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I. Etiology: Clinical Case Report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017) - An Interesting Case of
I. Etiology: Clinical Case Report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017) - An Interesting Case of
ETIOLOGY
Transudates
syndrome.
II. INTRODUCTION
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
pleural-disorders/pleural-effusion?query=pleural%20effusion
- Pleural effusions are common in both respiratory and non-
these procedures.
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
pleural-disorders/pleural-effusion?query=pleural%20effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space causes the lung on the same
side to be pushed upwards. Because the right and left pleural cavities are
separate, the opposite lung will not be affected unless the surrounding
membrane called pleura.
B. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
fluid, which serves as a lubricant for the two pleural surfaces. Pleural fluid
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
parietal pleura surfaces. The interstitial fluid, which has a lower protein
hydrostatic pressure from the systemic vessels that supply the parietal
pleura.
transudative, and the mechanisms that cause pleural effusion have altered
the balance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures (usually
for dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, or both. Pleuritic chest pain, which is
felt over the inflamed area, but referred pain can occur. The lower 6
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
pleural-disorders/pleural-effusion?query=pleural%20effusion
intercostal nerves supply the posterior and peripheral portions of the
diaphragmatic pleura, and irritation there may cause pain in the lower
to the neck and shoulder is caused by irritation of the central portion of the
sign. The friction rub ranges from a few intermittent sounds that may
rub) may vary with heartbeat and be confused with pericarditis friction rub.
Pericardial rub is best heard over the left border of the sternum in
likely low.
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
of sudden onset, pleuritic, right-sided chest pain. It was not linked to fever,
substance abuse.
the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This procedure is
used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space, allowing you to
breathe more easily. It could be used to rule out the cause of pleural
effusion.
The blood vessels that run from the heart to the lungs are
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
arteries). A dye will be injected into a vein in your arm that leads to your
pulmonary arteries during the test. This dye causes the arteries to appear
basophils. The platelet count was 160 000 cells per millimeter3.
Creatinine, electrolytes, and liver function tests were all within normal
protein (corresponding serum proteins were 7.3 gL1), 820 UL1 lactate
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
UL1), and 7 mmolL1 glucose. The erythrocyte count was 2 700 000
cellsL1 and the leukocyte count was 3400 cellsL1 with 53% neutrophils,
42% lymphocytes, and 5% monocytes. Gram stain and cultures were both
pleuritic, right-sided chest pain. It was not associated with a fever, cough,
VIII. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
- A mild right-sided pleural effusion, blunting of the left costophrenic
S-wave in lead I and a Q-wave and an inverted T-wave in lead III. This is
filling defects in both the lower and upper lobar arteries, as well as the
right middle lobe and lingular arterial branches, indicating an acute PE.
was 6.5 gL1 (corresponding serum proteins were 7.3 gL1), the lactate
LDH was 563 UL1), and the glucose concentration was 7 mmolL1.
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
- If the effusion is asymptomatic, it usually does not require
effusions and can be repeated if the effusion recurs. There are no arbitrary
limits to how much fluid can be removed. Fluid removal can be continued
until the effusion has been drained or the patient develops chest tightness,
measures.
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
hemorrhagic effusion does not preclude anticoagulation or thrombolysis.
infection, or hemothorax.
X. REFERENCES
10.1183/20734735.001117
https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-
disorders/mediastinal-and-pleural-disorders/pleural-effusion?query=pleural
%20effusion
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-pleural-cavity
Clinical case report by Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of
undiagnosed pleural effusion. Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. DOI:
10.1183/20734735.001117
Panjwani, A., & Zaid, T. (2017). An interesting case of undiagnosed pleural effusion.
Breathe, 13(2), e46–e52. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.001117
Light, R. W. (2021, November 4). Pleural Effusion. MSD Manual Professional Edition.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/mediastinal-and-
pleural-disorders/pleural-effusion?query=pleural%20effusion