12

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
(First Semester)
Quarter 1 - Module 1

Locally Developed Self-Learning Material

 Lesson
1.1 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Competency:
 Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them. (STEM_CG11MPIa-b-5)
 Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation and chromatography.
(STEM_CG11MPIa-b-12)

Specific objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. compare and contrast physical and chemical properties of matter;
2. identify other properties of matter; and
3. describe how distillation and chromatography are done.

WHAT I KNOW

Direction: Choose the best answer among the choices. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
_____ 1. Which of the following is a chemical property of iron?
A. Iron corrodes in moist air. C. Iron is soft when pure.
B. Density = 7.874 g/cm3 D. Iron melts at 1808 K
._____ 2. Which of the following is an example of an element?
A. soil C. water
B. sugar D. oxygen
_____ 3. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate a mixture of different colored ink?
A. chromatography C. evaporation
B. distillation D. filtration
_____ 4. Which of the following are products of physical and chemical changes respectively?
A. crumpled paper and torn paper C. melted ice and frozen water
B. broken egg and hardboiled egg D. cut fingernails and cut toenails
_____ 5. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate the mixture of liquids in crude oil?
A. distillation C. chromatography
B. evaporation D. fractional distillation
_____ 6. Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
A. mass C. density
B. color D. boiling point
_____ 7. What is the chemical formula of chalk?
A. CaCO3 C. Ca CO
B. COOH D. CaCO2
_____ 8. Tony Stark, a consumer with light colored hair, would like to buy shampoo but he saw that it contains
high amounts of sulfate. What should Tony do?
A. buy the shampoo C. find a sulfate free shampoo
B. test the shampoo D. find alternatives to shampoo
_____ 9. Which of the following is a physical property of matter?
A. corrosiveness B. pH (acidity) C. density D. flammability
_____10. What is one of the importance of knowing the compositions of a product?
A. so we can save money C. so we can use it safely
B. so we can know the quality D. all of the choices

WHAT’S NEW

Activity 1: Look and List

Directions: Get only one object that holds a value to you. On the spaces below, write the different qualitative and
quantitative qualities about your chosen object. An example is shown below:
Object: cellphone
Qualitative Qualities Quantitative Qualities
Color black, with pink casing, with tempered 3000mAh, 32gb, 4gb ROM, 4mp front
glass, yellow wallpaper, made of alloy, camera, 12mp back camera, 600 pictures,
Oppo 43 videos

Object: _______________

Qualitative Qualities Quantitative Qualities

 WHAT IS IT
Each substance has its own set of characteristics or properties that distinguishes it from all other
substances. Pepper is pungent while sugar is sweet. Sand is grainy. Glass is breakable. Wood burns. Clothes can
be folded. Apple and potato slices when exposed to air, turn brown. In these examples, no matter what size or shape
these substances have, their particular property does not change.

By examining materials, you can find similarities and differences in their properties. This will enable you to
organize them into groups.

Properties of Matter
Physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing
the identity of the substance. This property is also involved in physical change. Examples of these are color,
viscosity, transparency, melting point, boiling point, hardness, malleability, solubility, density, specific heat and
atomic or molecular diameter.
A physical change is observed when a pinch of salt is dissolved produce a clear salt solution. The salt
changes only in form or state from solid to liquid. It can be recovered from a salt solution by boiling or evaporating
it. The salt has not changed in composition but remains as sodium chloride Some physical properties cannot be
measured (qualitative) while others can be (quantitative).
Chemical property as observed when matter is involved in a chemical change. It describes its potential
to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. This property is related to the composition
of the material. The flammability be determined by burning it, producing carbon dioxide. When pure water undergoes
electrolysis (a process by which electric current passes through water), water decomposes into hydrogen and
oxygen. In these examples, a chemical change takes place to form two completely different substances. It results in
the formation of new chemical substances. Terms that are commonly used in descriptions of chemical changes are
burn, rot, explode, decompose, and ferment. Chemical properties are very useful in identifying substances. However,
unlike physical properties, chemical properties can only be observed as the substance is in the process of being
changed into a different substance. A chemical reaction is usually detected when one of the following is observed:
formation of an insoluble product (precipitate), evolution of gas (bubbles), or change in color.
Table 1.1 lists some physical and chemical properties of a substance-lauric acid. How does the physical
property compare with its chemical property?
Physical and Chemical Properties of Lauric acid.
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Produces soap when combined with sodium
Crystals are colorless needles and melt at 74°C
hydroxide
Insoluble in water but soluble in ethyl alcohol Density, Combines with some medicines for better absorption
0.883g/ml by the blood

OTHER PROPERTIES
Properties of matter may be used to describe them. An extensive property is a property that changes
when the amount of material changes. Examples are mass, length, and volume. An intensive property does not
depend on the size of the material. Temperature, color, odor, hardness, density, melting and boiling points, and
molecular weight are examples of intensive properties.
The characteristics of a substance, regardless of its shape and size, are called intrinsic properties. Color,
viscosity, taste, and transparency are examples of intrinsic properties that cannot be expressed in numbers.
Intrinsic properties assigned with definite values are boiling point, melting point, density, and refractive index. The

characteristics of a substance which pertain only to its appearance including is shape, length, mass, and temperature
are called extrinsic properties.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 2: Physical Property or Chemical Property

Directions: On the space provided before each number, write P if the substance shows physical property and C if
it shows Chemical property.
____1. Frost forms as the temperature drops on a humid winter night.
____2. A corn stalk grows from a seed that is watered and fertilized.
____3. A match ignites to form ash and a mixture of gases.
____4. Perspiration evaporates when you relax after jogging.
____5. A silver fork tarnishes slowly in air.
____6. A scab forms over an open cut.
____7. Paper was cut into different sizes.
____8. Gasoline fumes are ignited by a spark in a car’s engine cylinder.
____9. Purple iodine vapor appears when solid iodine is warmed.
____10. Electric current decomposes water into different substances (hydrogen and oxygen).
____11. Yellow-green chlorine gas attacks silvery sodium metal to form white crystals of sodium chloride (table
salt.)
____12. A magnet separates a mixture of black iron shavings and white sand.
____13. Ice cream melting
____14. An egg turning hard when it is boiled.
____15. Passing an electric current through molten magnesium chloride which yields molten magnesium and
gaseous chlorine.

Lesson SIMPLE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

1.2 OF SUBSTANCES

WHAT IS IT

Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances. They can be separated by
physical processes. The method of separating a mixture into its components depend primarily on the
properties of each of the components.
The following are the common methods of separating a mixture:

1. Distillation is used to separate a mixture containing volatile components. This involves

evaporation followed by condensation. Simple distillation is used when the liquid components in the

solution have widely different boiling points or when a dissolved solid remains in the distilling flask as its
solvent distills off. For mixtures of liquids when boiling points vary within a small range, fractional
distillation is recommended. Components of crude oil are separated into fractions through this process.
Petroleum products such as LPG, kerosene, gasoline, bunker fuel oil, and asphalt are fractions from
crude oil.

2. Chromatography is used to separate components from a mixture based on differences in

attraction of these components for a stationary phase (a phase that is immobile) and mobile phase (a
phase where it flows). Other types of chromatography include resin, ion-exchange, and paper
chromatography.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3: Other Separation Methods

Directions: Using different resources such as the internet, books, articles, journals, and textbooks,
research on other separation methods used in chemistry. Write the information gathered
below. (5 points each item)

Examples where these

Separation Methods Purpose
methods are applied

Decantation

Filtration

Evaporation

Activity 4: Chromatography
Directions:
You will perform basic chromatography. Prepare all your materials beforehand. Pass this activity
with the deadline indicated by the teacher.
Materials:
ordinary filter paper water-based ink pen (black)
Erlenmeyer flask (if available) or mini coke plastic container (substitute)

Procedure:
1. Cut a small strip of filter paper long enough to reach the bottom of the container or
Erlenmeyer flask while folding about 1cm over the lip. The strip should be about 1” (2.5cm) wide.
2. Using a water-based ink pen, make a small dot about 0.5” (1.3cm) from one end of the filter
paper.
3. Add enough water to the container to over the bottom of the filter paper but not enough to
reach the ink dot.
4. Place the filter paper in the container with the dotted end facing down.
5. Observe and describe what happens to the ink dot.
Data and Observation: (Draw your setup with labels)
Questions:

1. What colors rose from the black ink?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. If you were to perform the activity again but this time using an ink of different color (e.g. blue
or red), would you still obtain the same results? Explain (You may try this procedure using a
different ink color to find out)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What practical application does chromatography have?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
A. Direction: Identify the following properties of matter whether intrinsic or extrinsic. On a separate
sheet of paper, write E if it is Extrinsic and I if is Intrinsic.
1. Mass 6. Hardness
2. Weight 7. Length
3. Density 8. Specific Gravity
4. Temperature 9. Boiling point
5. Volume 10. Viscosity
B. Direction. Describe how you will separate the following mixtures into its components:
1. Silt mud from a pail of water
2. dissolved dye from water
 Lesson
2 COMMON CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Learning Competency
 Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances. (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-9)
 Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety, quality and cost.
(STEM_GC11MPIa-b-11)
Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. differentiate element, compounds and mixture based on its composition.
2. describe the uses of some common compounds and write their chemical formulas; and
3. explain the importance of knowing the components or ingredients of some products that we use everyday.

WHAT’S IN

Previously, we have learned the different properties of matter as well as its composition. We have also
discussed separation techniques in different mixtures. Now, as we’re already talking about substances and
mixtures, let’s take a look at common chemical substances (STEM_GC11MPla-b-9) and we will try to recognize
them as well as compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety, quality, and cost
(STEM_GC11MPla-b-11)

WHAT’S NEW

Activity 2.1 Name That Element!

Directions: Using your periodic table or your prior knowledge, name the following elements in the periodic table.

Element Symbol Element Name Element Symbol Element Name

1. Cl 8. Ir

2. Sn 9. Mg

3. Ti 10. Be

4. V 11. Rn
 5. Sb 12. F

6. Kr 13. B

7. Xe 14. Tl

WHAT IS IT

Matter can be classified into three types based on its composition – elements, compounds, and mixtures.
Elements are two kinds of substances: a substance is matter whose composition is fixed. Mixtures are not
substances because they have a variable composition
1. Elements. An element is the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties. It
consists of only one kind of atom, and, therefore, cannot be broken down into a simpler type of matter by any
physical or chemical methods. Each element has a name, such as carbon, fluorine, or oxygen. A sample of
fluorine contains only fluorine atoms.
In nature, most elements exist as population of atoms, either separated or in contact with each other,
depending on the physical state. Several elements occur in molecular form: molecule is an independent structure
of two or more atoms bound together. Oxygen, for example, occurs in air as diatomic (two atom) molecules.
2. Compounds. Compounds are substances formed when two or more elements combine through a
chemical change. Sodium chloride, sugar, and water are examples of compounds. Another feature of a compound
is that its properties are different from the properties of its compound elements. Example: soft, silvery sodium
metal and yellow-green, poisonous chlorine gas are very different from the compound they form- white, crystalline
sodium chloride, or table salt!
Unlike an element, a compound can be broken down into simpler substances. For example, an electric
current breaks down molten sodium chloride into metallic sodium and chlorine gas.
3. Mixtures. A mixture consists of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that are mixed
together. Because a mixture is NOT a substance, the components for a mixture can vary in their parts by mass.
For example, a mixture of the compounds sodium chloride and water can have different parts by mass of salt to
water. A mixture also retains many of the properties of its components.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 2.2 Research it!

Directions: Using various search engines, books, and the Internet, research the name or the formula of the
different compounds as well as its uses. #1 will serve as an example.
Common Compounds
Name Uses
(Formula)
Most common solvent, we
Water or dihydrogen
1 H 2O use it everyday life as we
oxide
take a bath, cook our
 food, and sustain life
2 SO3
3 CH4
4 NH3
5 N 2O
6 K2SO4
7 H2O2
8 Hydrofluoric acid
9 Hypobromous acid
10 NO
11 MnSO4
12 Perchlorate
13 Cyanide
14 BaO2
15 NaNO2
16 CaCO3

WHAT’S IN

CHEMISTRY IN INDUSTRY
Many science principles are applied in industries. Industrialization not only uplifts the quality of human
existence, but also propels nation to higher levels of economic prosperity.
Many pure substances and mixtures, organic or inorganic in nature, are now commercially manufactured
and used by school and government laboratories, households, or industries as raw materials for intermediary or
final products. They undergo hundreds of test before they are sold in the market.
Substances may be pure or impure, knowledge of the properties of the components in the mixture
facilitates the manufacture of products to a certain degree of purity. For example, impure mineral ores are
processed into useful metals.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 2.3 Becoming a Better Consumer

Directions: Research or read on the different components or ingredients of the following items. On the third
column, decide whether it is safe, has good quality, or for a good price.

Product or Good Good

Components/Ingredients Safe? Will I buy?
Item Quality? Price?
Salt, corn, monosodium glutamate
1. junk food X X / No
(vetsin)
2. soft drink
3. lollipop
4. deodorant
5. detergent
6. shampoo
 Guide Questions:

1. Why is it important to know the components or ingredients of the items/products that we use every day?

______________________________________________________________________________________

2. What harmful components have you find out from the items above? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What other options do you have in mind if some of the products have harmful to use?

_________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Activity 2.4: Let’s Sum It Up!

Direction: Make a flash card of the information in this module that struck you the most. Attach a minimum of 10
flash cards in your answer sheet when you pass it. Remember, be creative as you can be.
Materials: Short bond paper cut in 1/8 size crosswise.
Procedure: The front portion of the flash card should contain a question about the lessons in this module and at
the back of the card, write the answer of the question you wrote.
This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquired! Write it down to remember!

ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the best answer among the choices. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following is a chemical property of iron?

a. Iron corrodes in moist air. c. Iron is soft when pure.

b. Density = 7.874 g/cm3 d. Iron melts at 1808 K

2. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate the mixture of liquids in crude oil?

a. distillation c. chromatography

b. evaporation d. fractional distillation

3. Which is the most suitable separation method can be used to separate a mixture of different colored ink?

a. chromatography c. evaporation

b. distillation d. filtration

4. Which process is a chemical change?

a. heating to boiling c. slicing into two pieces

b. burning in air d. dissolving in alcohol

5. Which of the following is an example of an element?

a. soil c. water
 b. sugar d. oxygen

6. Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?

a. mass c. density

b. color d. boiling point

7. Glass breaking is an example of ..?

a. chemical property c. chemical change

b. physical property d. physical change

8. Tony Stark, a consumer with light colored hair, would like to buy shampoo but he saw that it contains

high amounts of sulfate. What should Tony do?

a. buy the shampoo c. find a sulfate free shampoo

b. test the shampoo d. find alternative to shampoo

9. What is the chemical formula of chalk?

a. CaCO3 c. Ca CO

b. COOH d. CaCO2

10. What is one of the importance of knowing the composition of a product?

a. so we can save money c. so we can use it safely

b. so we can know the quality d. all of the choices

SUMMARY:

 Physical properties are properties not responsible for any change in the composition of a substance,
though its form may change.
 Chemical properties involve chemical change which forms two completely different substances.
 Extensive property is that which changes when the amount of material undergoes change. Examples of
this property are mass, length, and volume.
 Intensive property does not depend on the size or amount of the substance. Examples of this property are
temperature, color, odor, hardness, density, melting and boiling point, and molecular weight.

REFERENCES

Printed References:

Division of Cagayan de Oro City ADM Module 1 in General Chemistry 1

Online References
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_