scattered
throughout all the regions. Indonesia’s regions are connected by seven power
systems located on four large islands namely, Jawa-Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan
and Sulawesi. The largest power system in Indonesia is Java-Bali, a connected
system that contributes more than 77% of the state’s power production.
However, regarding degree of electrification, only around 64% of the population
had access to electricity in 2009 and this increased to 67% in 2010.
Most of the electric power supply in Indonesia is provided by PT. PLN (Persero),
with connected capacity of around 84% of the total capacity. Meanwhile,
around 18% constitutes participation from private power companies (PLS).
In 2009, PLN had almost 40 million consumers with the biggest demand coming
from housing, reaching 40,8%, followed by industry (34,3%), commercial
sector (18,5%), social sector (2,5%), road lighting (2,2%), and government
buildings (1,7%). Meanwhile, energy consumption for housing and commercial
consumers reached around 60% of the total power need in Indonesia.
The total energy produced in 2009 was 156.8 TWh, including the power sold
from PLS (36,2 TWh). Around 36% from the energy was produced by coal,
24% by gas, 29% by petroleum, 9% by hydro and 3% by geothermal.
A low power tariff offered by PLN since 2003 has failed to draw investors
for investment in the power sector, so that there has been a lack of capacity
especially outside Java in the last few years.
Furthermore, in RUPTL it can be seen that CO2 emission especially from

power systems connected to the Java-Bali national network will increase
from 97 million tons in 2010 up to 236 million tons by 2019.
Based on the 10-year development plan, the role of low-carbon and zero-
carbon technologies has been enhanced to promote more renewable
energies which will be connected to the electricity generation system.
To reach significant GHG emission reduction in the power sector, it is

necessary to develop a mitigation action strategy that includes all sectors.
Key steps to be taken will be explained in the next sections.
Figure 17. 250
Sulawesi
CO2 Emission
Kalimantan
from Power
System Sumatera
200
Connected to
National Network Jawa -
– RUPTL 2010- Bali
2019. 150
100
50
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
4.2.3.2 Baseline Development Concept
The power sector baseline scenario is the long-term GHG emission path that
can be taken from optimisation of long term capacity expansion plan based
on the lowest cost principle under the business as usual scenario without
climate change policy intervention.
GHG emission sources from all power systems connected to the national
network, including all isolated power systems are calculated in absolute value
with a similar timeframe. Then long-term simulation with an optimisation
approach needs to be performed to develop a long-term capacity expansion
plan for each power system connected with the national network and all
isolated power systems.
The integrated process needed to develop the baseline of Indonesia’s power

sector consists of two key elements that need developing into two processes:
1. Baseline development from each power system connected with the
national network including all isolated power system.
2. Aggregated baseline development from the power sector which is
developed by calculating all baselines from all power systems connected
with the national network including all isolated power system
Both processes must be calculated in absolute value (CO2 emission) with a

similar timeframe for the next two or three decades, at least until 2020.
Before further development of an aggregated baseline from Indonesia’s
power system, there are three steps that need to be calculated for each
power system both connected to the national network or isolated as follows:
Table 6.
No Required Measures Key Activities
Measures Needed
1 Power System Analysis • Power demand and supply structure
for Developing
• Power statistics collection
• Connected network analysis BAU Baseline for
• Identification of system characteristics each Power Plant
• Scope analysis decision including future plan Isolated From
and Connected
2 Data Basis Development • Primary Energy
to National Power
• Energy Demand & Supply, including related composition
• Existing power plant facility including technical and Network.
economic data
• Potential existing power plant including technical and
economic data.
3 Long Term Simulation on Capacity • Description of system demand & related composition
Expansion • Expansion of power capacity plant & additional requirements
for composition of plant capacity, balance of capacity & the
timeframe
• Power produced under total and yearly basis with type of
fuel in absolute value and the energy intensity.
• Related feature cost; Total cost of Efficient Power
Consumption (EPC), investment cost, operating cost,
composition cost, fuel cost based on type of fuel in total/
accumulated and yearly basis.
• CO2 intensity: CO2/ Kwh production (on the other demand
side, CO2/BOE (CO2 per unit equivalent to primary energy
needs in total and yearly basis.
• Related result analysis.
4.2.3.3 Potential Mitigation Action Scenarios
Potential mitigation action scenarios for the power sector apply to both supply
and demand sides. Each of the proposed scenarios will form a CO2 emission
reduction path for the Indonesian power sector.
Table 7.
Scenario
Potential
2010-2019 RUPTL Extension - The scenario has a pattern similar to RUPTL. The time horizon
Mitigation Action
is extended at least until 2020.
Scenario.
Zero-Carbon Technologies and - To improve the roles of geothermal and renewable resources,
Greater Renewable Energy Role based on national potential availability mapping
- Individual biomass burning, or combined burning based on
national potential availability mapping.
Low-carbon technologies, Fuel - Power plant with supercritical and ultra-critical coal as fuel;
Conversion and Increased more advanced use of clean coal technologies, integrated
Efficiency gasification combination circle (IGCC)
- Revitalization and modernization of existing electric plants to
improve efficiency level, operational performance and capacity
- Support clean fuel in an effort to convert from fossil fuel with high
emission factor to fuel whose carbon emission factor is low.
- Improved integrated distribution of plant system including
distribution and transmission of asset management system.
- Put high temperature superconductors into strong power tools
that improve efficiency, system capacity, reliability and safety.
- Use of end-side intervention: energy efficiency for housing,
commercial consumers and the public
New technologies Introduction to new power plant technologies including CCS

technology
In the particular case of end-use for housing, commercial and public

consumers, GHG emission reduction can only be realized at the supply side,
namely through reduction in generated energy production and improved
composition of primary energy use by reducing fossil fuel.
Indonesia’s current energy need is rapidly growing, therebyincreasing the

impact on the power network and power plants using fossil fuel.
Therefore development of potential mitigation action scenarios will start with

identification and prioritization of the most effective actions. The available
portions for reducing GHG emission produced from intervention of end-use
must be analyzed for local application.
Two options can be taken into consideration, by using technological

equipment, namely by reducing the amount of energy used per appliance
through technological change. The target option is to reduce energy used
through energy efficiency improvement by changing appliances or upgrading
the existing appliances, for example Air Conditioners, lighting appliances, or
refrigerators. Such actions will target GHG emission mitigation
Secondly, the option uses soft technologies, namely reducing the amount of
energy used per appliance by optimizing energy management.
4.2.3.4 Integrated Modelling for GHG Mitigation Evaluation
Integrated modelling for GHG mitigation evaluation can provide the necessary
information as a basis for evaluating further sustainable and long term CO2
emission reduction pattern based on potential mitigation actions in Indonesia’s
power sector and evaluate impacts of proposed CO2 emission reduction
potential actions. Besides this it can give guidance on strategies and policies
for CO2 emission reduction in the Indonesian power sector based on cost
effectiveness and feasibility level.
Figure 18.
Electricity Demand & Supply and Its Primary Energy Integrated
Structure Collection of Electricity Statistics Electricity Demand & Supply Modelling for
Associated Network Analysis Existing Power Generations Facilities CO2 Mitigation
Indentification of System Characteristics Including Technical & Economic Data Evaluation
Decision of Scope Analysis Including Future Candidate Of New Power Generations (Source:
Plan Including Technical & Economic Data Situmeang 2010).
Integrated
Modelling
Extension Of Ruptl (National Electricity

Aggregated BAU
Development Plan)
baseline Scenario
Zero Carbon Technologies & Greater Role Of
Renewables
Low Carbon Technologies, Fuel Switching
And Efficiency Improvement
Strategy & policy New Technologies
recommendations
Etc
After aggregated baseline for the power sector is developed, it is necessary to

do integrated modelling for each of GHG emission reduction scenarios based
on proposed mitigation potential action scenario by considering impacts from
cross-cutting relationship in the aspects of supply and demand of aggregated
power system in Indonesia.
Long-term GHG emission reduction path of each scenario eventually describes

the saving CO2 in total/ accumulated and yearly basis with combined baseline
as a reference.
Table 8. below explains potential key indicators for the power sector which
can be used for MRV.
Table 8.
Power System Level Potential Indicators
Potential Key
Indicators . Power system connected • Expansion of power plant capacity and composition of requirements
with national network from additional plant capacity, balanced capacity and timeframe
• Power produced in total (accumulated) and yearly basis with type of fuel
in absolute value including its composition
Isolated power system • Primary energy needs: total and annual basis based on the type of fuel
and energy intensity
• Related feature cost: Total EPC cost (Minimum cost principle NPV),
investment cost, operating cost, cost composition, and fuel cost based
on type of fuel in total and yearly basis.
• CO2 projection: total and yearly basis, based on type of fuel in absolute
value
• CO2 intensity: CO2/kWh- production (also on demand side), CO2/BOE
(CO2 per unit equal to primary energy need) in total and yearly basis.
Aggregated Level Potential Indicators
Baseline data of BAU in • Expansion of power plant capacity and composition of requirements
Indonesia’s power sector from additional plant capacity, balanced capacity and timeframe
• Primary energy needs: total and annual basis based on the type of fuel
• Related feature cost: investment cost, operating cost, cost composition,
and fuel cost based on type of fuel in total and yearly basis.
value
Potential mitigation actions • Expansion of power plant capacity and composition of requirements
of Indonesia’s power sector from additional plant capacity, balanced capacity and timeframe
• Primary energy needs: total and annual basis based on the type of fuel
• Related feature cost: investment cost/ mitigation cost, operating cost,
cost composition, and fuel cost based on type of fuel in total and yearly
basis.
value.
• Emission reduction performance features: emission reduction in total
and yearly basis, its rankings and reduction system cost
• On demand side: number of buildings constructed and related to floor
width according to minimum performance standard (building code),
number of labelled device, number of installed lighting energy efficiency
(in road lighting and housing complex lighting), consumption of CO2/
kWh, CO2/m2 of floor
4.2.3.6 Policies, Benchmark and Tools
Within the next ten years, GHG emission trends clearly show that the Indonesian
power sector will still be fed by fossil fuel. Thus, without significant mitigation
actions for the next two decades, GHG emission trends will not decline.
The following are some proposed national policy instruments to improve
economic development with low-carbon emission, such as:
1. Reduced fossil fuel subsidy, tax application or carbon cost on fossil fuel,
2. Feed-in tariff for renewable energies and obligation to use renewable energy,
3. Incentive system for low-carbon and carbon-free technology investment in
power supply and efficient improvement in the supply and needs including
power transmission and distribution system, and
4. Regulations, standardization and labelling of equipment..
4.2.4 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Transport

Sector
4.2.4.1 Current Situation and Future View on Indonesia’s Transport

Sector
Along with improved economic growth and urban population, the rapid growth
of vehicles is inevitable, especially in urban areas. On the other hand, in
Indonesia, there is no decent and attractive public transport system or non-
motorized transport facilities for the public yet. Eventually, the public prefers
using comfortable personal vehicles as part of their life. The preference results
in growing traffic congestion. Other impacts are environmental impact, starting
from noise, air pollution, and GHG emission, health, economic and social affairs.
In 2005, Indonesia’s transport sector became one of the main GHG emission
contributors, by contributing 23% of total CO2 emission (around 68 million
tons of CO2e) from the energy sector or 20.7% of the overall CO2 emission
in the country (ICCSR, 2010).
CO2 Emissions from Model Mix in term of Energy Figure 19.

the Energy Sector 2005 Consumption 2005 CO2 Emission in
(million ton)
The Transport
Air Sector.
Water
2.4%
Power Plants 6.9% Rail (Revision from
27% Others 0% ICCSR, March
4% 2010).
Transport
23%
Industry
37% Road
90.7%
Household &
Comercial
9%
This figure has made transportation the third largest contributor of the energy
sector, after industry and power plant. The largest sources of CO2 emission and
energy users from the transport sector come from land transport (road) which
contributes around 89% of CO2 emission and 90.7% of energy consumption.
Meanwhile, other transport sub-sectors namely air and sea transport and rail
only have far smaller contributions namely around 9.3% of the total energy
consumption in the transport sector (see Figure 19).
Figure 20.
Vehicles’ Growth
80
Trend (ADB,
60
2006) .
40
20
Population 2005 2010 2015 2025 2035

2-W 18.8 30.0 38.0 52.9 52.7
3-W 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
HCV 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.9 3.0
LCV 2.9 3.6 4.4 8.4 15.1
Car. SUV 1.2 1.4 1.8 3.6 7.0
Grand Total 23.7 36.0 45.5 66.9 77.8
Moreover, estimation of the level of transport sector emissions in the future

very much varies depending on various types of existing studies. Based on
ADB study (2006), the number of vehicles in Indonesia is predicted to grow
double in between 2010 and 2035 with the continously increasing growth
level for personal two-wheel vehicles and light vehicles or passengers’ vehicle
types (See Figure 20).
What is more, the Government of Indonesia has announced its commitment to

the national GHG emission reduction of 26% and included this target into the
Copenhangen Accord on January 31, 2010. So it is commited to conducting
‘shift to low-carbon transport modes’ as the transport sector mitigation actions.
4.2.4.2 Proposed Mitigation Action Potential in the Transport Sector
Based on ICCSR (2010), there are three key strategies that can be combined
to make improvements and developments in the transport sector, namely –
Avoid, Shift, and Improve. The principles that underlie the three strategies
and practical measures for implemenation are explained in Table 9.
Strategies Principles Implementation Phase
Table 9.
A-S-I (Avoid,
Avoid Avoid or Reduce the Need for Avoid unnecessary km-trips through integrated
Shift, Improve)
Travelling land use planning and transportation planning.
Develop urban areas through transit corridors Strategies.
(Transit Oriented Development)
Shift Shift or move to more-environmentally Develop or activate conditions for low-carbon

-friendly transport modes transport modes (for passengers and goods’
transports)
Avoid shift of NMT (such as walking by foot and

riding on bicycles) and public transports (buses
and pedicabs) into personal vehicles through
improvements and development of quality public
transports including city minibuses (angkot).
Improve Improve energy efficiency of transport Ensure future cleaner vehicles, promote the
modes and vehicles’ technology use of efficient smaller vehicles (including
two-wheeled vehicles frequently used in Asian
countries). Design innovation of traditional
NMT vehicles such as pedicabs.
Through these strategies, several efforts in the transport sector can

be identified, such as planning effort, including land use planning and
transit oriented development; regulatory effort, including establishment
of emission standards, traffic regulations or rules such as speed limits,
parking arrangments, road space allocation and also vehicles production
processes; economic effort, including fuel tax, establsihment of congestion
cost (congestion parking), subsidies for public transport; informational effort
including public campaigns for public transports, mobility management,
marketing scheme and eco-driving scheme; technological efforts, including
improvements in infrastructure, vehicles and fuel.
Low Carbon Development Strategy Figure 21.

Example of
Mitigation Actions
in The Land
Transport and Rail
Sectors.
Combination of the initiatives will enable the transport sector to reduce GHG
emission. Figure 21 shows some examples and connections with avoid-shift-
improve strategies in the land and rail sub-sectors strategies.
Of particular interest is the combination of several actions into one strategy,

for instance in the case of application of a fuel tax that will help reduce traffic
volume and passangers shifting to public transport, is given incentives in order
to drive automotive producers to improve fuel efficiency of the cars for sale.
Although contributions of the sea transport, air transport and rail sub-sectors
are very small compared to Indonesia’s total transport emission, the sub-
sector efforts can be considered for instrumental planning by the Government
of Indonesia over a long period of time. Rail efforts can include aerodynamic
resistence reduction, regenerative break use, increased pushing system,
reduced empty rail-car weight or maximizing of logistic distribution efforts from
the land sub-sector to rail. Efforts through fiscal policies can be considered to
improve and promote such actions. Among these are accelerated shrinking time
for rail-cars and replacing train engines with sophisticated and aerodynamic
hybrid-diesel engines with optimum air pollution controlling devices.
For aviation, efforts can be taken through eco-airport that includes engine
efficiency, airplane technology advances, energy use efficiency in airport area.
Beside that, potential flight practices also become one option, for instance
the taxi time, change in altitude, minimizing distance between departure and
destination, as well as reducing the retention/ piling up of goods in airports.
Furthermore, another effort can be predicted through air traffic management
and reduced flight speed. Aviation policy is not usually under the authority
of an individual country like Indonesia, but Indonesia can discuss more
progressive efficiency standards with the UN’s International Civil Aviation
Organization (UN-ICAO).
For shipping, short-term efforts include operational emission reduction

actions in existing ships considering that ships have a long usage life.
Such actions include reduced speed, optimized load, fleet maintenance
and planning (Kahn Riberiro dkk, 2007). Efficiency standards and standard
operational procedures for ships and ports are usually under the jurisdiction
of the International Marine Organization (IMO).
To establish priorities in all sub-sectors, several aspects can be considered

for further policies, such as having to be nationally appropriate, cost
effectiveness against emission reduction, sectorally appropriate, being easy
to be implemented and within an adequately long period of time until 2020.
Furthermore, active participation from several stakeholders are needed, both
from central and local governments, private sector, and individuals given that
potential efforts in the sectors are cross-cutting (for example transportation
policy can involve agency/ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource/ ESDM,
industries, public works, etc) and multi governmental levels (central, provincial
and city). In addition, local governments are expected to participate in
developing mitigation action scenarios as local governments will have roles in
the monitoring and reporting of mitigation action implementation.
4.2.4.3 Baseline Concept Development and Emission Reduction
For various efforts to be developed and recognized as NAMAs, including those

identified through RAN-GRK, GHG emission reduction from the actions must
be measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV). The MRV application is an
important condition for NAMAs and needs to be developed in an appropriate
framework in developing countries, especially for Indonesia’s situation which
requires a balance between data accuracy, GHG emission reduction and
maintenance cost.
In the MRV framework, CO2 emission measurement in the transport sector

comprises:
• Aggregated baseline development for transportation emission, and
• Estimated baseline reduction as a result of executed efforts.
Meanwhile, to measure emission from transport, there are two key methods:
The first top-down approach takes fuel consumption at the national-level for
the transport sector with an assumption that all carbons in fuel are emitted as
CO2. Although the method provides reliable national-level estimation on CO2
emission, for example in the road, rail, sea and air transport sub-sectors, it
does not provide sufficient information on the impacts of the most effective
mitigation actions.
Secondly, is the bottom-up approach, namely a different approach for

compiling an emission inventory in order to estimate CO2 emission change
caused by some of the introduced actions. In the bottom-up approach,
emission is estimated as products from:
• Transport Activities (A),
• Sectoral structure in term of modal Split (S),
• Fuel consumption Intensity (I ) and
• CO2 intensity from each Fuel (F).
In practice, as explained in Schipper and Ng (2010), the bottom-up approach
requires knowledge on:
• Number of motorized vehicles according to fuel and type of vehicles,
for example passenger vehicles, two-wheeled vehicles, three-wheeled
vehicles, trucks and buses on a yearly basis.
• Yearly average number of kilometers (km) of trips taken by each type of
vehicle.
• Kms or tons of kms of passengers produced by each of the modes of
transport.
Through the three data types, the use of fuel/km for each vehicle and
combined fuel can be obtained.
Generally, the bottom-up methodology is required to measure impacts of

transportation policies, especially related to avoid and shift strategies because
the top-down strategy cannot provide explanation on why fuel consumption in
the transport sector also declines.
Furthermore, it is only by measuring travelling activities that direct impacts from

transport actions in a location can be estimated. Ideally, all indicators mentioned
here can be scaled to the local level, so that the impacts of the actions implemented
at the local level, for example by city governments, can be measured.
Furthermore, baseline formation by the bottom-up approach for each of

the transport sub-sectors, namely air, sea, rail and land, is required for
aggregation into totally aggregated baseline of the transport sectors which
includes the national and local levels (cities, provinces and districts).
Figure 22.
Process
Integration for
Aggregated
Transport Baseline
Establishment.
Baseline establishment with the bottom-up approach for each transport sub-
sector is required for further aggregation into a totally aggregated transport
sector baseline, which includes multi-governmental levels such as the
national and local levels (cities, provinces, and districts).
The bottom-up approach is also aimed to estimate CO2 emission given in the
previous phases. However, for some sub-sectors, the data may be incomplete
for possible total disaggregation with the ASIF parameters.
To address that, top-down estimation can be developed for sub-sectors

and combined with other sectors. For instance, the air transport and water
transport sub-sectors utilize separated fuel bunkers for road transport.
Therefore, data on fuel bunkers can be utilized as a replacement for direct
emission calculation from the sector.
To evaluate policy effectiveness in CO2 emission reduction, a number of

indicators can be useful in the monitoring. This is the result of a bottom-
up estimation process , because it is an important input in the estimation
process. The proposed key indicators are in line with ASIF as parameters and
summarized in Table 10.
Table 10.
Activities (A) Structure (S) Intensity (I) Fuel Intensity (F)
Proposed Key
Yearly travelled vehicle Modal split (can result Km/liter of fuel for CO2/liter of fuel from
Indicators.
trips kilometer (vkm), from activities of type of vehicles from each each vihicle
trip person-km (pkm) vehicle data (as transport modes and
for each transport explained earlier) the next types of
mode and types of vehicles
vehicles and ton-km
of goods transports
Indikator sekunder dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan pada skenario penurunan

emisi seperti ditunjukkan pada Tabel 11.
Table 11.
Strategy Indicators
Proposed
“Avoid Strategy”, for example: • Reduction of trip km per person in a period of time at the Secondary
Smart growth national and local levels Indicators.
• Number of planning and implementation units of purpose-built
mixed-use projects
• Number of public transport corridors achieved through TOD
(transit oriented development) system around stations
• Average reduction of national and regional goods trip
distances.
• Others.
4.2.4.5 Recommendations for the Next Phases
A series of recommendations are made to allow measures that can be taken

in the improvement phase towards NAMAs in the transport sector can be
seen in Table 12.
Table 12.
Required Steps Key Activities
Measures Towards
NAMAs in the Database Development • Identifying data collection stakeholders
Transport Sector. • Data collection on transport (transport activities, etc)
• Marco data collection (data on population, GDP, infrastructures,
etc as well as the projections)
• Development of macro and transportation database system
• Identifying data gap and assumption concensus development
Baseline Development • Collection of international and national studies or reports

related to the transport sector baseline development
• Simple baseline develoment, using international appropriate
tools for each sub-sector
• Combination of aggregated baseline on the transport sector
• Cross-check of top-down and bottom-up calculations
Potential Mitigation Action • Collection of national and international studies or reports

Development related to the transport sector mitigation initiatives
• Identifying the existing policies
• Identifying potential mitigation actions and analysis of
stakeholders for national and local levels (cities, provinces, and
districts)
• Screening and development of priority-based scenario
(package) of mitigation initiatives
• Developing proposed emission reduction impacts (using tools)
and identifying co-benefits.
• Analyzing the existing challenges and analyzing holistically
(maybe multi-criteria)
• Identifying needs for national and especially international
support (capacity building, technological transfer, funding, etc)
• Aligning international support for proposed mitigation initiatives
so that they can be easily implemented.
Establishment of Transport and • Identifying relevant persons or agencies to take part in working
Climate Change Working Groups groups
• Development of respective roles and responsibilities especially
related to the future MRV
• Formulating working groups with clear functions and key tasks
• Organizing regular internal and external meetings
• Disseminating transport and climate change issues both at the
national and local levels
4.2.5 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Industry Sector
4.2.5.1 Condition and Scope of the Industry Sector
The industry sector is one of the sectors contributing to GHG emission. A

Second National Communication (SNC) report revealed that GHG emission
from manufacturing industry became one of the main sources in 2000, apart
from land use and land use conversion and forestry (SNC, 2010).
Along with industrial growth, the National Industrial Policy (Presidential
Regulation No 28/2008) which aims to improve competitiveness from industry,
announced an industrial growth rate target of more than 8% in 2025. With
the projected industrial target growth rate the GHG emission will increase
significantly by 2025.
To reduce GHG emission coming from energy consumption in the industry

sector, Government Regulation No 70/2009 on Energy Conservation obliges
energy users (including industry) which use energy of more than 6,000 TOE
to conduct energy conservation through energy management system.
In addition, the Ministry of Industry currently promotes the Green Industrial

development as one of the policies to reduce GHG emission in the industry
sector. The executed efforts are recognized through the awarding of the
Green Industrial Award.
The Indonesia’s Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR) report has

conducted projected GHG emission calculation for 2025 and 2030 under
the BAU scenario based on energy consumption for the industry sector
(Bappenas, 2010). The projection is developed by using the Markal model
with an assumption of average manufacturing industrial growth after 2010
reaching 7% per year. The industry sub-sectors included in the calculation
are non-metal mineral, including cement, iron and steel, pulp and paper,
textiles, fertilizers, and others. In addition a calculation is also conducted for
an energy efficiency scenario. Figure 23. Shows that the energy efficiency
scenario can reduce GHG emissions in the industry sector by 30,45% against
BAU scenario in 2030.
160
Figure 23.
150, 87
GHG Emission
30, 45% in the Industry
120 Sector – BAU and
97,49 Energy Efficiency
104, 93
Scenarios from
80 2005 – 2030
(Source: ICCSR,
Bappenas, 2010).
40
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Skenario Effesiensi Energi Skenario BAU
(translation for the legend: Yellow line: Energy Efficiency Scenario; Blue line: BAU
Scenario)
GHG emission sources in the industry sector are divided into three categories,
namely energy use, industrial processes and industrial waste processing.
Emissions from energy use are produced from fuel combustion, both for
heating systems and power.Emissions from industrial processes come from
industrial processes that involve chemical and physical change of materials.
For example, emissions from industrial processes can result from combustion
in the cement industry, iron reduction reaction in the iron and steel industry,
and fossil fuel conversion into ammonia and methanol as well as other
chemical products. Finally, emissions from waste processing mainly comes
from methane emission (CH4) which is produced from liquid and solid waste
processing using anaerobic methods.
Therefore analysis for the industry sector will be conducted in an integrated

manner with other sectors, namely the energy, power, and waste management
sectors. To avoid double counting in baseline development, establishment
of inter-sector limits must be conducted before the calculation, so that the
industry sector will be analyzed in its sector limit and based on the selected
reference year.
With various industry sub-sectors, the Government of Indonesia should

select and decide on the industry sectors which will be included in the scope
of the development of NAMAs. The selection of the industry sub-sectors can
be conducted based on their potential for reducing GHG emission or based
on development priorities for the next 20 years. Based on ICCSR (2010),
the cement, iron and steel, pulp and paper, textile and fertilizer industry sub-
sectors constitute those seen as key GHG emission contributors for the
industry sector in Indonesia. Beside that, theglass and ceramics, refined
sugar and cooking oil industrial sub-sectors also have potential for reducing
GHG emission as they are among the higher energy-consuming industries.
4.2.5.2 Baseline Scenario Development
The baseline scenario is estimated as the GHG emission level that would
occur without any mitigation measures as part of business as usual (BAU)
and without an action plan. With the baseline scenario, the role of the industry
sector in Indonesia’s commitment for climate change mitigation will be clearer.
Furthermore, as part of the energy sector, the aggregated baseline scenario
in the industry sector needs to be integrated into the modelling for the energy
sector. The integrated modelling will combine the energy, industry, transport
and power sectors into one model.
To calculate the BAU baseline can utilize two approaches, namely top-down
and bottom-up.
Through a top-down approach, GHG emission in the industry sector will in the
first place be formulated, then improved by outlining in more detail the GHG
emission contributions from each of the industry sub-sectors.
On the contrary, by using bottom-up approach, GHG emission from each

industry sub-sector will be outlined first, then be combined into industrial
sector GHG emission in total.
Therefore, classification of the industry sector needs to be done first by following

schemes that are in line with the IPCC methodology, such as International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) scheme. At present, the BPS
(Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics) utilizes the Indonesia Employment
Standard Classification System (KBLI) to classify the manufacturing industry.
The latest KBLI was established through regulation of BPS Head No. 57 year
2009 which was maded based on the 4th Revision of ISIC.
BAU baseline calculation in the industry sector NAMAs development should

use a bottom-up approach as calculation with this approach has a higher
level of accuracy. However, the approach requires more comprehensive data
compared to the top-down approach.
Data required for BAU baseline calculation for the bottom-up approach is as
follows:
• Data on factories, starting from classification, names, locations, and ages
of factories, current/ future production capacity according to the type of
products (tons of products/year), as well as current/ future yearly average
capacity use (%) or production (tons of products/year).
• Data on expansion plan, for example future factory location, new unit/
facility, size, etc.
• Data on energy consumption. Among these are amount of conventional
fuel and alternative fuel consumed (total and/or separated from important
production measures) calculated in (ton) or (GJ) per type of fuel.
• Power, both total and/or separated by major production phases calculated
with MWh unit.
• Number of raw materials used according to the type of raw materials (tons/
year)
• Expected yearly growth rate (%)
After the aggregated baseline calculated with the bottom-up approach is

available, the calculation should be compared with the calculation using the
top-down approach. The comparison is conducted because the top-down
approach has more complete available data than that of the bottom-up
approach, for example sales data of PT Pertamina and PT. PLN.
4.2.5.3 Development of Potential Mitigation Action Scenarios in the
Industry Sector
There are several options for mitigation actions in the industry sector. If based
on energy use, the options may be classified as follows:
• Reducing the number of energy used per product, for example through
increased application ofenergy efficiency measureswhich will then lead to
GHG emission mitigation.
• Changing the types of energy sources used. For example, the use of
alternative fuel or replacement of fuel with biomass or urban solid waste,
etc which ideally have lower-carbon content than fossil fuel.
Meanwhile, the selection of mitigation actions for industrial process is

achieved by modifying key processes. The process modification can be done
by changing types of products, raw materials or improving material efficiency
like recycling of materials.
Some examples of available industrial technologies for GHG emission

reduction can be seen in Table 13.
Table 13. Industry Energy Efficiency Replacement of Key Process

Examples Sub-Sector Fuel Modification
of Industrial Cement Lighting, motor efficiency, air Agricultural biomass, Blended cement
Technology conditioning, and engine’s fuel urban solid waste,
Available for B3 waste
GHG Emission
Iron and Steel smelt reduction, optimized electrical Use of biomass, biogas, Recycling of
Mitigation
furnace, improved performance of product gas combine products and waste
(Source: ICCSR, preheating process cycle
2010; TNA, 2010).
Pulp and paper Boiler efficiency, drying process, Use of biogas, Recycling of
shoe press usage, condebelt drying gasification process products and waste,
with black liquor using raw materials
from plantation or
non-wood raw
materials
Fertilizer Boiler efficiency, replacing dryer,

reducing air compression
Textiles RF dryer, transformer, pumps, Use of natural gas
energy-saving motors
Ceramics Optimized kiln and dryer, insulation Modification of

ceramic body, use
of fly ash as mixed
raw materials
Petrochemical Optimized boiler, furnace Use of natural gas, Improved recycling

biogas and efficiency of
raw material
Cooking oil Optimized boiler, cogeneration, Use of biomass (oil

use of VSD motor palm empty stem)
Sugar Optimized boiler and drying, Use of biomass (bagasse),

cogeneration, use of VSD motor, biogas from waste processing
integrated process
Based on the mitigation action proposals, policies and actions to be applied
need to be identified for each scenario. However, the calculation process in
the mitigation action scenario development is the hardest process because
production processes must be analyzed by sub-sectors in detail to see the
impacts of raw material changes or recycling of energy consumption in
particular production processes and its potential to reduce the energy intensity
of each product. Examples of application from the international community
can be used as evaluation models or materials for the Indonesian condition.
In developing mitigation action scenarios, it is necessary to have active

participation from representatives from industrial stakeholders and industrial
associations as the parties who will apply the mitigation actions. Moreover,
local governments are expected to participate in developing mitigation action
scenarios as local governments will have roles in the implementation of the
monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation actions by using a management
information system (MIS).
4.2.5.4 Evaluation on Proposed Potential Mitigation actions in the

Industry Sector
In conducting evaluation and ranking of potential mitigation action scenarios

in the industry sector, aspects of potential feasibility and challenges must be
considered.
Generally, evaluation of proposed mitigation action scenarios should include

evaluation of factors such as: total emission reduction potential, effective
mitigation cost per ton of CO2; easiness in implementation including institutional,
social and cultural capacity based on government policies and industry as
well as technical knowledge and skills; political and commercial acceptance;
technological opportunities, namely easiness of technology transfer and
potential for market transformation; cross-cutting impacts; access to funding;
easiness in measurement; reporting and verification (MRV); technical risks
including vulnerability to climate change and tectonic activities; export potential
and opportunity in the future; impacts on the balance of payments and other
economic considerations; and suitability for developmental goals, such as
energy security, economic growth, and the environment.
Eventually, potential mitigation action development in the industry sector will

be based on cost effectiveness and ease of implementation. Not only that,
evaluation of mitigation actions at the different levels of costs is very important
in making GHG emission reduction of each mitigation action which will then
be arranged based on a ranking according to the lowest cost.
With regard to the proposed indicators, each of the industry sub-sectors have
their own parameters in measuring performance. For Indonesian industry, the
possible indicators are total GHG emission, carbon intensity, energy intensity,
and others, coming from analysis and projection of energy demand in the
current and future industries.
Quantitative indicators related to the industry sector are:

1. Important data related to industry: energy intensity or carbon intensity. For
energy intensity, this will include energy consumption (including power) per
ton of products (GJ/ton of products). For carbon intensity, this will include
CO2 emission from energy process and consumption per ton of products
(tCO2/ton of products)
2. Key features related to cost: total mitigation cost (USD) and cost for GHG
emission reduction (USD/tons of CO2)
The indicators will be used for the monitoring requirement (MRV).
4.2.5.6 Policies, Efforts and Instruments related to the Industry Sector
To support the implementation of potential mitigation actions in the industry

sector, policies, efforts and instruments that could be carried out may be
classified according to the categories listed below (ICCSR, 2010):
• Planning: for ensuring that long-term strategies for industry, energy,
transport, and waste are consistent with the low-carbon industry goals;
• Regulation and standards: to give equal opportunity and certainty for
industrial actors and society in changing their behaviors. This is very
useful in improving the whole industrial MRV and enhancing performance
standard for low-performers;
• Economic instruments: to create funding incentives for industrial actors
in order that they can change behaviors. Funding incentives such as tax,
subsidies and trading permit are often used by the government to drive
development, technological diffusion and new efforts. Economic instruments
in general have a higher cost than other mentioned instruments. Therefore,
the cost is important in overcoming challenges.;
• Information and marketing: to disseminate other policies, new products
and services. Information and communication instruments, for instance
campaigns, can contribute to people’s change in behaviour by promoting
options that are available and thereby positively influence environmental
quality . However, the impact of such actions on emissions cannot yet be
measured.
• Low-carbon technologies: to use alternative fuel, new furnance systems,
high-efficiency motors, new products and services.
In the implementation of NAMAs in the industry sector, a combination of

policies, efforts and instruments is critical for reducing emissions on both a
short and long-term basis. The policy combination must be considered in
integrated modelling in order to evaluate proposed mitigation action scenarios.
One of the national policy instruments that can be used for NAMAs in the
industry sector is a voluntary deal between industry/private sector and
the Government of Indonesia. Voluntary deals and actions aim to change
attitudes, raise awareness, reduce challenges for technological innovation
and adoption, and facilitate cooperation with stakeholders (IPCC, 2007).
Furthermore, they also play an important role in the evolution of national policy.
Globally, the majority of the deals do not reach GHG emission reduction in a
significant way under the baseline scenario. However, several deals reached
in some countries are able to accelerate the best technological application
and produce measurable GHG emission mitigation actions.
Moreover, awareness needs to be raised among industrial actors to participate

in GHG emission reduction and environmental management programs .
Dissemination to industrial actors can be done by emphasizing that benefits can
be obtained along with GHG emission reduction. The obtained benefits may be
production cost reduction which is in line with energy/raw material consumption
reduction, enhanced competitiveness in domestic and international markets
through a positive image in the eyes of consumers.
4.2.6 RAN-GRK Implementation Towards NAMAs in the Waste

Management Sector
4.2.6.1 Current Situation and Future View on Indonesia’s Waste

Sector
The waste sector contributes around 11% to Indonesia’s total GHG emission
(SNC, 2010). However, the waste management sector remains very important
for local governments since it is related to environmental and health aspects.
Not only that, mitigation potential from the waste sector and its link to the
developmental goals make the waste sector very instrumental to design
Indonesian NAMAs.
Waste can be separated into several key categories according to type and
characters, as well as arrangement method and organization in handling
it (See Picture 25). In general waste management GHG main sources are
categorized as
1. Solid Waste
- Landfill (TPA)
• Well managed landfill
• Poorly-managed landfill (open dumping)
• Dumping sites categorized between well-managed and poorly
managed
- Biological Processing
- Incineration and open burning
• Incineration
• Open burning
- Handling and processing of industrial solid waste (including sludge)
2. Liquid waste
a. Processing and disposal of domestic liquid waste
b. Processing and disposal of industrial liquid waste
3. Other wastes
a. Clinical and B3 wastes
b. Agricultural waste (not calculated in this category but on AFOLU)
With respect to the development of NAMAs in the waste management sector,

the scope of discussion includes the sub-sectors of domestic solid waste,
domestic liquid waste and industrial liquid waste.
Several projections and estimations of GHG emission in the waste sector

have been done as initial information for developing baseline or mitigation
scenarios for NAMAs.
Gambar 24.
WELL MANAGED Structure and
LAND FILL Category of The
Waste Sector.
(Modified from
2006 IPCC
DISPOSAL OF SOLID POORLY MANAGED Guidelines
WASTE LAND FILL
for National
Greenhouse
Gas Inventories,
LANDFILL IN
Volume 5, Waste).
CATAGORY IN
BIOLOGICAL SOLID
BETWEEN WELL AND
WASTE PROCESSING
POORLY MANAGED
(COMPOSTING)
WASTE
INCINERATION
INCINERATION AND
OPEN BURNING OF
SOLID WASTE
OPEN BURNING
PROCESSING
PROCESSING AND
AND DISPOSAL OF
DISPOSAL OF LIQUID
DOMESTIC LIQUID
WASTE
WASTE
DISPOSAL AND
DISPOSAL OF
OTHERS INDUSTRY LIQUID
WASTE
Waste management, especially in the solid waste/garbage sub-sector, is

the responsibility of local governments. Nevertheless there are still many
problems related to the management of the waste sector, such as:
a. Majority of cities in Indonesia do not yet have master planning for waste
management;
b. Solid waste management has yet to get priorities in the development of
local government policies so that minimum funds are channelled for waste
management;
c. Conflicts in the establishment/ selection of landfill sites are caused by
social and administrative problems;
d. Limited facilities and manpower to collect, transport, dump garbage so that
not all garbage produced can be transported and managed in the Landfill
(TPA);
e. Poor physical quality and operations of TPA. Most of TPAs are “open
dumping”, which causes water, air and land pollution;
f. Organic garbage management into composts has not gotten special
attention;
g. Lack of quality data for basis of emission calculation and for BAU scenario
development.
Similar problems are also located in the sub-sectors of domestic liquid waste,
and industrial liquid waste, especially data availability for calculation.
4.2.6.2 BAU Baseline Development Concept and Methodology for

the Waste Management Sector
Establishing the Business As Usual (BAU)Baseline for the waste management

sector is an important step to evaluate potential GHG mitigation scenarios
and actions. The development must be based on projections for future waste
management planning, other scenarios such as MDG targets for domestic
waste water, and the implementation of Law No 18/2008 at the local level for
domestic solid waste, by taking into consideration historical data and future
scenarios of populaton and garbage management.
For industrial waste water, the current data and future forecast increases as
well as development scenarios from key industries need to be identified in
developing the baseline.
Overall, the sub-sectors of domestic liquid waste, industrial liquid waste as

well as domestic solid waste must be considered in the baseline development.
Based on Annex II Perpres (Presidential Regulation) No. 61 year 2011, the

Ministry of Environment (KLH) is authorized to conduct the waste sector GHG
inventory. Therefore, the Ministry of Environment is competent in the development
of the national waste sector BAU scenario, with support of solid waste data
and planning from the Ministry of Public Works (PU). Similarly, provincial level
baseline development (BAU) for the waste management sector can be done by
the provincial BPLHD (Local Environmental Agency). The provincial BAPPEDA
(Local Development Planning Agency) can take a role as a coordinator for BAU
development of all sectors or as a cross-cutting coordinator.
Domestic Solid Waste

The Scenario for determining the baseline conditions for domestic solid waste
includes:
• Total garbage produced, composition and data of population as well as
garbage pile rate;
• Current conditiosn and future planning of garbage management including
transportation, final management, and garbage management practices
such as burning or biological management;
• Percentage of garbage transported to TPA;
• Management of garbage collected in a collective manner; and
• Separate/independent garbage management.
The baseline for domestic solid waste must be developed from sub-national
level data (local government) so that it will form a national baseline. Suggested
measures for the baseline development process from the domestic solid
waste sub-sector include:
1. Calculation of total number of urban and district solid waste based on:
a) Historical data on population
b) Level of garbage pile per day based on types of cities/ districts (can be
taken from SNI 19-3983-1995)
c) Garbage composition (based on primary data or accountable research
results)
d) Number/percentage of garbage transported to TPA, processed in
biological, incineration and open burning ways.
e) Specifications of TPA (well-managed, poorly-managed, in between)
2. Development of projected emission scenario trend from the total garbage
pile, collection, transporting, process and final dumping; and
3. Baseline development from projected garbage management scenario
based on cost effectiveness and implementation levels by considering
population growth and level of garbage pile rate.
Industrial and Domestic Liquid Waste

A similar approach must be usesd to develop a baseline for domestic waste
water. However, domestic waste water is not only a local issue. Therefore,
future domestic waste water management planning must be performed at the
national level.
The data needed to develop a national level baseline for domestic water
waste is:
• Current and forecast population data.
• Composition of number of processed and unprocessed liquid waste based
on each type:
Processed: anaerobic, digester, septictank, and laterine
Unprocessed: dumped to sea, river, lake and flowing and non-flowing dirty
water ways.
• Data on population protein consumption per capita for indirect N2O
calculation.
• Current data and future planning related to domestic waste water
management is based on cost effectiveness and implementation level
which includes percentage of domestic waste water management coverage
for integrated and communal onsite, offsite, IPAL system as well as future
domestic waste water management coverage target..
GHG emissions calculated for liquid waste are CH4 and N2O only while CO2
liquid waste is not calculated because it is categorized as a natural biological
process (biogenic origin)
For the industrial waste sector baseline, the needed data includes:
• Volume of liquid waste per product for each type of industries
• Waste specifications (COD/m3) for each type of industries
• Liquid waste management methods for each type of industries.
There are several types of industry to be prioritized in calculation. Based on

IPCC, the following industries can potentially emit large amounts of CH4:
• Pulp and paper manufacturing
• Meat and poultry processing (animal slaughtering houses)
• Production of alcohol, beer and tapioca
• Production of organic chemical substance
• Other food and drink processing (dairy products, vegetable oil, fruits and
vegetable, canning, juice making, etc)
Table 14.
National Business as Usual Baseline for Aggregated Waste Sector
Baseline
Development
Process in the
Waste Sector. BAU Baseline for PROVINCIAL Domestic Waste BAU Baseline Limbah Industri
BAU Baseline for city/district domestic BAU Baseline BAU Baseline BAU Baseline for
solid waste uses scenario based on for city/district for industrial industrial waste
price effectiveness and implementation domestic solid waste uses uses scenario
level waste water scenario based on based on cost
• CIty/District 1 uses scenario cost effectiveness effectiveness and
• CIty/District ... based on cost and implementation implementation
effectiveness and level level
implementation • Industry 1 • Industry 1
level • Industry ... • industry ...
• City/District 1
• City/District ...
Solid Waste Management Planning Domestic Industrial Industrial

Collected and Not collected Waste Water solid waste waste water
transported (current and future Management management management
(Current and Future planning) Planning planning planning
Planning) • Open burning • Industry 1 • Industry 1
• Open Dumping • Decomposing • Industry ... • ndustry ...
• Sanitary Landfill • Open Dumping
• Decompsing • Disposal to River
• Burned
DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL

DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE
WASTE WATER SOLID WASTER WASTE WATER
4.2.6.3 Proposed GHG Emission Reduction Potential Scenario
Generally, potential GHG emission reduction scenarios can include several

approaches as follows:
1. Strengthen and push efforts to link economic growth and waste production
in volume and type.
2. Accelerate transition to a sustainable consumption pattern. Ideally,
garbage reduction scenarios must discuss all cycles starting from
minimizing waste, through eco-efficient design products, continued by
recycling and reusing, to dumping of residual garbage which cannot be
recycled or reused in an environmentally friendly mode. Closed loop
systems based on industrial ecology, namely industry that bases raw
materials on other industrial waste is a model that can bring inspiration.
3. Based on an approach that emphasizes material economic recovery
which is still useful for production process’ raw materials.
4. Push waste-to-energy efforts both in industrial scope by using industrial
industries as fuel, and in TPA and IPAL by capturing CH4 produced from
a garbage decomposing process for fuel.
5. Push garbage reduction through composting of 3R-based organic waste
6. Provide sufficient services and infrastructures for garbage collection
and dumping. TPA is equipped with alkali processing and methane gas
capturing systems equiped by flare or with advanced methane gas usage.
7. Provided framework should be timely and comprehensive based on local
situation.
8. Involve some stakeholders at each phase of waste flow. In addition,
improve the capacity of all stakeholders intensively including technical
workers in local and city governments and related agencies responsible
for the development and implementation of waste management plans.
9. Push various industries that produce liquid waste with high organic
contents such as palm oil, sugar industries, etc. to use environmentally
friendly waste-processing technologies (for instance: lagoon processing
system should be replaced into anaerobic digester, ultra high temperature
aerobic fermentation system (YM Aerobes) with gas capturing system).
10. For more detailed technical explanation, a special technical guideline will
be developed for the waste industry’s NAMAs which will immediately be
developed separately from this guideline.
4.2.6.4 MRV Key Indicators for the Waste Sector
Basically, key indicators must demonstrate changes and effects from

mitigation actions for related sectors. The following table shows potential key
indicators for the domestic solid waste sub-sector.
Table 15.
Quantitative Qualitative
MRV Key
Indicators for the Garbage Source Condition • Policy on garbage reduction in the sources
• Number of minimized garbage piles/ number of implemented
Waste Industry.
garbage • 3R policy adopted and implemented
• Number of garbage recycled and reused from • Appointment of responsible institutions
source points • Community’s improved capacity on garbage
• Number of garbage decomposed in source points management implemented .
Domestic Solid Waste Transportation

Condition
• Number of garbage collected and transported to
TPA
Garbage Management Condition

• Number of open dumping closed and changed • Policy on closure of open dumping adopted and
into sanitary landfill implemented.
• Number of centrally decomposed garbage
• Number of burned garbage
GHG Mitigation Results

• GHG emission reduction in tCO2/capita or • Local decision in proposing mitigation actions in
tCO2/tons of garbage the garbage sector
Related key indicators for domestic waste water and industrial waste water
must have characteristics similar to domestic solid waste. The key indicators
must include quantitative indicators such as produced waste water volume,
waste water processing, and GHG mitigation results (tCO2/capita for domestic
waste water and tCO2/tons of production for industrial waste water).
Whereas, qualitative indicators include policies implemented in the industrial

and domestic waste water sectors.
Then, it is necessary to conduct analysis to identify more detailed key indicators

as well as institutions involved in domestic and industrial waste water.
4.2.6.5 Policies, Mitigation Actions and Instruments for the Waste

Sector
To implement and develop proposed potential mitigation actions in the waste

sector, the following objectives should be considered:
1. Defining mitigation goals in long-term garbage management strategy linked
with sustainable garbage management context as part of sustainable
development and poverty alleviation.
2. Improving garbage management system, infrastructures and technologies
by considering GHG mitigation goals.
3. Sustaining implementation of garbage reduction, recycling and reuse.
4. Improving capacity and technological transfer for effective mitigation efforts
in the context of sustainable garbage management.
5. Funding and investment in mitigation efforts in the context of sustainable
garbage management.
6. Developing cooperation among stakeholders, especially in the garbage
sector for implementing integrated mitigation efforts in the context of
sustainable garbage management.
So, the measures to be taken in developing the waste sector NAMAs are:
1. Defining coordinator for developing the waste sector NAMAs at the national
level.
2. Coordinating with local levels in data collection for waste management.
3. Determining projection for future waste sector planning, for example
infrastructure projection, macro data such as population, GDP, projected
waste composition and projected technologies.
4. Agreeing to assumptions used for developing baseline scenarios.
5. Determining calculation tools or methodologies for supporting baseline
development.
6. Identifying potential mitigation action scenarios.
7. Proposing policies and funding for supporting mitigation scenarios.
8. Proposing local mitigation action plans for the waste sector from the local
level to the national level coordinator, included in RAD-GRK.
9. Developing MRV mechanisms for the waste sector NAMAs development
5. FUNDING
Indonesia’s commitment to reducing GHG emission by 26 per cent from

baseline by 2020 is related to the government’s capacity in mobilizing
domestic funding sources. Not only that, additional commitment achievement
for GHG emission reduction up to 41 per cent from baseline also requires
international funding mobilization.
Domestic and international funding source mobilization is based on the

needs for funding GHG emission reduction programs as identified in the
previous chapter. Chapter 5 will discuss general policy on funding sources
and mechanisms for funding GHG emission reduction activities.
5.1 Funding Sources
Funding for supporting GHG emission reduction activities may come from
domestic and international funding. Domestic funding may come from APBN
and APBD as well as participation from theprivate sector. On the other hand,
international funding may come from bilateral and multilateral cooperation as well
as the carbon market. The following is a brief explanation of the funding sources.
5.1.1 Domestic Funding Sources
Funding policy for supporting voluntary GHG emission reduction commitment

is part of the policy established in the 2010-2014 RPJMN. Thus, climate
change issues have obtained funding priority through the APBN mechanism.
GHG emission reduction programs are an integral part of the national
development program with an adjustment to addressing climate change
impacts so that it is not exclusive. Most of GHG emission reduction activities
will be conducted by the regions. Therefore, the funding must be integrated
with local government programs funded by the APBD. Additional funding of
GHG emission reduction activities can come from private sectors.
APBN’s funding source may take the form of pure rupiah and International Loans
and Grants (PHLN). Based on the 2010-2014 RPJM, the estimated resource
envelope for the timeframe related to GHG emission is budgetted around
IDR37,889 trillion (Book 2 Chapter I Cross-cutting Climate Change of Mitigation
Group, 2010-2014 RPJM). In the period of 2015-2020, the government needs
to provide a sufficient resource envelope to finance the following programs so
that it can reach the GHG emission reduction of 26 per cent.
Funding of GHG emission reduction programs implemented by the regions are
basically conducted through APBD. GHG emission reduction programs are
not completely new special programs, but are also within local governments’
existing programs with adjustment so that they can contribute to GHG
emission reduction. Therefore, the financing can as much as possible use
the existing APBD. Considering the limited local financial capacity, it is likely
that funding will be chanelled from APBN to APBD.
Other potential fund sources to deal with climate change are domestic grants
(from the private sector and community) managed by the government. The
government will develop regulations and mechanisms that enable grantors to
channel the funds.
Some expected domestic private fund sources that can finance GHG emission
reduction activities come from banking, non-banking and Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR). Fund sources coming from banking (general banks
and syariah banks) and non-banking (domestic capital markets, insurance,
financial institutions, pension fund institutions, etc) can be mobilized to finance
private investment by beneficial financial returns. Therefore, there needs to
be an incentive policy from the government to banking and non-banking
institutions that provide soft loans to industries that apply green technologies
or support GHG emission reduction. To realize that, it is necessary to have
coordination between the government and the Bank Indonesia in developing
banking and non-banking strategic policy.
CSR is a voluntary initiative from an enterprise to provide positive contribution

to the surrounding community, so that it opens up opportunities to use it for
financing activities related to GHG emission reduction efforts in line with the
economic growth and green technology campaign. In the future potential
funds from CRS are predicted to be fairly large.
5.1.2 International Funding Sources
International funding for GHG emission reduction programs consists of

bilateral and multilateral cooperation and the carbon market. International
fund use should not, as far as possible, put excessive burden on the state’s
finance.
At Copenhagen’s 15th COP and Cancun’s 16th COP, it was agreed that
developed countries must provide new and additional fund sources to support
developing countries in implementing mitigation actions and climate change
adaptation. The fund is predicted to reach US$30 billion for 2010-2012 and a
longer period until 2020 amounting to around US$100billion per year must be
able to be mobilized both from public and private funds.
Until today, several countries have promised to support Indonesia in

implementing adaptation and climate change mitigation actions whose funds
reach around US$4.4billion for some years ahead.
International funds can take the forms of grants and loans. For loans, existing
real needs should be calculated. Because they are earmarked for funding
GHG emission programs which are a global responsibility, the form of loans
requires special treatment with low risks and loan cost. The form of loans such
as Debt to Nature Swap (DNS) is one of the mechanisms used for financing
environmental management. The mechanism can also be continued for GHG
emission reduction financing purposes.
5.2 Funding Mechanism
The use of funds coming from domestic and international sides must follow
the mechanisms as stipulated in the regulations related to the state’s financial
management sector.
Generally, the fund managed by the government for financing GHG

emission reduction initiatives is carried out through the APBN. To finance
activities that are the central government’s functions, the APBN funds are
channelled through ministry/agency’s budget in the forms of sectoral funds,
deconcentration funds and co-administration funds.
Whereas, for financing activities that are the regions’ functions, the financing
uses the APBD. Due to limited local funds, it is likely to add funds from the
central government through transfer and grants mechanisms.
Nowadays, management of international grants is regulated in the

Government Regulation No. 10/2011 on Procedure for Provision of Loans
and/or Receipt of International Grants as well as International Sub-Loans and
Sub-Grants, which is followed up by Regulation of Minister of Finance No 40
/PMK.05/2009 on Grants Accounting System as well as Regulation of PPN
Minister/ Head of Bappenas No. 05/2006 on Procedure for Proposal Planning
and Submission and Evaluation on Activities financed by International Loans
and Grants (PHLN).
Table 16.
Domestically supported Internationally supported NAMAs Credits
NAMAs NAMAs Potential
Financing Scheme
• Bilateral and multilateral financing • Supports from Developed Country • Carbon Market
for NAMAs.
• Public & private Parties under UNFCCC framework (Compensation/offsets)
• Grant / Trust (Source:
• Incentive Mechanism Situmeang 2010).
• Domestic carbon market
6. MEASUREMENT, REPORTING AND
VERIFICATION
In the RAN-GRK implementation, the RAN-GRK monitoring and evaluation

process is required to ensure the achievement of the set emission reduction
targets and objectives. The monitoring and evaluation process needs to be
developed according to the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)
mechanism and review which are part of the action plan development and
updating cycle. MRV mechanism and review are adjusted to the latest
developments related to the climate change issues at the national and global
levels.
6.1 Definition and Current Status
To monitor performance of RAN-GRK or RAD-GRK implementation, it is

necessary to have an adequate national system to conduct measurement,
reporting and verification.
Currently, MRV topics at the international level, both in the forms of UNFCCC
guideline and standardization on MRV are still in the initial development
phase. To date, the following ideas have been established:
- The variation of MRV’s rigidity depends on the type of NAMAs. The MRV
standard for unilateral NAMAs does not have to be too rigid when compared
to the MRV standard for Supported NAMAs and NAMAs Producing Carbon
Credit, which must be more stringent and have a higher standard. Financing
by developed countries for NAMAs will in practice be dependent on the
rigour of the proposals and MRV ability in reducing GHG emission.
- As stated in the Bali Action Plan, NAMAs must a consider wider concept of
sustainable development. Therefore, narrow focus (only on GHG emission
reduction) will nullify NAMAs’ real goals. In selecting potential GHG
mitigation actions, socio-economic criteria must be considered and are an
inseparable part of the MRV matrix for NAMAs so that NAMAs are in line
with the priorities of developing countries’ development.
- Registration of NAMAs in the international community into UNFCCC will
be developed for NAMAs that require international support (Wupperthal
Institute, 2011).
For Indonesia, the following table can be used:
RAN-GRK Type of NAMA Form of MRV
Mitigation actions for reducing Unilateral NAMAs (which are Mitigation actions will be
emission by 26% domestically supported) measured, reported and verified
with domestic standards.
Mitigation actions for reducing Supported NAMAs (which are Mitigation actions will be
emission by 26- 41% Internationally Supported) measured, reported and verified
domestically and internationally.
6.1.1 Measurement
Measurement of mitigation actions consists of baseline data and performance

data that show mitigation action implementation status in reaching the
expected targets. Two important aspects to be considered when preparing
mitigation actions and measurement procedures are:
• Definition of targets
Mitigation actions in RAN/ RAD-GRK are earmarked for reaching GHG
emission reduction targets, but also for supporting the successful
achievement of national development priorities. Therefore, one set of
targets is needed.
• Definition of MRV indicators
An indicator is a basic requirement for quantitatively measuring, reporting
and verifying impacts of NAMAs relative to the desired targets. To measure
the progress of mitigation action implementation, GHG emission-based
indicators are needed (such as number of CO2 emission reduction, in
tons) and other indicators which are not based on GHG emission, such
as financing indicators (e.g. amount of funds needed for investment per
mitigation action) or sustainable development indicator (e.g. number of
produced works).
6.1.2 Reporting
Reporting of mitigation actions focuses on the achievement of GHG emission

reduction, updating of baseline data as well as other key performance data
related to financing and implemented interventions. Sufficient reporting
requires a reporting format that provides information on the parameters.
Reporting at the local and provincial levels will follow the same reporting
format. But that will depend on the complexity andnumber of implementation
levels. Domestically supported mitigation actions will follow the nationally
agreed reporting standard (domestic). Internationally supported mitigation
actions will require more detailed reports. Therefore, the unit that performs
the reporting should interact more intensively with the mitigation action
implementation process.
The involved institutions should conduct reporting on the performance of

implementation of each mitigation action according to the criteria mentioned
above every year to the national level. The report will then be integrated into
the biennial reports to UNFCCC.
6.1.3 Verification
The goal of verification of mitigation actions within RAN/ RAD-GRK is that

the involved stakeholders believe and are confident with the accomplished
results. Verification will show that measurement and reporting is being
performed according to the set requirements and indicators. Especially for
internationally supported mitigation actions, verification will function as a
standard so that countries that provide support can continue their support.
Focus on verification will include activity data, emission factors, volume of

emissions, funding sources, and assumptions made during verification. For
internationally supported mitigation actions, verification can be adjusted to
the international guideline and standard. Whereas, for domestically supported
mitigation actions, each country can establish a national verification body that
follows the national verification standard.
Frequency of mitigation action verification must be in line with the biennial

reporting process. Verification of domestically supported mitigation actions
can be conducted by national independent institutions that are given a
mandate by the government or coordinator per sector that conducts review
on mitigation actions (for instance: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
for the energy sector).
Verification of internationally-supported mitigation actions will be conducted

by an international verification body o country that provides supports for
verifiable mitigation actions, and therefore will depend on international
requirements.
The following diagram explains key measures to be considered for MRV of

RAN-GRK.
MRV - Monitoring of Progress GHG Inventory Every 2 Years to UNFCCC FIgure 25.
Implementation + Verification According to MRV Standards
NAMAs and MRV
GHG
Domestically
Baseline 26% Supported
NAMAs
Baseline/
Mitigation
Review BAU 41%
Scenario
INternationally
NAMA Supported
RAN/RAD NAMAs
GRK
Credited
Implementation Mitigation NAMAs
Actions
Policies &
Measures T1 2020 Year
REPORT
NAMAs GHG Inventory
6.2 Institutional Tasks and Responsibilities
To measure, report and verify mitigation actions within RAN-GRK, increased

capacity in institutional structures at the national and local levels (province
and district/city) and cross-cutting ones is deemed necessary. Increased
capacity in the monitoring system is needed because monitoring of mitigation
actions is a new task for central and local government agencies. However,
the mitigation action monitoring must be done in line with the implementation
of monitoring and evaluation systems conducted for developmental activity
implementation.
The tasks and responsibilities of agencies related to MRV based on Perpres

(Presidential Regulation) No. 61 and 71 are outlined further in the following
Table. The tasks and functions of each related agency at the national and
local levels for the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
RAN-GRK mentioned in Perpres No. 61 Year 2011.
Table 17.
No. Tasks and Responsibilities Agencies
Tasks and
1 Coordination for implementation and monitoring of RAN-GRK Coordinating Ministry for
Responsibilities of implemented by each related Ministry/ Agency Economy
Agencies Related
2 Regulation related to implementation of RAN-GRK Related ministry/agency
to MRV based on
Perpres No. 61 . 3 Guideline for developing RAD-GRK BAPPENAS
4 Development of RAD-GRK Governors
5 Facilitating development of RAD-GRK Ministry of Home Affairs,
BAPPENAS, Ministry of
Environment
6 Coordinating the periodic review of RAN-GRK,related to national BAPPENAS
needs and international dynamic developments
7 Periodic review of RAN-GRK related to national needs and Related ministry/agency
international dynamic developments
8 Reporting of review results of RAN-GRK to Coordinating Minister BAPPENAS
for Economy. Review results can be made basis for RAN-GRK
adjustment
9 Reporting of RAN-GRK activity implementation to Coordinating Related ministry/agency
Minister for Economy, Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare,
Minister for National Development Planning/Head of BAPPENAS
and Minister of Environment periodically at least 1 (once) a year
or at any time if needed
10 Integrated Reporting of RAN-GRK implementation to the Coordinating Ministry for
President at least 1 (once) a year or at any time if needed. Economy
Presidential Regulation no. 71 Year 2011 on Administration of National

Green House Gas Inventory constitutes a legal basis for the coordination
and implementation of National Green House Gas Inventory as well as
development of national communications reports for UNFFFC. The National
Green House Gas Inventory aims to give periodic information on the level,
status and trends of emission change and GHG absorption, including carbon
stock at the national, provincial, district/city levels as well as information on
GHG emission reduction obtained from mitigation action implementation.
As stated by UNFCCC and mentioned in Perpres no. 71, the Green House
Gas Inventory is carried out through monitoring and collection of data from
emission sources (historic data up to the running year, depending on data
availability), and continued with GHG emission calculation.
According to the Perpres, the Ministry of Environment/KLH (as ministry

administering governmental affairs in environmental protection and
management sectors) is the main agency for GHG inventory. Coordination
needs to be done by KLH together with Ministry of Home Affairs and the
Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency, KLH is also tasked with
developing GHG inventory administration guideline as well as conducting
monitoring and evaluation on GHG inventory. The tasks and functions of the
related agencies pursuant to the Perpres no. 71 can be seen in the following
Table.
Table 18.
No. Task and Function Agencies
Tasks and
1 Developing guideline for administering GHG inventory KLH
Responsibilities of
2 Coordinating implementation of GHG inventory and emission KLH
Agencies Related
change trends and GHG absorption, including carbon stock at
the national level
to MRV based on
Perpres No. 71.
3 Implementing monitoring and evaluation on GHG inventory KLH
process and results
4 Preparing and submitting National Communications report to KLH
governmental representative assigned as National Focal Point
at UNFCCC
5 Conducting GHG inventory at the provincial level Governor
6 Coordinating implementation of GHG inventory at the district and Governor
city level and submitting the GHG inventory results to KLH every
1 (one) year
7 Implementing GHG inventory at the district and city levels and District/Mayor
submitting the GHG inventory results to Governor every 1 (one)
year
8 Related ministry submits the GHG inventory result to KLH every Related Ministry/agency
1 (one) year
9 Reporting GHG inventory to Coordinating Ministry for People’s KLH
Welfare
10 Publishing GHG inventory reports periodically according to the KLH
national needs, international needs and needs for development of
Climate Change National Communications Report
7. LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE
GAS EMISSION REDUCTION (RAD-GRK)
DEVELOPMENT
In principle, RAD-GRK development is based on RAN-GRK and based on

local development priorities, as well as respective local capacities and abilities.
In RAD-GRK document development process, Provincial Governments will
coordinate with the Ministry of PPN/Bappenas, Ministry of Home Affairs and
other related ministries/ agencies. Then RAD-GRK must be established
through the Governor’s Regulation within one year from the enactment of
RAN-GRK by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on September 20,
2011.
RAD-GRK documents produced by Provincial Governments must be

integrated with other local strategic planning documents such as RPJPD,
RPJMD and Dinas’ Strategic Plan (Renstra) as programs and activities
contained in RAD-GRK are mutually connected and complemented with the
documents. Specifically, RAD-GRK documents that consist of programs and
activities by sector are closely related with DInas’ Strategic Plan. Therefore
the produced RAD-GRK document can serve as a guideline for Provincial
Governments (as well as District/City Governments) to carry out and achieve
sustainable local development both short-term (yearly) and medium-term
(every five years) and long-term (every ten years).
In line with the RAN-GRK review, RAD-GRK documents can be reviewed to

adjust to the latest developments. The review and revision process can be
conducted periodically by Provincial Governments according to the direction
and guideline established by the Central Government through coordination of
Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas.
Furthermore Governors (through heads of Bappeda/Local Development

Planning Agency) will submit reports on activity implementation and monitoring
of RAD-GRK implementation to Minister of PPN/Head of Bappenas which
will be integrated into national target achievement efforts to reduce GHG
emission in a periodic manner according to the national needs and latest
global developments.
7.1 GHG Mitigation Role at the Local Level
Local governments can take the roles in GHG emission reduction which are
in line with the sustainable development context in the respective regions, for
example through activities that conserve local environment through activities
that reduce GHG emissions, which can be economic initiatives and have
social impacts on the people. (as illustration, see Figure 26).
The ideal condition (RAD-GRK in the sustainable development context) can

be achieved by developing local strategic planning to reduce GHG emissions,
develop consensus among stakeholders and improve coordinating role
among agencies at the local governments to promote public and private
sector involvement in climate change impact mitigation efforts.
Based on the condition, RAD-GRK development becomes important for local

governments by formulating GHG emission reduction actions up to year 2020
or onwards, namely formulating mitigation action proposals from sectors that
potentially reduce GHG emissions according to the local characteristics and
authorities.
Therefore, information available in chapter 7 will help local governments

develop and implement provincial level GHG emission reduction activities
according to the mandate given by the Central Government through
Presidential Regulation (Perpres) 61/2011 on RAN-GRK.
Figure 26.
RAN-RAD-GRK
in Sustainable
Job Creation Development
Dimension.
(Adapted from
various sources)
RAN-RAD Economic
Poverty
GRK and Social
Reduction
Development
Attainment of
National Targets
for GHG emission
Reduction
(Environmental
Conservation)
7.2 Synergistic Relationship between RAN and RAD-GRK
National Action Plan for Green House Gas (RAN-GRK) is a policy guideline
for the central government, local governments and related sectors to reduce
GHG emissions by 26% with its own /domestic efforts and up to 41% with
international support from BAU baseline scenario in 2020. The RAN-GRK
document contains key and supporting activities to attain targets for each
key sector namely forestry and peat land, agriculture, energy and transport,
industry and waste management.
According to Perpres on RAN-GRK, RAD-GRK must be prepared by

Provincial Governments as a working document and the basis for all local
development actors (at the provincial, district/city levels which consist of
local governments, communities and private sectors) in carrying out key and
supporting activities related to GHG emission reduction during 2010-2020.
Thus, RAN-GRK is the basis for the central government, local governments,
communities and business actors in planning, implementing, monitoring and
evaluating RAD-GRK. The synergy between these two multi-sectoral plans
can be seen in Figure 27.
Figure 27.
RAN GRK Target :
Synergy
26 - 41%
Relationship
between RAN-
GRK and RAD-
GRK.
(Adapted from Forestry, Peat Land, Energy, Transport,
various sources) Waste
and Agriculture Industry
Provincial RAD
GRK
7.3 Goal and Objective
The goal of Chapter 7 is to provide a general reference for provincial

governments (including district/ city) on policies and authorities (national and
local) related to GHG emission reduction efforts, mitigation scope, and to what
extent there is local involvement in the efforts, based on local characteristics,
potential and authorities.
The expected objectives are that:
a) Provincial governments can develop cross-cutting GHG emission reduction
planning documents.
b) Provincial governments can develop appropriate strategies for GHG
emission reduction.
c) Provincial governments will have information on local investment
opportunities related to climate change mitigation activities.
d) Local agencies, organizations, human resources will have increased
capacities, roles, and responsiveness to climate change mitigation issues.
7.4 Policies and Institutional Matters
In the sub-chapter below, the existing relevant national policies and RAD-
GRK implementation at the local level will be explained. Beside that, roles
and administrative and technical authorities of provincial governments and
related sector agencies in the regions in preparing RAD-GRK documents
will be outlined. In the implementation phase, explanation on some related
sectors will refer to the national planning document namely RAN-GRK. This is
deemed necessary in order to develop integration and suitability of mitigation
programs/activities among governmental levels.
7.4.1 Policy Framework and Normative Reference on Climate Change
The Government of Indonesia has produced some regulations and policies

on climate change adaptation and mitigation, namely: National Action Plan for
Green House Gas Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK) and Indonesia Climate
Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR).
In particular, RAN-GRK is a long-term planning document that regulates GHG

emission reduction efforts related to substances of the Long-Term Development
Plan (RPJP) and Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM). The action plan
document is also a key reference for development actors at the national,
provincial and district/city levels in the planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of GHG emission reduction.
The RAN-GRK mandate to provincial governments is to develop action

plans for GHG emission reduction at the provincial level (which also includes
district/ city) which is called Local Action Plan for Green House Gas Emission
Reduction (RAD-GRK). RAD-GRK development, which is established through
the Governor’s Regulation, is based on RAN-GRK’s substances. In developing
RAD-GRK, it is expected to conduct bottom-up processes which will describe
measures to be taken by each province in reducing GHG emissions, adjusted to
respective local characteristics, potential and capacities. Then, each provincial
government needs to calculate the volume of GHG emissions produced, target
figures or reduction amounts, and types of sectors whose GHG emissions
needs reducing.
7.4.2 National Policy on Green House Gas Emission Reduction
The provision that directly mandates RAD-GRK development is found in

Perpres no. 61/2011 on RAN-GRK, in which RAN-GRK is mandated to be
a guideline of local action plan documents. However, RAD-GRK proposed
by local governments can also function as material for reviewing targets and
actions of GHG emission reduction within the national action plans.
The Link of local strategic development planning document with RAD-GRK

document can be seen in Figure 28.
Figure 28. RENSTRA RENJA

K/L K/L
Connection
Framework
between National-
Local Document/ RPJP RPJM
RKP APBN
Policy and RAD- Nasional Nasional
GRK
(modification from
ICCSR, 2010)
IPCC
ICCSR RAN GRK UNFCC
Model
RAD GRK
RPJP RPJM
RKPD APBD
Daerah Daerah
RENSTRA RENJA
SKPD SKPD
RENSTRA K/L: Ministry/Agency Strategic Plan; RENJA K/L: Ministry/Agency Work

Plan; RPJP Nasional: National Long-Term Development Plan; RPJM Nasional: Na-
tional Medium-Term Development Plan; RKP: Government Work Plan; APBN: State
Budget; RAN-GRK: National Action Plan for Green House Gas; RAD-GRK: Local
Action Plan for Green House Gas; RPJP Daerah: Local Long-Term Work Plan; RPJM
Daerah: Local Long-Term Work Plan; RKPD: Local Government Work Plan; APBD:
Local Budget; RENSTRA SKPD: Strategic Plan of Local Apparatus Working Unit;
RENJA SKPD: Work Plan of Local Apparatus Working Unit
7.5 Institutional Role and Its Authority
Institutional preparation of the RAD-GRK at the provincial level must be

initiated by creating an inventory of the division of governmental authorities/
affairs at each sector related to GHG emissions. The guideline provides a
description of authorities from the national, provincial, and district/city over
programs within RAN-GRK.
In reference to Law No. 32/2004 and PP (Government Regulation) Nol.

38/2007, authorities of each agency, both national, provincial, district/ city
level to carry out every program from various sectors within the RAN-GRK
can be identified.
It is necessary to understand that RAN-GRK regulates division of GHG

emission reduction activities into some sectors which need to be aligned with
arrangement of governmental affairs as regulated in PP No. 38/2007. Below
is table of comparison of sectors/activity sectors of GHG emission reduction:
Table 19.
RAN GRK PP 38/2007*
Comparison
1) Forestry and Peat Land Management 1) Public Works of Division of
Sectors 2) Housing Governmental
2) Agriculture Sector Sectors- Affairs
3) Spatial planning
related to
3) Energy and Transport Sectors 4) Development planning Green House
4) Industry Sector 5) Transportation Gas Emission
5) Waste Management Sector 6) Environment Reduction Actions.
7) Agriculture and food security
8) Forestry
9) Energy and mineral resources
10) Industry
* Note : PP No. 38/2007 defines that there are 31 governmental affairs divided together inter governmen-
tal arrangement. The list above only presents things related to the division in PP 38/2007, ICCSR, and
RAN-GRK Draft.
Eventually, GHG emission reduction activities in RAN-GRK and RAD-GRK

have some link with authorities and governmental affairs from each agency.
Law No.24 Year 2007 on Disaster Management, Law No.26 Year 2007 on
Spatial planning and UU 32 Year 2009 on Environmental Protection and
Management do not discuss in details the division of authorities, although
disaster and environment are closely related with GH emission. Therefore,
the reference to determining the responsible and implementing agency for
GHG emission reduction utilizes Law No. 32/2004 on Local Government and
PP No. 38/2007 on Division of Governmental Affairs Between the Central
Government, Provincial Government, and District City Governments.
In PP No. 38/2007, all GHG emission reduction activity sectors in RAN-GRK
are under governmental affairs that are divided together among levels and/or
governmental structure8.
Table 20 shows the connection between the GHG emission reduction

sector and governmental affairs division, as well as indicating classification
of governmental affairs which are obligatory and optional for Provincial
Governments and District/City Governments, depending on their respective
regional characteristics.
Definition of ‘obligatory affairs’ is governmental affairs which must be

administered by Provincial Governments and District/City Governments
related to basic services9. Whereas, optional affairs are governmental affairs
which really exist and can potentially increase people’s welfare according to
the condition, uniqueness, and top potential of the relevant regions10.
Table 20.
Governmental Affairs Division (PP No. 38 Year 2007)
Connection
Between GHG
Obligatory Affairs Optional Affairs
Emission
Reduction Sector
on RAN and
Governmental
Energy and Mineral Resources

Agriculture and Food Security
Affairs Division.
SECTOR
Source:
Development Planning
Summarized from
PP No. 38 Year
Spatial Planning
2007.
Transportation
Public Works
Environment
Housing
Forestry
Industri
Waste Management
• •
Forestry and Peat Land Management
• • • •
Agriculture
• • •
Energy and Transport
• • • •
Industry
• •
In governmental affairs division, both obligatory and optional affairs, in general
there are some criteria for consideration, namely externality, accountability,
8 See PP No. 38/2007 article 2

9 PP No. 38/2007, article 7, paragraph 1
10 PP No. 38/2007, article 7, paragraph 3
and efficiency by paying attention to the relationship among governmental
levels and/or structures11. In practice, governmental affairs division will be
very contextual and create difference between one period and another
one, and between regions. Therefore, at technical arrangement for each
sector, governmental affairs need to be done by looking at the arrangement
conducted through ministry/non-departmental agency dealing with the
governmental affairs.
In general, the Central Government through Ministers/Head of non-

departmental Governmental Agencies has an authority for establishing
norms, standards, procedures, and criteria (NSPK) for the implementation
of obligatory and optional affairs. The NSPK then functions as a guideline for
Provincial Governments and District/City Governments in implementing each
of the obligatory and optional affairs. By division of authorities owned by Local
Governments, mitigation options can be proposed as long as it they are still
within the scope of the authorities.
Table 21 illustrates division of authorities for the Central Government,

Provincial Governments and District/ City Governments based on PP
No.38/2007.
Table 21.
a) Independent administration of governmental affairs
b) Devolution of some governmental affairs to governors as Framework of
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT government’s representatives for deconcentration Governmental
c) Assignment of some governmental affairs to Local Affairs Division.
Governments based on co-administration principle.
a) Independent administration of provincial governmental affairs

PROVINCIAL b) Assignment of some governmental affairs to District/City
GOVERNMENTS Governments based on co-administration principle
a) Independent administration of district/city governmental affairs

DISTRIC/CITY b) Assignment of some governmental affairs to village
GOVERNMENTS governments based on co-administration principle
RAD-GRK needs to be implemented in the institutional framework that

is suitable and was previously established, and it is necessary to have
understanding on distribution of authorities among governmental levels
related to climate change. Basically, the central government has built a
general policy complete with norms, standards, procedures, and criteria
(NSPK) (Nurhadi, 2009). On the other hand, provincial governments that are
the extended hands of the central government in regions have authorities
for controlling the implementation of national policies and NSPK. However,
11 PP No. 38/2007, article 4
provincial governments also have a role in facilitating issues among districts/
cities. Whereas, in the decentralization context, different application to each
sector will depend on the context of the sectoral needs.
For the context of institutional preparation at the local level, it must be

understood about the impact on the arrangement of local apparatus
organization, as mentioned in Article 12 Paragraph 2 of PP No. 38/2007 on
Division of Governmental Affairs. Whereas, provisions on governance of the
arrangement of local apparatus organizations need to be established in the
framework regulated on PP No. 41/2007 on Local Apparatus Organizations.
Then, local emission reduction targets, established in Governor’s Regulation

are targets of Heads of Regions assisted by local apparatus that can administer
governmental affairs. According to PP No. 41/2007, local apparatus at the
Provincial and District/City levels can take the forms of Local Secretariat,
DPRD Secretariat, Local DInas, as well as Local Technical Agencies; plus,
Subdistricts and Villages for Districts/ Cities.
Beside that, PP No. 41/2007 also mentions the existence of Local Planning
and Development Agency and Local Inspectorate as types of local apparatus
organizations needed for supporting the administration of governmental affairs.
In the context of governmental affairs execution related to GHG emission

reduction (see Table 22), will be closely related to the development of local
apparatus organizations, especially on the formulation of Key Tasks and
Functions of a Local Dinas and/or Local Technical Agency, and related sub-
organizations (in this case, the Technical Implementing Units).
Arrangement of local apparatus organizations in a region may vary, depending

on respective regional characteristics and developmental plans. In the
context of GHG emission reduction, PP No. 41/2007 regulates the size and
classification of governmental affairs as foundation for establishment of local
apparatus organization structure. (Chapter V of PP No. 41/2007).
Variables of the organizational size are more based on the aspect of

population number and amount of Local Budget (APBD), so that they are less
contextual to GHG emission reduction actions. To get connection between
GHG emission reduction and local apparatus organization structure, it would
be better if it is done through a search for connection between GHG emission
reduction sectors regulated in RAN-GRK and classification of affairs as
the foundation for establishing Local Dinas and/or Local Technical Agency
regulated in PP No. 41/2007.
The following is a synthesis result between both things, as a foundation for
Provincial Governments in evaluating and measuring implications which need
to be considered in the institutional preparation for RAD-GRK implementation:
GHG Emission Reduction Table 22.

Sectors (RAN GRK) Connection
between GHG
Emission
Reduction Sector
Forestry and Peat Land

Division of Governmental Affairs Classification and
on RAN-GRK and
Energy and Transport

Waste Management
Suitability with Local Apparatus Organizations (Article
Governmental
22, PP No. 41/2007)*
Affairs
Clasification (PP
Agriculture
No. 41/2007).
Industry
Classification of Affairs Put in Types of Local Dinas (Article 22, paragraph 4)
Health Sector
•
•
Transportation, Communications, and Informatics Sectors
Public Works Sector (including bina marga/directorate general for
• • • • •
highway construction and maintenance, water resource develop-
ment, cipta karya/directorate for planning, housing and urban
development and spatial planning)
•
Economy sector, including cooperatives and micro, small and
medium, industry and trading
Land Affairs Service Sector

• •
•
Agriculture sector including food crop, animal husbandry, land fisher-
ies, marine affairs and fisheries, plantation and forestry
Mining and Energy Sector

•
Classification of Affairs Put into Type of Agency, Office, Inspectorate, and Hospital
(Article 22, Paragraph 5)
Development Planning and Statistics Sector

• • • • •
Environmental Sector
• • • • •
Food Security Sector
•
* the mentioned classification of Governmental Affairs have been reduced according to the connection
with the GHG emission reduction context - Source: Summarized from RAN GRK and PP No. 41/2007
Based on Table 22, in preparing institutional implementation, provincial

governments can identify Local Dinas and/or Local Technical Agencies
related to meeting point between governmental affairs classification and
sectors regulated in RAN-GRK on GHG emission reduction.
Therefore, all Local Dinas and/or Local Technical Agencies located in the
sliced section between governmental affairs classification and sectors in RAN-
GRK need to get involved starting from the planning year, implementation,
control and evaluation of RAD-GRK activities.
7.6 Pre-Condition Institution: Activity Adjustment Among
Governmental Levels
The following important measure for Provincial Governments to understand

the pre-condition of the existing institutional framework is to adjust inter-level
activities in GHG emission reduction. This is important to be carried out so
that very local activities in provinces still contribute to emission reduction at
the national level.
There are two principles in adjusting inter-governmental level activities:

a) Consistency and integration to National Interest
The guideline provides direction so that Provincial Governments can
accelerate local initiatives in GHG emission reduction with continued
reference to documents and agenda at the national level. Thus, national
GHG emission reduction targets (26% with its own efforts and 41%
with international support) become the key reference for Provincial
Governments both in the interests in control and evaluation.
b) Integration with Developmental Agenda at the Provincial Level
In general, efforts to integrate targets and national policies at the local
level will face challenges, especially because regions have had their own
developmental agenda and priorities. Therefore, GHG emission reduction
cannot be separated from earlier provincial developmental plans.
In line with both principles, the following are some measures to adjust inter-
governmental level interests in GHG emission reduction, namely:
1) Analysis on target, policy, program and action at the national level directly
related to GHG emission sources in the province.
2) Analysis and inventory of provincial developmental plans defined in Local
Long-Term and Medium Term Development Plan (RPJPD and RPJMD).
3) Analysis and understanding of results of local GHG emission-level
research (inventory) and recommendations for the emission reduction
targets.
4) Analysis of suitability and connection between local development plans
and GHG emission reduction location priorities defined on national plans.
5) Identification of needs for provincial action based on direction from
national plans that are not yet mentioned in provincial development plans.
6) Decision making on substance where of provincial and national
development plans are contradictory.
7.7 Local Mitigation Scope
7.7.1 Mitigation Scope Group by Sector
Based on central-local authorities, local characteristics and potential as

well as technical aspects on emission scope produced in regions (emission
boundary), it is necessary to make divisions or classification on the scope
that potentially reduces provincial GHG emissions (scoping) , namely: Mixed
Scope, Local Scope, and National Scope.
The division is earmarked for giving clarity on authorities and ownership of

programs/activities for the implementation of local GHG emission mitigation
actions, as well as for avoiding double counting of emissions.
a. Mixed Scope
Mixed scope is where it is difficult to divide central and local authorities. The
central government has authority in the mixed scope, even though GHG
emission source and potential are in the region. For this reason, local support
for realizing implementation of national policies in the region is still reasonably
large. Therefore, the mixed scope involves shared coordination between the
Central Government and Local Governments, for instance in the preparation
for baseline and mitigation action proposals. Sectors included in the mixed
scope category are forestry, peat land and agriculture.
b. Local Scope
In local scope, Local Governments (Provincial and also District/City) have
local GHG emission potential and sources, as well as full authorities both
administrative and technical, for example for developing BAU baseline,
mitigation scenarios and mitigation action proposals. Sectors included in
the local scoping group are garbage and water waste, small and medium
industries (IKM), and land transport.
c. National Scope
In national scope, authorities are still in the hand of the Central Government
(related Ministry/Agency) including GHG emission sources and potential which
is cross boundary, as well as mobile GHG emission sources. Therefore the
Central Government can initiate policies, programs and mitigation activities
that have a wide spectrum basis. In this instance, the local role is limited to
provision of initial data and information in the BAU baseline development
or in the implementation phase. Sectors included in the national scope are
power energy (on-grid), land, sea and air transport systems, and large-scale
industries.
Based on the scope, Provincial Governments including District/City
Governments can identify and determine what sectors can potentially produce
GHG emissions according to the owned characteristics and authorities. Of
course, coordination with the Central Government through related Ministry/
Agency or working groups is still needed to avoid work duplication.
Grouping of scopes along with information related to national and local

institutional engagement in RAN-RAD-GRK development can be illustrated
in Table 23 below.
Table 23.
Sector Scope National (related Provincial (Related District/City
Matrix of Local Ministry/Agency) Local Apparatus (Related OPD)
Mitigation Scope. Organization/OPD)
1. Forestry, Peat - Authority in managing - Authority in managing - Authority in managing

Land and conserved forests, production forests, production forests,
Agriculture production forests protected forests protected forests
(depending on the (depending on the (depending on the
scale) scale), scale)
- National forestry and - Suitability of national - Suitability of national
agriculture policy and policy and program with policy and program with
program RTRWP, TGHK, RKTN, RTRWK, TGHK, RKTN,
- National policy on RPJMD RPJMD
RTRWN, TGHK, RKTN,
RPJMN
2. Energy, Transport, - Auhtority in planning - Special authority for - Special authority for
Industry power plants and individual power plant individual power plant
national power network and having separated and having separated
management of PLN network from PLN (off- network from PLN (off-
(on-grid) grid) grid)
- Authority in managing - Provincial land transport - District/city road system
National Transport system management management
System (inter-provinces) (inter district/city) - Suggested
which includes land, sea - Suggested management: small and
and air transport management: small and medium industries(IKM)
- Large industrial group medium industries (IKM)
management
- Fully involved in all
RAN-GRK phases
3. Waste - National waste - Coordination for - Management of

management policy and management of industry-produced and
program industry-produced and domestic waste
domestic waste from
District/city
In principle, the matrix gives brief information on examples of directions

for Provincial Governments and District/City Governments to select which
sectors can potentially reduce GHG emissions based on the local authorities
and characteristics (see the column in colours in Table 23: the light green
colour for mixed authority, pink colour for central authority, and light blue
colour for local authority)
Then, the next sub-chapter will discuss how far local role and involvement in
planning and conducting GHG emission reduction activities in the respective
regions.

Forestry, Peat Land, and Agriculture Sectors
7.8.1 Baseline Development
Local governments must establish baseline according to the framework and

methodology set out by related technical ministries. The central government
must also identify maps and land use classification, review the national land
use framework adjusted to IPCC Guideline 2006, conduct satellite image
analysis by using a “wall to wall system” and interpret historical data on land
use conversion at a national level.
Institutions at the local level which must be involved in baseline establishment

are Spatial planning Dinas, Forestry Dinas, Plantation Dinas, Agriculture Dinas,
BPLDH and Bappeda as well as related ministry’s UPT (Technical Implementing
Unit).
In establishing the baseline for this sector, local governments also need socio-
economic data from provincial and district/city level Central Bureau of Statistics
(BPS) and data on land use conversion actors. The data can be prepared
by Working Groups (Pokja) formed at the Provincial level and supported by
District/City governments, namely from Business Permit Dinas, Forestry Dinas,
Agriculture Dinas, Public Works Dinas and Spatial planning Dinas.
The data is required for projecting future land use conversion by considering
developmental plans.
Information on land use conversion and its causes can be communicated by

National Working Groups for development of the national integrated baseline.
The above data and information can be used as basic assumptions for
developing baselines (national and provincial). For methodologies that can be
used for establishing land-based sector baselines, please refer to section 4.2.1.
7.8.2 Mitigation Scenario
The role of Provincial Working Groups in preparing mitigation scenarios is

to coordinate feedbacks prepared by District/City Working Groups, such as
activities that potentially reduce GHG or supporting activities, mitigation costs
for each program/activity, etc. Then they develop various mitigation scenarios
consisting of the possible actions to be undertaken.
7.8.3 Mitigation Action Proposals
Provincial Governments, especially land-based sector Working Groups

coordinate development of mitigation action proposals based on the mitigation
scenarios that are most suitable to local characteristics and capacity.
7.8.4 Measurement, Reporting and Verification
Provincial Governments, specifically Bappeda, are tasked with coordinating

(collecting) mitigation action implementation reports performed by
implementing agencies in various Districts/Cities. Then the compiled reports
are submitted to Bappenas.
Implementing agencies/organizations at the District/City level are from both

governmental and non-governmental elements such as Forestry Dinas,
Plantation Dinas, and Agricultural Dinas or business actors and related
NGOs. In principle, they have such tasks as implementing mitigation actions,
measuring and recording GHG emission reduction from each completed
mitigation action, recording the flow and amount of funds used, recording
co-benefits or negative impacts (if any) and capacity and institutional building
programs. Results of the task implementation are reported to Bappeda.
Related to the tasks, process and reports on each mitigation action

implementation done at the Provincial (and also district/city) level are ready
for verification by an Independent Audit Agency.
7.9 Local Engagement with GHG Emission Reduction in The

Power Energy Sector
The local governments’ roles in GHG emission reduction efforts for power
sector are focused on the energy use management sub-sector for power
consumed by various buildings/constructions and road lamp facilities
owned and managed by various local government agencies (demand side
management). The management can and must be done by local governments
as a form of contribution to power saving efforts, as well as a real example to
wider society.
Included in other governmental building/construction category are offices,
dinas/agency facilities, subdistrict offices, village offices, schools, hospitals/
community health centers, DPRD (Local Parliament) buildings, BUMD
(Locally-Owned Enterprises) buildings and facilities and Public Service
Agencies, etc. Whereas, those included in road lamp facilities are PJU (public
road lighting), traffic lights and park lights.
In particular, local governments (Provincial and District/City) can be involved

in some activities related to RAD-GRK planning and implementation, such as:
District/City Government Working Groups (district/city working group) of the

Energy sector, consisting of ESDM (Energy and Mineral Resources) Dinas,
PJU (public road lighting) , PLN Branch Offices, are formed to record and
collect data on the number of yearly power energy use from all buildings/
constructions, road lights/ traffic lights/ park lights owned and managed by
Local Governments and buildings/facilities owned by the public/business
actors, for example the number of power use for 2005-2010. The notes will
be used for developing District/City baseline (in KW/KWh unit).
From this, Provincial Working Groups for the Power Sector coordinated by
ESDM Dinas, PJU and PLN Branch Offices combine an energy use baseline
from District/City Governments into provincial baselines (in KW/KWh unit).
Then the results will be submitted to the National Working Group for the
Energy Sector, coordinated by the Ministry of ESDM and PLN, to be combined
nationally and converted into CO2e unit. This needs to be done because
the national power plant system characteristics consisting of various mixed
primary energy sources which have individual emission factor specifications,
while the produced power energy is channelled into an integrated PLN
network system (on-grid network) located in several regions in Indonesia.
7.9.2 Mitigation Action Proposal Development
District/City Working Groups for the Energy sector develop and propose
activities related to power saving efforts for buildings, road lights/ traffic lights/
park lights owned by the regions, as well as constructions/facilities owned by
the public/ business actors, for example the use of energy-saving lamps for
buildings, LED lamps for road lights, etc.
Then, Provincial Working Groups will combine activities related to power

saving from the District/City into provincial mitigation action proposals
(mentioned in RAD-GRK document ). The proposals can be submitted to the
national government through the National Working Group for Power Energy
Sector for further process in order to get support and funding based on the
criteria of cost effectiveness and produced energy (in CO2e unit).
Provincial governments namely Bappeda are tasked with coordinating

(collecting) mitigation action implementation reports conducted by
implementing agencies in several Districts/Cities. Then the compiled reports
Implementing agencies/organizations at the District/City level both from

governmental and non-governmental elements such as ESDM Dinas, PLN
Regional Offices, or business actors and related NGOs. In principle, they
have such tasks as implementing mitigation actions, measuring and recording
GHG emission reduction from each mitigation action done. The important
factor to record is total reduction in power capacity (in KW/KWh) and cost of
carrying out such actions. Results of the task implementation are reported to
Bappeda.
With regard to the tasks, process and reports on each completed mitigation
action at the Provincial (and also district/city) level are ready for verification
by an Independent Audit Agency.

Land Transport sector
In the baseline development with a bottom-up approach, Provincial and

District Governments have important roles in providing data such as data
on all activities. Transportation dinas and related agencies collaborate with
vehicles repair shops in providing data on annual vehicle distance travelled.
Beside that, Transportation Dinas at the District/City level can also become
data sources for information on passangers travelled (number of transported
passangers/ passenger-km). Provincial Governments, in this case the
relevant agencies, can provide data on the number of vehicles per type
and the number of urban and non-urban vehicles in Provinces and Districts/
Cities. Whereas, data on the population (urban and non urban) along with
its projection can be provided by Provincial and City/District Governments
especially BPS and Bappeda.
Transportation Dinas can also become a data provider for modal share/
split (distribution/modal), load factor (passenger for tones/vkm), provide
information on modal energy intensity and on-road impact. In addition,
Transportation Dinas and Bina Marga at the provincial and district/city levels
prepare data on transportation policy and road infrastructure developments.
Apart from providing data, local governments can be involved in the GHG
emission calculation process. District/City Transportation Dinas develop BAU
baselines for each District/City, whereas, the Transportation Dinas at the
provincial level can combine District/City BAU baselines.
7.10.2 Mitigation Scenario
In the mitigation scenario development process, Transportation Dinas at the

Provincial and District.City levels can provide data on RPJMD and Strategic
Plans for the Transport Sector and some related regulations. Then, it identifies
types of policies, planning, regulations, economy, information and technologies
as well as levels of stakeholders, at the national, provincial or District/City levels
that involve Working Groups coordinated by Provincial level Transportation
Dinas. In the next phase, Transportation Dinas at the District/City level will
conduct arrangement prioritisation process for emission mitigation scenarios
at District/City levels, whereas, the provincial government’s role, especially
the Transportation Dinas, combines the emissions mitigation scenarios for
submission (through Provincial Bappeda) to the Ministry of Transportation that
will in turn combine provincial projected mitigation scenario levels projection
national scenario emission levels. The Ministry of Transportation will also
provide tools (for example ASIF – see sub chapter 4.2.4), as well as develop
proper capacities in the regions.
7.10.3 Mitigation Action Proposal
At the mitigation action proposal phase, Working Groups coordinated by the

Provincial Transportation Dinas estimate the amountof emission reduction from
each potential actions selected individually and in combination by using the ASI
(Avoid-Shift-Improve) method (ICCSR, 2010) and from IPCC. Then they provide
data on the results of analysis on cost effectiveness, political acceptability,
technological feasibility, long term impact and sectoral appropriateness which
are used for evaluating the appropriateness of the selected potential actions.
In the meantime, at the District/City level, working groups coordinated by

Transportation Dinas develop mitigation action proposals to be combined by
provincial working groups coordinated by Transportation Dinas. Then, these
combined mitigation action proposals can be submitted (through Provincial
Bappeda) to the National Working Group for follow-up actions.
Provincial governments, namely Bappeda, are tasked with coordinating

implementing agencies in several Districts/Cities. Then, the compiled reports

governmental and non-governmental elements such as Transportation Dinas,
or business actors and related NGOs. In principle, they have such tasks as
implementing mitigation actions, measuring and recording GHG emissions
reduction from each completed mitigation action, recording the flow of
funds used, recording co-benefits or negative impacts (if any) and capacity
and institutional building program . Results of the task implementation are
reported to Bappeda.
With respect to the tasks, process and reports on each mitigation action
implementation done at the Provincial (an also district/city) level are ready for
verification by an Independent Audit Agency.

Industry Sector
The role of local governments in GHG emission reduction efforts for the
Industry sector is focused on data collection for local and national BAU baseline
development, local mitigation action proposals, monitoring and reporting of
each action conducted by local industrial actors.
District/City Working Groups (Pokja) for Industry sectors (which consist of

Industry Dinas, LH/Environment, ESDM/Energy and Mineral Resources,
BPKMD and BPS ) support Provincial Working Groups for collecting data
on the number of industries according to the type and scale, specific data
by company, for example name, location, factory age, current and future
production capacity according to the product type (tons of products/year),
current and future annual average capacity use (%) or production (tons of
products/year).
Then the data will be processed by Provincial Working Groups to develop
Provincial Baselines and the results are submitted (by Bappeda) to the
National Working Group for Industry Sector (which consists of Ministry of
Industry, BKPM (Indonesian Investment Coordinating Board), BPS, Ministry
of Environment, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, and Industrial
Associations) to be combined into the national Industry sector baseline.
To avoid double counting, it is advised that Provincial Working Groups develop

baseline for small and medium-scaled industry (IKM), groups while the National
Working Group prepares a baseline for large-scaled industrial groups.
At the mitigation action proposal phase, District/City working groups can

propose mitigation actions that can potentially reduce GHG emissions to
Provincial Working Groups who will then submit them (by Bappeda) to the
National Working Group for review and further selection.
In the selection process, the National Working Group can also receive inputs
from the regions on the ease of implementation of each mitigation action,
political and commercial acceptability, and cross-cutting impacts as well as
easeof measurement, reporting and verification.


governmental and non-governmental elements such as Industry Dinas, or
business actors and related NGOs. In principle, they have such tasks as
implementing mitigation actions, measuring and recording GHG emission
reduction from each completed mitigation action, recording the flow of
funds used, recording co-benefits or negative impacts (if any) and capacity
and institutional building program . Results of the task implementation are
reported to Bappeda.
implementation performed at the Provincial (and also district/city) level are
ready for verification by an Independent Audit Agency.
7.12 Local Engagement with GHG Emission Reduction in Domestic
Solid Waste Sector
The roles and involvement of local governments in GHG emission reduction

efforts for the domestic solid waste (garbage) sector are very significant, such
as developing baselines, develop mitigation action proposals, implementing
monitoring and reporting. The following paragraphs will explain the details of
each phase.
In this phase, District/City Working Groups for the Garbage Sector coordinated
by Sanitation Dinas and Public Works (PU) Dinas can develop District/City
level baselines. The results will be combined by Provincial Working Groups
into provincial level baselines. Then the National Working Group, coordinated
by Ministry of Public Works develops and combines provincial baselines into
a National Baseline.
In addition, the National Working Group is obliged to provide a capacity

building program to Provincial and District/City Working Groups to use
a methodology for the calculation of waste-generated GHG emission to
develop the baselines, for example from the IPCC guideline book by using
assumptions of garbage pile growth and composition change based on a
common agreement. The BAU Baseline is being developed, starting from
year 2010 to year 2020.
The phases of mitigation action proposal development for the domestic

garbage sector start from District/City Working Groups that submit a list of
proposals to Provincial Working Groups for combination into a provincial list
of mitigation action proposals. The results are submitted by Bappeda to the
National Working Group for garbage sector/ Bappenas for further selection into
a list of national mitigation actions. Other information such as abatement cost
for each mitigation action proposals, number of GHG emissions produced from
mitigation actions must also be included.

governmental and non-governmental elements such as Public Works Dinas,
BPLHD (Local Environmental Management Board), or business actors and
related NGOs. In principle, they have such tasks as implementing mitigation
actions, measuring and recording GHG emission reduction from each
mitigation action done, recording the flow of funds used, recording co-benefits
or negative impacts (if any) and capacity and institutional building program.
Results of the task implementation are reported to Bappeda.
implementation done at the Provincial (and also district/city) level are ready
for verification by an Independent Audit Agency.
7.13 Local Mitigation Action Proposals
By using information on Policies and Authorities owned by the regions in

GHG emission reduction efforts and information on local mitigation scope,
Provincial Governments can identify and make a list of mitigation action
proposals for the sectors that can be implemented in the regions.
Put more simply, the process starts from the scope definition, i.e. sectors to
be selected based on the results of analysis of local characteristics, potential
and authorities. Then a list of mitigation action proposals is developed,
consisting of key and supporting activities, which potentially reduce GHG
emissions based on an analysis degree to which each action is appropriate
(see Chapter 4). The process for proposing, mitigation action is illustrated
simply in Figure 29.
FIgure 29.
Sectoral Mitigation
Scope of Local Mitigation Action Proposing
• Characteristics Process.
• Potential
• Authority
Selection of Mitigation Sectors Such as:

• Forestry
• Agriculture
• Garbage Affairs
Mitigation Action Proposals

• Key Activities
• Supporting Activities
Some examples of sectoral mitigation action proposals that can be submitted
by Local Governments are:
1. Forestry Sector
a. Peat Land Ecosystem Damage Management
b. Forest Fire Management
c. Forest and/or burned critical land conservation through incentive funds
to the community
d. Others
2. Agriculture Sector
a. Application of Non-Burning Land Opening (PLTB) through compost,
charcoal and charcoal briquet production
b. Plantation area development (oil palm, rubber, cacao) in non-forest
land/abandoned land/degraded land (APL)
c. Utilization of organic fertilizers and bio-pesticide/bio-agents in cultivation
of food crop for controlling GHG emission rate
d. Others
3. Garbage Affairs Sector
a. Utilization of waste resulted from land opening for compost making
b. Garbage management in TPAS from open dumping into controlled
landfills in small and medium cities; sanitary landfills in large and
metropolitan cities.
c. Increase in garbage gas management methods (landfill gas – LFG)
through collection and burning or through application of energy recovery
system.
d. Others
8. CLOSING
The guideline for Implementing Action Plans for Green House Gas Emission
Reduction (RAN-RAD-GRK) that has been established constitutes a reference
for the Central Government and Local Governments, economic actors and the
public in conducting the planning, administration/implementation, monitoring,
evaluation and control over GHG emission reduction activities in order to tackle
global climate change.
To support the implementation of RAN-GRK review and facilitation to Local

Governments in RAD-GRK development, Bappenas will form a secretariat
which will become a center for information and consultation on technical issues.
Then Bappenas will also establish Working Groups that will complete the
calculation and analysis of technical matters related to RAN-GRK and RAD-
GRK. The working groups to be established are:
• Agriculture Sector Working Group
• Forestry and Peat Land Sector Working Group
• Energy and Transport Sector Working Group
• Industry Sector Working Group
• Waste Sector Working Group
• Support Sector Working Group
ANNEX 1
List of Mitigation Action Proposals Based on Sectors and Authorities
Table 1
Example of Forestry Sector Mitigation Action Proposals
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
National Provincial District/CIty
1. Peat land Ecosystem √ √ √

Damage Management
2. Development of Standard √ √
Criteria for Peat Land
Ecosystem Damage
3. Facilitation and √ √ √ PP No.38 Year 2007 Forestry

Implementation of forest Sector, Land and Forest
rehabilitation in priority Rehabilitation Planning Sub-
Watersheds (DAS) Sector, including Mangrove
Forest. Page 753
4. Facilitation of critical land √ √ √ PP No.38 Year 2007 Forestry

rehabilitation in priority Sector, Land and Forest
watersheds (DAS) Rehabilitation Planning Sub-
Sector, including Mangrove
Forest. Page 753
5. Facilitation of urban forest √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

development Sector, Urban Forest Sub-
Sector (National: Establishing
Norms and Standards,
Provinces Monitoring and
Evaluating, Cities/Districts
Implementing Development and
Management). page 757
6. Improvement of Forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Management Unit Sector, KPHK Unit Management
(Establishment of KPHK/ Plan Sub-Sector (Provinces and
Conserved Forest Districts/Cities only provides
Management Unit areas) technical considerations). Page
746
7. Forest and Critical Land √ √ √ PP No.38 Year 2007 Forestry

Rehabilitation, Forest Sector, Land and Forest
Reclamation in Priority Rehabilitation Planning Sub-
Watersheds Sector, including Mangrove
a. Facilitation of mangrove, Forest. Page 753
peat and swampy forests
rehabilitation
8. Spatial Planning Control √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

a. Establishment of Sector, KPHK Unit Management
KPHK (Conserved Forest Plan Sub-Sector (Provinces and
Management Unit) areas Districts/Cities only provides
technical considerations). Page
746
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
9. Handling of Encroachment √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

on peat land forest areas Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Sector (The program includes
forest protection activities).
Page 760
10. Forest Fire Management √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Page 760
11. Demonstration Activities √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Page 760
12. Development of Master √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

Plan for Provincial Peat planning Sector, Planning
Ecosystem Management. Development sub-sector
(inputs of RTRWP/ (Provincial scaled RTRWP).
Provincial Spatial Plans ) Page 161
13. Inventorying and mapping √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

of peat ecosystem Sector, Forest Inventory,
hydrologic unit Sub-Sector (but not specific to
peat, provinces and cities as
inventorying parties). Page 737
14. Inventorying and mapping √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

of peat ecosystem Sector, Forest Inventory,
characteristics Sub-Sector (but not specific to
peat, provinces and cities as
inventorying parties). Page 737
15. Improvement, √ √ √ PP No.38 Year 2007 Forestry

rehabilitation and Sector, Land and Forest
maintenance of swamp Rehabilitation Planning Sub-
reclamation network Sector, including Mangrove
(including the existing Forest. Page 753
peaty land).
16. Accelerated Establishment √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

of Local Regulation on planning Sector, Planning
Provincial and District/ Development sub-sector
City Spatial Plans (RTRW) (Provincial scaled RTRWP).
based on Strategic Page 161
Environmental Study
(KLHS)
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
17. Peat land Management for √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Sustainable Agriculture Sector, Grand Forest Park
Management Sub-Sector
(does not regulate peat land
specifically ,for national, it
is added by making NSPK
(Norms, Standards, Procedures
and Criteria). Page 753
18. Rehabilitation, reclamation √ √ √ PP No.38 Year 2007 Forestry

and revitalization of Sector, Land and Forest
abandoned and degraded Rehabilitation Planning Sub-
peat lands in agricultural Sector, including Mangrove
areas Forest. Page 753
19. Conservation of Forests √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

and/burned critical land Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
through incentives fund to Sector (The program includes
the community forest protection activities).
Page 760
20. Rehabilitation of Burned √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

critical land through wood Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
plants growing Sector (The program includes
Page 760
21. Facilitation of √ √ √ Granting forest management

establishment of permits to the community,
community forests’ provinces coordinate with
working areas and perhutani (state’s forestry
management (HKm) company)
22. Facilitating the √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

development of Sector, Grand Forest Park
community forests under Management Sub-Sector
partnership (National, added with the NSPK
development). Page 751
23. Facilitating the PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

establishment of village √ √ √ Sector, Forest Management
forest working areas Area Establishment (National,
arranging NSPK, provinces,
cities/districts considering
them). Page 740
24 Eradication of illegal √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

logging, Wood Loss Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Prevention Sector (The program includes
Page 760
25 Handling of Forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Encroachment and Sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Handling of Protected and Sector (The program includes
Conserved Area Conflicts forest protection activities).
Page 760
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
26 Improvement of Forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Management Unit Sector, Forest Management
(Establishment of KPHP/ Area Establishment (National,
Production Forest arranging NSPK, provinces,
Management Unit areas) cities/districts considering
them). Page 740
27. Improvement of Forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Management Unit Sector, Forest Management
(establishment of Area Establishment (National,
KPHL/Protected Forest arranging NSPK, provinces,
Management Unit) cities/districts considering
them). Page 740
28. Improvement of √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Production Natural Forest Sector, Forest Management
Management Through Area Establishment (National,
SFM arranging NSPK, provinces,
a. Natural Forest cities/districts considering
Management with them). Page 740
IUPHHK-RE (Wood
Forest Product Utilization
Business Permit-
Ecosystem Restoration)
29. Improvement of Plantation √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Forest Management: Sector, Forest Management
a. Increase in planting Area Establishment (National,
areas for Plantation arranging NSPK, provinces,
Forests (Industrial cities/districts considering
Plantation Forest (HTI)/ them). Page 740
People’s Plantation
Forest(HTR))
30. Development of Perpres √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

On National Strategic Area planning Sector, Planning
(KSN) & Spatial Plans Development Sub-Sector (only
(RTR) of Islands national authority because of
national strategic areas). Page
161
31. Development of Spatial √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

Plans for River Basins Planning Sector, Planning
Development Sub-Sector (for
regions that have Watersheds/
DAS). Page 161
32. Spatial planning audit √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

(stock taking) of provincial planning Sector, Supervision
regions Sub-sector (Audit is one of the
supervisory forms). Page 166
33. Data collection and √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

information on Spatial planning Sector, Development
Planning Sector sub-sector (based on respective
scales). Page 159
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
34. Monitoring and Evaluation √ The program is a national

of National and Insular program
RTRW (Spatial Plans) and
National Infrastructure
Program
35. Increased unit number of √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

IUPHHK (Wood Forest Sector, Outer Boundary
Product Use Business Demarcation of Working
Permit) with PHPL Areas for Production Forest
(Sustainable Production Use Business Unit sub-
Forest Management) sector (Provinces, added with
certificates from Year 200 supervising and national with
making NSPK). Page 743
36. Increased Felling √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Production with Timber- Sector, Outer Boundary
Legality certification Demarcation of Working
Areas for Production Forest
Use Business Unit sub-
sector (Provinces, added with
supervising and national with
making NSPK). Page 743
37. Development of Reserve √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Working Area Map Sector, Outer Boundary
(IUPHHK-HT (Plantation Demarcation of Working
Forest), HA (Natural Areas for Production Forest
Forest), RE (Ecosystem Use Business Unit sub-
Restoration), HKm sector (Provinces, added with
(Community Forest), HTR supervising and national with
(People Plantation Forest) making NSPK). Page 743
and Village Forests)
38. Control over Forest Area √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Use Sector, Development and
Control over Forestry Sector.
Page 762
39. Settlement of Request for √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Forest Area Use Permit Sector, Forest Area Use sub-
with PNBP (Non-Tax State sector. Page 750
Revenue) compensation
√ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry
40. Data and Information of Sector, Forestry Information
Forest Area Use Sub-sector (Numerics and
Spatial). Page 750
41. Policy on Planology sector √ The program is a national

and Regulation on control program
and curb of Forest Area
Use without permits
42. Forest Area Release PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Sector, Forest Management
Plans sub-sector.
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
43. Data and information on √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Forest Area carbon Use at Sector, Forestry Information
the national level System sub-sector (Numerics
and spatial). Page 750
44. Integrated database on √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

forestry resources spatial Sector, Forestry Information
System sub-sector (Numerics
and spatial). Page 750
45. Research on and √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

Development of Forestry Sector, Research and
and Climate Change Development sub-sector. Page
761
46. Basic and applied science √ The program is a national

and technology on forest program
landscape, climate change
and forestry policy
47. Increased capacity √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

of Apparatus and Sector, Sub-Sector of Local
Communities Community Empowerment
inside and around Forests
(National, establishing criteria,
provinces monitoring and
evaluation, and Cities/districts
implementing). Page 756
48. Settlement of forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

encroachment cases Sector, Forest Protection Sub
Sector (the program includes
forest protection activities). Page
760
49 Establishment of KPHK √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

(Conserved Forest Forestry Sector, Sub Sector
Management Unit) Areas of Designation of Production
Forest, Protected Forest, Nature
Reserve, and Hunting Park
Areas. Page 738
The program is a national

50. Regulations on Forest √ program
Management Unit (KPH)
Administration
51. Supervision on spatial √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

use and evaluation Planning Sector, Supervision
on spatial use based Sub sector (National supervising
on environmental National, Provinces, City/
support capacity and Districts; Provinces supervising
accommodating capacity provinces, cities/districts; Cities/
that are integrated and Districts supervising Cities/
cross-Ministry/Agency Districts). Page 166
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
52. Development of Perpres √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Spatial

on National Strategic Area Planning Sector, Planning
(KSN) & Insular Spatial Development sub-sector (only
Plans (RTR) national authorities because
of national strategic areas).
page 161
53. Avoiding planned √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

deforestation on peat land sector, Forest Protection Sub-
(for example land swap). Sector (the program includes
Page 760
54. Avoiding unplanned √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

deforestation sector, Forest Protection Sub-
Sector (the program includes
Page 760
55. Sustainable forest √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

management Sector, Forest Management
Plans Sub-Sector
56. Improving peat √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

management in forest land Sector, Forest Management
Plans Sub-Sector
57. Improving management of √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

national conserved park Sector, Forest Management
and protected forests Plans Sub-Sector
58. Improving logging √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

concession management, Sector, Forest Management
for example RIL. Plans Sub-Sector
59. Conserving carbon-reserve √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

forests Sector, Forest Management
Plans Sub-Sector
60 Agricultural land √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Forestry

management Sector, Forest Management
Plans Sub-Sector
Sources : RAN-GRK, NAMAs development for Landbased NAMAs (draft)
Table 2
Example of Mitigation Action Proposals for Agriculture Sector
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
1. Use of organic fertilizers √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

and bio-pesticide in plants Agriculture Sector, Food
cultivation to prevent Crop and Horticulture Sub-
GHG emission increase Sector, Fertilizer Sub-Sub
through the use of Organic Sector (National, establishing
Fertilizer Processing policies, provinces monitoring
Device and districts/cities conduct
guidance). Page 646
2. Non-burning land √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

preparation and optimized Agriculture Section, Food Crop
land use Sub-Sector and Horticulture,
Agricultural Land Sub-Sub-
Sector (based on area scale).
Page 643
3. Use of cattle’s manure/ √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

urine and agricultural Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
waste for biogas, bio-fuel and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
and organic fertilizers Fertilizer Sub-Sub Sector
(based on area scale). Page
646
4. Application of plant √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

cultivation technologies for Agriculture Sector, Support
GHG reduction Sub-Sector, Research and
Development of Agricultural
Technology Sub-Sub-Sector.
Page 731
5. Repairs and Maintenance √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

of Irrigation System Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Irrigation Water sub-sub-sector.
Page 646
6. Application of non- √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

burning land opening Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
(PLTB) through making of and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
composts, charcoal, and Agricultural Land Sub-Sub-
charcoal briquet Sector (based on area scale).
Page 643
7. Research on Water √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

management system in Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
irrigation areas and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Irrigation Water sub-sub-sector.
Page 646
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
8. Research on GHG √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Agriculture

emission reduction Sector, Support Sub-Sector,
methods in Reservoirs Research and Development
of Agricultural Technology
Sub-Sub-Sector (National,
establishing policies on
research priorities). Page 731
9. Research and √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Agriculture

development of low- Sector, Support Sub-Sector,
emission technologies, Research and Development of
MRV methodology for Agricultural Technology Sub-
agriculture sector Sub-Sector.
10. Plantation area √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Agriculture

development (oil palm, Sector, Plantation Sub-Sector,
rubber, cacao) in non- Plantation Land Sub-Sub-
forest land, abandoned Sector. Page 661
land/degraded land (APL)
11. Application of non-burning √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

land opening/preparation Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
through coaching on land and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Page 643
12. Reduction of deforestation √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

through land optimalization Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
Use of organic fertilizers and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
and bio-pesticide / Agricultural Land Sub-Sub-
bio-agents in food crop Sector (based on area scale).
cultivation to reduce GHG Page 643
emissions
13. Development of food crop √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

cultivation with TOT to Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
reduce GHG emissions and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Fertilizer Sub-Sub-Sector
646
14. Coordination meeting on √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

land/plantation fire control Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
Page 643
15. Seeds incentive for √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

farmers/plantation actors Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
that apply PLTB/Non- and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Page 643
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
16. Burning Land Opening √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

(rubber, oil palm) Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
Page 643
17. Training on fire control √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
and Horticulture (based on area
scale)
18. Procurement of PLTB tools √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

(tractors and mulcher) Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
Page 643
19. Additional expansion of oil √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

palm area on non-forest Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
land (APL) and Horticulture Sub-Sector
20. Additional expansion of √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Agriculture

rubber area on non-forest Sector (based on area scale).
land (APL)
21. Additional expansion of √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Agriculture

cacao area on non-forest Sector (based on area scale).
land (APL)
22. Use of organic fertilizers

and bio-pesticide /
bio-agents in food crop √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007
cultivation to reduce GHG Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
emissions and Horticulture Sub-Sector,
Fertilizer Sub-Sub-Sector
646
23. Integrated system √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

development for cattle- Agriculture Sector, Food Crop
plants and Horticulture Sub-Sector
(based on area scale).
Source : RAN-GRK, ICCSR
Table 3
Examples of Mitigation Action Proposals for Industry Sector
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
1. Development of technical √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

policy on CO2 emission Environment Sector,
reduction in industries Environmental Control Sub-
Sector, Climate Change and
Atmosphere Protection sub-
sub-sector. Page 304
2. Facilitation and incentive √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

for development Environment Sector,
of low-carbon and Environmental Control Sub-
environmentally friendly Sector, Sub-Sub-Sector
technologies in Industries No.17 on Climate Change
and Atmosphere Protection
(National, Provinces, Districts/
Cities can establish policies
on implementation of
environmental impact control
based on the respective
scales). Page 304
3. Conservation and Audit of √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

Industrial Energy Environment Sector,
Environmental Control Sub-
Sector, Sub-Sub-Sector
No.17 on Climate Change
scales). Page 304
4. Elimination of √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

Ozone Destructing Environment Sector,
Materials (BPO) and Environmental Control Sub-
its implementation in Sector, Climate Change and
refrigerant, foam, chiller Atmosphere Protection Sub-
and fire-Extinguishing Sub-Sector. Page 304
industries
5. Green Industry roadmap √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

development and its Environment Sector,
implementation Environmental Control Sub-
scales). Page 304
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
6. Capacity building for √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007, Industry

governmental apparatus Sector, HRD Sub-Sector
and industrial actors
7. Facilitation and granting √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

of incentives for Industrial Environment Sector,
Waste Management Environmental Control Sub-
Industry Development Sector, Sub-Sub-Sector
scales). Page 304
8. Inventory of CO2 emission √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

potential in Industry sector Environment Sector,
environmental impact control,
before developing programs,
inventory needs to be done in
the first place). Page 304
9. Monitoring and evaluation √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Industry

of mitigation programs Sector, Monitoring, Evaluation
and Reporting Sub-Sector
10. Conservation and Energy √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007

Audit Program Environment Sector,
scales). Page 304
11. CO2 emission roadmap √ Conducted by Environment

development in industry Sector, see ICCSR
sector
Table 4
Examples of Mitigation Action Proposals For Energy Sector
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
1. Energy audit √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

sector, Electricity Power sub-
sector (National establishes
policies). Page 777
2. Increased household √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

connection with natural sector, Petroleum and Gas sub-
gas through pipes sector (Implementation based
on area scale). Page 784
3. Energy-saving lamps √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

program Sector, Electricity Power Sub-
Sector (Implementation based
4. Provision and √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

Management of New Sector, Electricity Power Sub-
renewable energy and Sector (Implementation based
energy conservation on area scale). Page 777
5. Biogas Use √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

sector, Petroleum and Gas sub-
sector (Implementation based
6. Construction of LPG mini √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

plant refinery sector, Electricity Power
sub-sector (National granting
permits, districts/cities providing
recommended locations).
Pages 782 and 784
7. Post-mining land √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

reclamation Sector, Electricity power sub-
Monitoring of gas burning √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

8. (flaring) volume reduction sector, Petroleum and Gas sub-
policy sector (Implementation based
9. Monitoring of natural √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

gas supply for sector, Petroleum and Gas sub-
upstream consumers sector (Implementation based
and preparation for on area scale). Page 784
recommendation of natural
gas allocation
10. Provision and √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

management of new Sector, Electricity power sub-
renewable energy and sector (Implementation based
energy conservation on area scale). Page 768
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
11. Provision of geothermal √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

and ground water Sector, Mineral, Coal,
regulations Geothermal, and Ground Water
Sub-Sector (Implementation
based on area scale). Page 763
12. Research on ocean waves √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

and current-generated Sector, Mineral, Coal,
power plant system Geothermal, and Ground Water
Sub-Sector (Implementation
13. Dissemination on energy √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

efficiency to the public Sector, Electricity power sub-
through media sector (Implementation based
on area scale).
14. Developing arrangement √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

on energy and power at Sector, Electricity power sub-
urban level sector (Implementation based
on area scale).
15. Power tariff arrangement √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

for PKUK (Indonesian Sector, Electricity power sub-
Power Company) and sector (Implementation based
IUKU (Electricity Supply on area scale).
Company for Public
Interest) whose permits
are at the urban level;
16. Issuance of permits for √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

preparing independent Sector, Electricity power sub-
power plant, that the sector (Implementation based
installation is within the city on area scale).
administration including
permit for selling over-
production power;
17. Local Regulation on Public √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

Companies (circulars) Sector, Electricity power sub-
on operational/working sector (Implementation based
hours for energy efficiency on area scale).
in public/ commercial
buildings and offices (for
example, CFL lamps, Air
Condition, etc) in big cities;
18. Replacement of road √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

lamps and park lamps Sector, Electricity power sub-
for efficiency – lamps in sector (Implementation based
several cities; on area scale).
19. Dissemination on energy √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

efficiency to the public Sector, Electricity power sub-
through media in most sector (Implementation based
cities; on area scale)
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
20. Initiation of solar panels in √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

some cities Sector, Electricity power sub-
on area scale).
21. Conducting cross-cutting √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

researches on impacts Sector, Petroleum and Gas sub-
of the most effective cost sector (Implementation based
approach to reduce CO2 on area scale). Page 784
emissions. This is likely to
identify some experiments
that can help determine
the best way to meet
CO2 emission reduction
target in Java – Bali
and relatively for other
mitigation sectors
22. Put into procedures √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

to ensure that new Sector, Mineral, Coal,
technologies are available Geothermal, and Ground Water
on time and when needed. Sub-Sector (Implementation
23. Ensure that technological √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 ESDM

options will be asked for Sector, Mineral, Coal,
adjusting to mixed-low- Geothermal, and Ground Water
carbon technologies. It Sub-Sector (Implementation
may include agreeing the based on area scale). Page 763
timeframe for introduction
of new power, producing
capacity into the existing
mixed power plant
capacity.
Source : RAN-GRK, PAKLIM, ICCSR
Table 5
Examples of Mitigation Action Proposals for Transport Sector
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
1. Use of Natural Gas as fuel √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

for urban public transport Sector, Land Transport
Sub-Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-
Sector (National as guideline
developer). Page 181
2. Construction of ITS √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

(Intelligent Transport Sector, Land Transport
System) Sub-Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-
Sector (National as guideline
developer). Page 191
3. Application of Traffic √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

Impact Control/TIC Sector, Land Transport Sub-
Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
(guideline is developed by
national and implementation is
according to area scale). Page
182 and 192
4. Bandung Urban Rail √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

Development (double Sector, Rail Affairs Sub-Sector
track, electrification, (Based on area scale and
Electric Rail provision) related to PT KAI). Page 215
5. Parking Management √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

Sector, Land Transport Sub-
(Guideline is at national,
whereas permit granting is at
city/district). Page 182
6. Congestion Charging and √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

Road Pricing (combined Sector, Land Transport Sub-
with rapid massive public Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
transport) (guideline is developed by
national and implementation is
183 and 191
7. Reformed Transit System √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

(BRT/semi BRT) Bus Sector, Land Transport Sub-
Rapid Transport Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
(Guideline is at national,
whereas permit granting is at
province/city/district). Page 181
8. Construction of double √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

Track (including Sector, Rail Affairs Sub-Sector
electrification) (Implementation based on area
scale). Pages 209 and 210
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
9. Provision of Electric Rails √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

(KRL) Sector, Rail Affairs Sub-Sector
(Implementation based on area
scale). Pages 212
10. CO2 emission standard for √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

motorized vehicles Sector, Land Transport
Sector (National establishing
standards). Page 179
11. Vehicles Tax (based on √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

CO2 emissions) Sector, Land Transport
Sector (National establishing
standards). Page 180
12. Construction, upgrading, √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

and preservation of roads Sector, Land Transport Sub-
(implementation is according to
area scale). Page 178
13. Urban guideline √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

development, transport Sector, Land Transport Sub-
construction/planning Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
including rules on land use, (implementation is according to
bicycling infrastructures area scale). Page 178
and pedestrian zone.
Application of traffic impact
control (TIC) in urban
development areas
14. Introduction on modern √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

logistic platform for Sector, Land Transport Sub-
business district area limits Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
area scale).
15. Developing consultation √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

and agreement to Sector, Land Transport Sub-
transport policies and Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
urban strategies including (implementation is according to
financial scheme for area scale).
sustainable urban
transport investment
16. Measures to repair and √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

improve quality public Sector, Land Transport Sub-
transports Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
area scale).
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
17. Measures to promote √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

bicycling, walking and Sector, Land Transport Sub-
public space use Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
area scale).
18. Training and reaching- √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

out materials to provide Sector, Land Transport Sub-
information on public Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
transports (implementation is according to
area scale).
19. Setting higher cost in busy √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

conditions Sector, Land Transport Sub-
area scale).
20. Limits of free and low √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

parking provision are Sector, Land Transport Sub-
burdened by the regions, Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
according to parking (Guideline is at national,
price (for example in city whereas permit granting is at
centers), application of city/district). Page 182
controlled parking system
21. Determining motorcycles’ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

new efficiency fuel Sector, Land Transport Sub-
emission standard Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
(National establishing the
guideline). Page 180
22. Regulating rules and √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

enforcing certificates. This Sector, Land Transport Sub-
can be done by Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
a. personal garage (National establishing the
certification guideline). Page 180
b. public authority
23. Driving method that √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

improves vehicles’ Sector, Land Transport Sub-
efficiency Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
(National determining quality
drivers, whereas implementation
is done by provinces, city/
districts). Pages 193 and 199
24. Regulation on vehicles’ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

design (standard design) Sector, Land Transport Sub-
and the use of modern Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
technology and standard (National establishing the
fuel consumption guideline). Page 180
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
25. Regulation on fuel √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

standard, for example Sector, Land Transport Sub-
adding 2 bio-fuel Sector, LLAJ Sub-Sub-Sector
generations (not oil (National establishing the
palm) from around 10%, guideline). Page 180
improving the use of CNG,
electric cars and bicycles)
26. Regulation for limiting the √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Transport

number of in-city vehicles Sector, Land Transport Sub-
(National establishing the
standard). Page 179
Source : RAN-GRK, PAKLIM, ICCSR
Table 6
Examples of Mitigation Action Proposals for Garbage Affairs Sector
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
1. Use of waste resulted from √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

land opening for compost Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
making materials Sub-Sector, Coaching Sub-Sub
Sector (National facilitating
technical support whereas
provinces, and cities providing
technical support development).
Page 54
2. Developing application of √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

environmental policy for Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
3R principles (reduce, Sub-Sector, Development
reuse, recycle) in garbage Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
management. according to area scale). Page
54
3. Reducing garbage from √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

its source as much as Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
possible, reusing it and Sub-Sector, Development
recycling it (3R) before Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
transported to Landfill. according to area scale). Page
54
4. Garbage management in √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

TPAS from open dumping Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
into controlled landfill in Sub-Sector, Development
small and medium cities; Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
sanitary landfill in in large according to area scale). Page
and metropolitan cities. 54
5. Improved garbage gas √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

management method Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
(landfill gas – LFG) Sub-Sector, Development
through collection and Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
burning or through according to area scale). Page
application of energy 54
recovery system.
6. Developing sustainable √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

infrastructure construction Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
(by maintaining Sub-Sector, Development
the balance of 3 √ Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
developmental pillars, according to area scale). Page
namely economy, social 54
and environment) by
reducing GHG emissions
and improving carbon
sequestration
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
7. Administering PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

infrastructure construction Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
in garbage sector which Sub-Sector, Development
prioritizes HR and Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
institutional capacity according to area scale). Page
building including local 54
governments’ competency
and independence in
environmentally-oriented
infrastructure development
and encourages private
sectors’ and public roles.
8. Developing √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

environmentally friendly Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
and climate change- Sub-Sector, Control Sub-
anticipatory garbage Sub-Sector (establishment of
management technologies policies based on areas). Page
53
9. Developing landfill’s quality √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

improvement technology: Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
(1) Controlled Landfill Sub-Sector, Control Sub-
(CLF) for small and Sub-Sector (establishment of
medium cities, (2) Sanitary policies based on areas). Page
Landfill (SLF) for large and 53
metropolitan cities (3) Stop
to Open Dumping.
10. Developing EPR √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

(Extended Producer Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
Responsibility) application Sub-Sector, Control Sub-
for B3 waste producers Sub-Sector (establishment of
and importers policies based on areas). Page
53
11. Preparing agencies √ √ √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

responsible for solid waste Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
management and waste Sub-Sector, Control Sub-
water service and permit Sub-Sector (establishment of
issuance policies based on areas). Page
53
12. Improving capacity and √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

facilitating private and Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
public partnerships Sub-Sector, Development
including the people in Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
solid waste management according to area scale). Page
54
13. Financing and √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

development of policies Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
and strategies for city-level Sub-Sector, Control Sub-
solid waste and garbage Sub-Sector (establishment of
infrastructure management policies based on areas). Page
53
Implementer
No. Program Remarks
14. Issuing waste √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

management in districts/ Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
cities Sub-Sector, Control Sub-Sub-
Sector (establishment of policies
based on areas). Page 53
15. Collaborating with private √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

sectors to support waste Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
water infrastructure Sub-Sector, Supervision Sub-
services in districts/cities Sub Sector (Differentiated
16. Providing technical support √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

for garbage management Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
in subdistricts, villages and Sub-Sector, Development
community groups Sub-Sub Sector (Differentiated
54
17. Garbage separation √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

initiation in some cities Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
Sub-Sector, Development Sub-
Sub Sector
18. Dissemination and training √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

on compost production and Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
3R program for the public Sub-Sector, Development Sub-
Sub Sector
19. Transition from open √ PP No. 38 Year 2007 Public

dumping to TPA controlling Works Sector, Garbage Affairs
in cities Sub-Sector, Development Sub-
Sub Sector
ANNEX 2
Proposed Matrix of Task Division for RAN-RAD-GRK Development and Implementation
Sectors: Forestry, Peat Land , Agriculture and Land Conversion
Role
Phase Activity/Method Required data and
information National Provincial District/City
1.BAU Baseline 1.1. Identifying land use a. Land use map. Suggested for the Planology
development 1.2. Reviewing national land use past 10 years Agency-Forestry,
classification framework BPN (National
according to 2006 IPCC Land Affairs
Guideline Agency), and
1.3. Conducting analysis on BAKOSURTANAL
satellite image by using “ wall (National Survey
to wall system” and Mapping
1.4. Interpreting historic data on Coordinating
land use conversion Board), UKP4
(Presidential
Working Unit for
Development
Supervision and
Management
b. Spatial use data (RTRW) Data source from Data source from Data source from
Directorate General Spatial Planning Spatial Planning
for National Spatial Dinas Dinas
Planning (Public
Works)
c. Data and information on land use BAPLAN-Forestry,

classification framework BPN, and
BAKOSURTANAL,
UKP4
Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan
131
132
Role
d. Satellite image data and its Data source

interpretation from LAPAN
(National Institute
of Aeronautics
and Space) ,
BAKOSURTANAL
e. Data on biomass and carbon stock BAPLAN-Forestry, Forestry, Forestry,

and emission factors of each land Ministry of Plantation and Plantation and
conversion Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture
Dinases Dinases, as
well as related
agencies
1.5. Analyzing land use a. Economic and social data Data from BPS Data from BPS Data from BPS
conversion trigger and actors
b. Land use conversion actors Data Data from business Working group Business permit
actors association, assisted by dinas and forestry,
Ministries of business permit plantation and
Forestry and dinas and forestry, agriculture dinases
Agriculture plantation and provide data for
agriculture dinases provincial working
groups
1.6. Projecting land use a. Data from activities 1.1-1.5 BPS, BAPPENAS, BPS, BAPPEDA, BPS, BAPPEDA,
conversion in the future by b. Demographic data Ministries of and Forestry, and Forestry,
considering development c. Development plan data Forestry and Agriculture, Public Agriculture, Public
plans d. TGHK (Forest Land Use by Agriculture and Works and Spatial Works and Spatial
Consensus) and RTRWP (Provincial Public Works, Planning Dinases Planning Dinases
Area Spatial Plans) data Fiscal Policy involved in making provides data for
e. Macro-economic data Agency- Ministry of projection with the Provincial working
Finance national level. groups
Role
Method selection is based Model selection Capacity building Capacity building

on availability of data and is conducted by for BAPPEDA for BAPPEDA
implementing agency’s capacity. RAN-GRK working (Working group) In understanding
Alternative models are: group for Forestry in implementing models and
1.Spatial dynamic land use and Peat Land, model for preparing
model, such as Geographic Agriculture and developing required data and
Modelling (GEOMOD), Land Land Conversion guideline to information.
Change Modeller (LCM), land sectors develop RAD-
use conversion and Impact Selected model will GRK
Model (indicator), etc be implemented
2. Another model is Integrated by the National
Carbon Ecology and Working Group
Economics together with
Provincial ones
2. Calculation of 2.1.Calculating benefits from each a. Cost and benefit components for Data from Calculating Supporting
“abatement alternative land use (including each alternative land use Ministries of abatement cost provincial
cost” from co-benefits) b. 2. Data on number of manpower Forestry and and coordinating working groups
each required by each land use activity Agriculture inputs from by preparing the
alternative 2.2.Estimating number of c. 3. “co-benefits” Data ( for example, districts/cities required data
land use manpower absorbed from biodiversity) Indonesian Forest
each alternative land use Entrepreneurs
Association,
Other associations.
2.3.Estimating transaction cost a. Activity monitoring cost data Ministries Forestry, Forestry,
from each mitigation action b. 2. Policy dissemination cost data of Forestry, Plantation and Plantation and
c. 3. Regulation enforcement data Agriculture, Agriculture Agriculture
Agriculture, dinases, dinases,
Bappenas, Ministry Bappedalda Bappedalda (Local
of Home Affairs, (Local Environmental
BPK (Supreme Environmental Impact
Audit Agency), Impact Management
UKP (Presidential Management Agency), Bawasda
Working Unit) Agency), (Local Supervisory
Bawasda (Local Agency)
Supervisory
Agency)
133
134
Role
3. Mitigation 3.1. Follow phases 1 and 2 above. Data is the same as above National working Provincial Supporting
scenario Added by identifying a group group establishes working groups provincial
development of mitigation actions along National Mitigation prepare mitigation working groups
with potential costs and Scenario based on scenario and by preparing the
emission reduction provincial mitigation coordinate inputs required data
scenario proposals from District/City
working groups
4. Mitigation 4.1. Matching mitigation action a. Land use patterns data Ministries Working groups Forestry,
Actions potential with authorities, b. Institutional TUPOKSI (Main Tasks of Forestry, coordinate local Plantation and
Potential institutional characteristics and Functions) data Agriculture, mitigation action Agriculture
and areas c. Planning documents Bappenas, Ministry potential together dinases, Bappeda
of Home Affairs with Forestry, support provincial
4.2. Adjusting institutional capacity Plantation and working groups
and areas Agriculture by preparing the
4.3. Adjusting with strategic dinases, Bappeda required data
development plans and
priorities
5. Monitoring and 5.1. Recording and reporting each Mitigation actions data Ministries of Bappeda Forestry,
Evaluation mitigation action done Forestry and coordinates, Plantation, and
Agriculture monitors, Agriculture
and reports dinases
mitigation action implement local
implementation mitigation actions
from various and carry out
districts/cities to activities 5.1-5.5
Bappenas
5.2. Measuring and reporting Emission reduction data Ministries of

GHG emission reduction from Forestry and
each mitigation action done Agriculture
5.3. Recording and reporting Data on recipients and the amount Ministries of
flow and amount of funds Forestry and
for each mitigation action Agriculture
implementation
Role
5.4. Recording and reporting “Cobenefits” or negative impact data Ministries of

cobenefit or negative impacts Forestry and
from each mitigation action Agriculture
done
5.5. Recording and reporting New data on capacity building and Ministries of
capacity building and institutional building ( if any) Forestry and
institutional building Agriculture
6.1. Reviewing mitigation action 1. Implementation reports by Ministry/ Ministries of

implementation reports Agency and Provinces Forestry and
from Ministry/Agency and Agriculture, UKP4
Provinces and Ministry of
Environment
6. MRV 6.2.Verifying each mitigation 2.Data on mitigation action Independent Audit

action implementation implementation audit Agency
135
136
Sectors: Energy
Sub-Sectors: Power Affairs
Sub Sub-Sectors: Power use for local government-owned Buildings and Road Lighting
Role
1. BAU Baseline 1.1. Making a list of all buildings/ Data for local baseline: National working Provincial District/City
development constructions, parks and • Number and width of buildings group coordinated working groups working groups
roads owned/managed by • Type and length of roads by Ministry o f coordinated by (ESDM Dinas,
local governments • Number of road lamps, traffic lights, Energy and Mineral ESDM dinas PJU, PLN Branch
1.2. Collecting historic data on and park lamps owned by local Resources (ESDM) and PLN branch Offices ) record/
the number of power use (the governments (2005-2010) and PLN combine offices combine collect annual
past 5 years) for all buildings, • Number of power use per year (in and converse power energy power energy use
road lamps /traffic lights/park KWh/KW unit) for each building and the number of use baseline from buildings,
lamps road owned by local governments power energy use from District/City road lamp/ traffic
1.3. Collecting future assumption (2005-2010) from provincial Governments lights/parks
data (in the next 10 years) on • Planned increase in buildings governments which into provincial owned by local
development of and increase (number, width and power capacity will be used for baselines (in KWh/ governments
in buildings, roads and parks required ( 2010-2020) national baseline KW unit) which will
owned by local governments. • Planned additional road (type, road (in CO2e unit) be used for
1.4. Estimating the number of length, road lamp needs and its developing local
future power use based power capacity) for 2010-2020 baseline ( in
on assumption data no KWh/KW unit)
1.3 above, by developing Data source:
“demand baseline” (in KW/ Local Development Strategic Plans
KWh unit) which will be (RPJPD/RPJMD,RENSTRA), Master
conversed with” long term plan for developing buildings, roads,
simulation” ( in CO2e unit) road lamps from PJU dinas, PU dinas,
and Local Secretary (Sekda)
Role
2. Mitigation Similar to activities no 1.1-1.4 Similar as above, supplemented with Same as above Same as above Same as above
Scenario added with: data on types of product and energy-
Development 2.1. Making data list on types of saving technologies available in the
products and energy-saving present and in the future for buildings,
technologies available in the road lamps/traffic light/park lamps
present and in the future for issued by producers (for example,
buildings, road lamps/traffic power-saving AC, LED lamps)
light/park lamps issued by
several producers which
will be used by the local
governments
3. Mitigation 3.1. Proposing power energy- • Data on specifications of energy- National working Provincial working District/City
Action saving activities that use saving products and technologies group coordinated groups (ESDM working groups
Proposals power-saving products and for use in buildings and road lamps/ by ESDM and PLN dinas, PLN branch (ESDM dinas, PJU
technologies for buildings and traffic lights/park lamps accommodates offices) combine dinas and PLN
road lamps/traffic lights/park and selects several activities Branch Offices)
lamps • Data on potential energy-saving activity proposals related to power propose activities
3.2. Estimating (calculating) activities for buildings and road from various energy saving related to power
the number of energy and lamps/traffic lights/ park lamps provinces based from Districts/ saving use efforts
cost saving for each activity on cost-saving and Cities for proposal for buildings, road
proposal produced energy to the national lamps/traffic lights/
3.3. Developing priorities criteria (conversed government park lamps owned
and selecting the activity into CO2e unit) by the regions ( for
proposals for budgeting and example the use
implementation purposes of LED lamps for
road lamps, etc)
137
138
Sectors: Transport
Sub-Sectors: Land Transport
Role
1. BAU Baseline Top-down: Data on national fuel emission National working

development 1.1. Collecting data on national factors from Ministries of ESDM and group coordinated
emission factors Environment by Ministry of
Transportation
1.2. Collecting data on fuel sales a) Fuel sales data from Pertamina and
AKR Corporindo
b) Transport Activity data from Ministry
of Transportation
1.3. Collecting data on mid-term Transport sector Strategic Plans

transport sector workplan and (RENSTRA)
policy ( 5 years)
1.4. Counting produced GHG Annual inventory data

emissions by using 2006
IPCC method tier 1, tools
tier 1, and limited projection
analysis
Bottom up:
1.1. Collecting total activity data a) Annual vehicle travelled a) Transportation
dinas and
related
agencies,
vehicle’s repair
shops
b) Freight tonage –( tons-km) b) Goods

Transporting/
Logistics
Association
Role
c) Passenger travelled (passenger-km) c) Transportation

dinas
d) Number of vehicles (by type)- d) GAIKINDO, AISI, Related agencies Related agencies
number of urban and non-urban related agencies
vehicles
BPS, Bappenas
e) Number of urban population ( urban BPS, Bappeda BPS, Bappeda
and non urban ) and its projection
f) Bappenas
f) GDP and its projection
a) Ministry of
1.2. Collecting modal structure a) Modal share/split ( modal Transportation Transportation Transportation
data distribution) Dinas Dinas
b) Ministry of
b) Load factor (passenger for tonnes / Transportation Transportation Transportation
vkm) Dinas Dinas
a) Ministry of
1.3. Collecting modal energy a) Modal energy intensity ( vehicle Transportation,
intensity energy intensity) ( km/lt) Gaikindo, Aisi
b) On road impact ( drive cycle, Transportation Transportation

congestion) Dinas Dinas
c) GAIKINDO, AISI
c) Technological energy efficiency
d) GAIKINDO, AISI
d) Vehicle characteristic
PERTAMINA,
1.4. Collecting carbon content of Fuel composition data ESDM
fuel
1.5. Collecting data on transport Documenting transport policies and Ministry of Transportation Transportation
policies road infrastructure developments Transportation Dinas, Bina Marga Dinas, Bina Marga
Public Works/Bina
Marga
139
140
Role
1.6. Counting produced GHG Compilation of above data (activities Ministry of Transportation Transportation
emissions by using 2006 1.1-1.4) Transportation Dinas combines Dinas combines
IPCC method tier 3, and ASIF combines emission emission levels emission levels
formula, as well as projection levels (baseline) (baseline) from (baseline) from
analysis from provinces districts/cities districts/cities
and provides tools
(ASIF) and suitable
capacity building to
the regions
2. Mitigation 2.1. Listing potential actions based RPJM and Strategic Plans (Renstra) Ministry of Transportation Transportation
Scenario on ASI strategy classification for transport sector and some related Transportation Dinas Dinas
development (avoid, shift, improve) for land regulations
transport
2.2. Identifying types of policies Data is similar with a) and discussion Working Groups Working Groups Working Groups
(planning, regulation, with related stakeholders coordinated coordinated by coordinated by
economy, information and by Ministry of Transportation Transportation
technology), and stakeholder Transportation dinas dinas
levels ( national, provincial,
district/city) for selected
potential actions
2.3. Developing mitigation Ministry of Transportation Transportation

projection by using projection Transportation dinas combines dinas develops
analysis and data 2.3. combines mitigation scenario mitigation scenario
projection emission levels emission levels
of provincial from districts/cities from districts/cities
mitigation scenario
emission levels
and provides tools
(ASIF) and suitable
capacity building in
the regions
Role
3. Mitigation 3.1.Estimating emission reduction Using formula from activity 1.6 Working groups Working groups Working groups
Action number from each selected coordinated coordinated by coordinated by
Proposals potential actions (both by Ministry of Transportation Transportation
individual and combined) by Transportation dinas dinas
using tier 3 ASIF method.
3.2. evaluating potential action Data on analysis results of cost Working groups Working groups Working groups
feasibility selected based on effectiveness, political acceptable, coordinated coordinated by coordinated by
criteria: cost effectiveness, technological feasibility, long term by Ministry of Transportation Transportation
politically acceptable, impact, and sectoral appropriateness Transportation dinas dinas
technological feasibility, long
term impact, and sectoral Data from activities 2.3 and 2.4
appropriateness
3.3.. Developing weighing and Working groups Working groups Working groups
ranking, as well as selecting coordinated coordinated by coordinated by
potential actions done by Ministry of Transportation Transportation
Transportation. dinas. Combines dinas. Develop
Combines and mitigation action mitigation action
select potential proposals from proposals
mitigation action districts/cities and
proposals from propose them
various provinces to the national
working group
141
142
Role
4. Monitoring and 4.1. Recording and reporting each Implementation data on each National working Provincial working Transportation
Evaluation mitigation action done mitigation action group combines groups coordinate, dinas implements
notes and reports monitor and report local mitigation
from each province mitigation action actions and carries
and coordinates implementation out activities 4.1-
with Bappenas as from various 4.5
well as provides districts/cities to
uniformed reporting National working
and monitoring group
templates to the
region
4.2.Measuring and reporting GHG Mitigation reduction data

emission reduction from each
mitigation action done
4.3.Recording and reporting Data on recipients and the amount

flows and amount of fund
for each mitigation action
implementation
4.4.Recording and reporting “Cobenefits” or negative impact data

“ cobenefits” or negative
impacts from each mitigation
action done
4.5.Recording and reporting Data on new capacity and institutional
capacity and institutional building program (if any)
building program
5. Verification 5.1.Conducting verification Data on mitigation action National

of each mitigation action implementation reports independent
implementation based on verification agency
criteria/indicators already set
for land transport sub-sector
Sectors: Industry
Sub-Sectors: Big Scale Industry
Summary of Tasks:
1. National Government (Ministry of Industry) develops/initiates national policies, programs and activities related to national industry productivity
and competitiveness. Ministry of Environment develops national policy and regulation related to industrial waste, whereas, Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources develops policy on energy in the industry sector
2. Provincial Governments (Industry Dinas) coordinate small-scale industrial programs, activities and permits in provinces, whereas Environment
Dinases conduct industrial waste/B3 control
3. District/City Governments (Industry Dinases) coordinate small-scale industrial programs, activities and permits, whereas Environment Dinases
conduct industrial waste/B3 control
Role
1. BAU baseline 1.1. Listing number of industries • Information on industrial National working Provincial working District/City
development by type and scale classification group for industry groups for industry working groups
• Regulation on industrial scale sector (such as sector (such as for industry sector
Ministry of Industry, Industry dinas, (such as Industry
BKPM/Investment BKPM, BPS) dinas, BKPM, BPS)
Coordinating
Agency), BPS
and industrial
associations)
1.2. Sorting out and selecting • Informationon on industrial National working

industries included in classification group
baseline development • Data on industrial types that
(scope) contribute significantly to GHG National working
emission production (number limit ...
tons of CO2)
143
144
Role
1.3. Collecting specific data by • Factory data (classification, name, Group for industry Provincial working District/city
company location, factory age, current/future sector (such groups for industry working group
production capacity according to as Ministries sector (such as (such as industry,
product type (tons of products/year), of Industry, Industry and Environment,
Current and future annual average Environment, Environment Energy and
capacity use (%) or production (tons Energy and Mineral Energy and Mineral Resources
of products/year) Resources, BPS Mineral Resources dinases, BPS)
• Expansion planning data (future and industrial dinases, BPS)
factory location, new unit/facility, associations) collect data from
size, etc.) districts/cities
• Energy consumption data (number and submit to the
of conventional and alternative fuel national working
consumed – total and/or separated group
by important production measures -
in (tons) or (GJ) per fuel type)
• Electric power (total and/or
separated by important production
phases - (MWh))
• Number of raw materials used
according to raw material type (tons/
year)
• Expected annual growth rate (%)
1.4. Agreeing to assumption to be • Conversion factor assumptions National working

used in calculation • Calor value
• Emission factor for each fossil fuel
type
1.5. Conducting BAU baseline • Annual industrial growth projection National working
emission calculation by using data
2006 IPCC methodology for • Industrial development plans without
industry sector mitigation policy
• Data on activities 1.3 and 1.4
Role
2. Mitigation 2.1. Listing mitigation actions • Data on current used technology National Provincial District/city
scenario that potentially reduce GHG and industrial process working group working groups working group can
development emissions • Data on technologies and industrial accommodates accommodate propose mitigation
process available for GHG emission and initially selects district/city actions that
reduction all local incoming mitigation action potentially reduce
proposals proposals and GHG emission to
propose provincial provincial working
mitigation actions groups
and submit
them to national
working group
2.2. conduct mitigation scenario Data is similar with activities 1.5 National working
emission calculation by using group
2006 IPCC methodology for
industrial sector
3. Mitigation 3.1. Listing mitigation actions Data is similar to activities 2.1 Same as activities Same as activities Same as activities
Action proposals for each industrial 2.1 2.1 2.1
Proposals sub-sector
3.2. Calculating mitigation cost • Data on investment cost per National working
of each mitigation action per technology and industrial process group
industrial sub-sector • Operational and maintenance data
per technology and process
145
146
Role
3.3. Conducting evaluation and • Total emission reduction potential National working Provincial District/City
ranking each mitigation (see activity results 2.2) groups receives working groups working groups
action proposal • Effective mitigation cost per ton of inputs from the accommodate provides inputs
CO2 (see activity results 3.2) regions on easiness inputs from to provincial
• Easiness in implementation in implementation, districts/cities and working groups
(institutional, cultural, social political and provide provincial on easiness in
capacities based on government commercial inputs on easiness implementation,
regulations, industry and technical acceptability, in implementability, political and
knowledge and skills); and cross-cutting political and commercial
• Political and commercial impacts as well commercial acceptability and
acceptability (policy attraction for as easiness in acceptability and cross-cutting
indonesia’s current situation); measurement, cross-cutting impacts as well
• Technological opportunities reporting and impacts as well as easiness in
(easiness to technological transfer, verification as easiness measurement,
potential for market transformation); measurement, reporting and
• Cross-cutting impacts; reporting and verification
• Access to funding; verification
• Easiness in measurement, reporting
and verification (MRV);
• Technical risks (including
vulnerability to climate change and
tectonic activity);
• Future export potential and
opportunity;
• Impact on payment balance and
other economic considerations; and
• Compatibility with development
goals (energy safety, economic
growth, environmental protection)
4. Implementation 4.1. Conducting dissemination • Goals and phases of RAN-RAD- National working Provincial working District/city
of Selected and engagement programs to GRK development group groups working groups
Mitigation industrial actors • Benefits of mitigation action plans
Actions and application for industrial actors
Role
4.2. Formulating policies, efforts, • Information on planning policy, National working

instruments to support regulation, standards, economic group
industrial mitigation action instruments ( incentives and
implementation technologies in industry sector)
4.3. implementation of each National level Provincial level District/city level

mitigation action by industrial industrial actors industrial actors industrial actors
actors
5.1. Recording and reporting Implementation data on each Industrial actors Industrial actors Industrial actors
every action mitigation done mitigation action report mitigation
actions done to
relevant agencies
owned by each
governmental
levels
5. Monitoring and 5.2. Measuring and reporting Emission reduction data Industrial actors Industrial actor Industrial actors
evaluation GHG emission reduction from and National and provincial and district/city
each mitigation action done Working Group working groups working group
5.3. Recording and reporting Data on recipients and its number National working
the flow and amount of fund group
implementation
5.4. Recording and reporting “co-benefits” or negative impact data Industrial actors Provincial District/City
“cobenefits” or negative and National industrial actors industrial actors
impact for every mitigation Working Group and provincial and district/city
action done working group working groups
5.5. Recording and reporting Data on new capacity and institutional National working
capacity and institutional building program (if any) group
building program
147
148
Role
6. Verification 6.1. Conducted verification Data on mitigation action National

of each mitigation action implementation reports independent
criteria/indicators set for
industry sector
Sectors: Waste
Sub-Sectors: Domestic Solid Waste
Summary of Tasks:
1. The National Government (Ministries of Environment and Public Works) develops/ initiates national policies, programs and activities related to domestic
solid waste (garbage) management
2.Provincial Governments (PU Dinas) coordinate local programs and activities for sectors related to domestic solid waste management.
3. District/City Governments (Sanitation Dinas/Public Works) are involved in planning, implementation and maintenance activities for solid waste
management sector
Role
1. BAU Baseline 1.1. Collection of data related to a. Current and future total garbage Ministry of Public Public Works Sanitation dinas/
development domestic solid waste produced and its composition as Works dinas Public Works
well as population data and garbage
pile rate
b. Current condition and future
garbage management planning
include: (i) garbage transportation;
(ii) final garbage management; (iii)
garbage management practices
such as garbage burning or
biological waste management,
c. Percentage of garbage transported
to TPA (landfill)
d. Collectively-collected garbage
management
e. Separately/individually garbage
management
149
150
Role
1.2. Developing and agreeing a. Assumption on garbage composition National working

to assumption required for b. Assumption on garbage pile per group, domestic
developing BAU baseline capita solid waste sub-
and agreeing to tier (level c. Etc sector coordinated
of details) desired for all by Ministry of Public
governmental levels Works
1.3. Developing BAU Baseline Similar to data above (activities 1.1 a. National Provincial working District/city
based on the number of GHG and 1.2) working group group coordinated working groups
emissions produced from coordinated by by Public Works coordinated by
domestic solid waste starting Ministry of Public dinases to Sanitation dinas,
from now on (2010) until the Works develops develop and Public Works to
future (2020) by using formula and combines combine District/ develop District/
from 2006 IPCC Guideline provincial BAU City BAU City BAU Baseline
Baseline into Baseline into
national BAU provincial BAU
Baseline Baseline
b. National working
group provides
capacity building
program to
provincial and
district/city
working groups to
use 2006 IPCC
formula
Role
2. Mitigation 2.1. Identifying mitigation action Required data is similar to data from a. National Provincial working District/city
Scenario potential for domestic solid phase 1 working group groups support working groups
Development waste sub-sector coordinated by and provide data support, provide
Ministry of Public for developing data for provincial
2.2. Developing some mitigation Works initiates scenarios working groups
scenarios consisting of some development of
mitigation action proposals some mitigation
scenarios
2.3. Estimating the number of GHG b. National working
emission reduction from each group provides
mitigation action by using 2006 capacity building
IPCC formula program to local
government
2.4. Estimating mitigation costs
from each mitigation action
3. Mitigation 3.1. Adjusting mitigation action a. Same with data 1.1 National working Provincial working District/city
Action proposals to the local authority, b. Data on TUPOKSI (Key Tasks and group unites and groups coordinate working groups
Proposals capacities and characteristics Functions) of local agencies selects provincial and combine district/ propose local
c. Data from RPJPD/RPJMD mitigation action city mitigation action mitigation actions
3.2. Adjusting mitigation action documents, master plan for local proposals proposals
proposals to national and local garbage management
strategic planning
3.3. Selecting mitigation action

proposals
4. Monitoring and 4.1. Recording and reporting each Data on each mitigation action National working Provincial working Sanitation dinas,
Evaluation mitigation action done implementation group combines groups coordinate, and Public Work
notes and reports monitor and report dinas carry out
of each province mitigation action local mitigation
and coordinate with implementation actions and
Bappenas from several conduct activities
districts/cities to 4.1-4.5
National working
group
151
152
Role
4.2. Measuring and reporting GHG Emission reduction data

emission reduction from each
mitigation action done
4.3. Recording and reporting Data on recipients and the amount

flow and value of funds
implementation
4.4. Recording and reporting “Cobenefits” or negative impact data

cobenefit or negative impacts
from each mitigation action
done
4.5. Recording and reporting Data on capacity and institutional

capacity and institutional building program (if any)
building programs
5. Verification 5.1.Conducting verification Data on mitigation action National

of each mitigation action implementation report independent
criteria/indicators set for
domestic solid waste sub-
sector
Input and suggestion may be forwarded to:
1. RAN/RAD-GRK Secretariate
c/o Bappenas, Wisma Bakrie II Lantai 6
Jl. HR Rasuna Said Kav. B-2
Jakarta 12920
Tel.: (021) 57945670
Email: sekretariat_ranradgrk@bappenas.go.id
2. Directorate for Environment, Bappenas

Gedung TS. 2A Lantai 4
Jl. Taman Suropati No. 2
Jakarta 10310
Tel./Fax.: (021) 3900412
Email: ningsih@bappenas.go.id
3. Deputy Office for Natural Resources and Environment, Bappenas

Gedung TS. 2A Lantai 5
Jl. Taman Suropati No. 2
Jakarta 10310
Tel.: (021) 31934671
Fax:. (021) 3144131
Email: sdalh@bappenas.go.id

Gudeline For Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan

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REFERENCE BOOK

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/

Guideline for Implementing

Translated English Version

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING/

Technical Support Team

The document development process is made possible through closely-

High appreciation is also extended to all parties and participants of a Green

ACERS : Abatement Cost of the Emissions Reduction Scenario

2. NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE

3. RAN-GRK DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS

4. NATIONAL GHG EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGY 27

6. MEASUREMENT, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION 79

7. LOCAL ACTION PLAN FOR GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION

Figure 1. NAMAs for Meeting National Emission Reduction Targets 5

Table 1. Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

To follow up the GHG emission reduction commitment, the RAN-GRK was

The RAN-GRK proposes mitigation actions in five priority sectors (Agriculture,

The RAN-GRK implementation embraces a participatory approach system in

The Guideline for Implementing GHG Emission Reduction is a general

For the GHG emission reduction implementation in the regions, it is necessary

2.1 Policy Framework

Based on the scenario in the Second National Communication report (SNC,

RAN-GRK development is part of the Long-Term Development Plan (RPJP)

Besides that, the action plan is developed based on measurable, reportable

Indonesia also delivered information on Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate

Table 1. Indonesia’s Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions Presented to

To reach the goal and targets it is necessary to develop several interventions

Figure 1 shows the national targets.

Integrated national process in meeting the national emission reduction

Based on IPPC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) calculation, to

In the UNFCCC context, RAN-GRK is regarded as Indonesia’s voluntary

Indonesia’s Vision and Missions. On February 5, 2007, the Government

To achieve the sustainable development vision, the Government of Indonesia

The RAN-GRK was developed by integrated financing between Ministries/

The legal basis used for the RAN-GRK development comprises:

In the RAN-GRK implementation, the roles of institutions responsible for

According to article 2 of Presidential Regulation No. 61 Year 2011, RAN-

The additional 15% with International support (Supported NAMAs) to the

So, considering that international mechanisms for Reducing Emission from

Focus on international negotiation related to climate change will mostly be

Concerning global mitigation policies and related key instruments, the

2.3 RAN-GRK in Development Planning System

The RAN-GRK development is based on sustainable development

RPJPD RP JMD RKPD APBD

Picture translation: RPJMN 2010-2014: 2010-2014 National Medium-Term Development

2004 2009 2014 2019 2025

RPJM RPJM 2 RPJM 3 RPJM 4

The 2010-2020 RAN-GRK implementation is divided into three time frames,

Funding for 2010-2014 RAN-GRK implementation has been allocated in the

Furthermore, Indonesia is extremely prone to various natural disasters

With the above mentioned conditions, it is reasonable that Indonesia, as one

Efforts to deal with climate change impacts constitute an integral part

To achieve GHG emission reduction significantly, increased human resources

RAN-GRK was developed based on the program and activities of Ministries/

To ensure engagement with and ownership of RAN-GRK, action plan

2.5 AN-GRK Review Process

To establish GHG emission reduction action, it is necessary to have a

Therefore, it is necessary periodically to conduct RAN-GRK monitoring and

The goal of a RAN-GRK review is to:

Furthermore, after the issuance of Prepres No. 61 Year 2011 on RAN-GRK, a

The Ministry of National Development Planning/ Bappenas will conduct

The Sixteenth Conference Of Parties (COP) held in December 2010 in