Name : Tiffanny Ocktivianie Tobing

SRN : 6411419029

Rombel : 5B/IUP

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Rodents are the vector that can cause human health and impact health of human, but not only
health but also in a daily life, such as in occupational place and another important theme to
emerge from many of the contributors is the need to consider the cultural and social dimensions
of both the impacts of rodent outbreaks and proposed management actions, rodents do not
respect farm borders and many move from fields to dwellings and vice versa. There are extreme
difficulties in assessing the prevalence of outbreaks and their impacts because of the remoteness
and poor access to communication infrastructure for most affected communities this why rodent
difficult to be identify to the community and sometimes need help from the government to take
an action even though through health promotion, preventing and reduce rodent vector program
and so on. The findings from the various contributions of this book reveal that outbreaks of
rodent populations are predominantly a result of higher than normal amounts of food in the
environment, However, when we consider the mechanisms that create this food, important
differences emerge. There are three general systems that influence the food supply in
significantly different ways, such as:

a. Life-cycle or evolution, driven in the form of plant masting events

b. Climatic, mainly natural cycles that mean more food due to more rainfall in some years,
c. Anthropogenic responses associated with extreme climate events or market forces.

The increased of rodents is influenced by climate change and extreme events, which in
agricultural times such as increasing rice will increase the rodent population and the number of
animal outbreaks and the impact will be felt by humans and harm agriculture. The widespread
traditional belief that bamboo flowering can cause rodent outbreaks and famine has become a
taboo in the southern states of northeastern India, where this mountainous region is home to
many widespread bamboo forests dominated by bamboo species with semelparous masting
reproduction with a consistent reproductive schedule that causes cycles of rodent plague and
increased famine. The provision of large quantities of bamboo fruit during the dry season
stimulates early breeding of Rattus rattus and other forest-dwelling bamboo rats, leading to
population increases in months earlier than during non-masting years. The final stage of bamboo
fruit production in July to August coincided with the first availability of ripe maize in the jhum
fields, and crop damage was observed from this time onwards, with rapid and severe damage
occurring at the ripening stage of rice, this was caused by large numbers of rats. immature, thus
creating a characteristic pattern of damage. It is supportive to provide hypotheses tested in the
context of masting events involving other bamboo species and if confirmed then these
hypotheses can hold promise for developing predictive models that can alleviate and mitigate
many of the difficulties associated with rat outbreaks and bamboo-associated rodent populations
in some areas. part of the world. In Asia, farmers believe that the episodic mass flowering of
bamboo can cause rodent outbreaks and famine which is a belief that is also shared among
subsistence farmers in South America, and this is supported by some communities who believe
and see for themselves so that belief is still growing and growing. believed by farmers, but to
date, no scientist has claimed to have witnessed this chain of natural events or their aftermath.
Surprisingly, although these beliefs are given a high degree of confidence and they have a high
profile in the Indian literature on forest ecology and rodent management, outside of this context
the phenomenon is usually reported with varying degrees of skepticism or, more often than not,
simply ignored. In the Asian context, one field study of rodent populations during bamboo
flowering events failed to produce evidence of large increases in rodent numbers or extensive
population movement.There is now broad agreement among rodent ecologists about the basic
ecological principles driving rodent population outbreaks through bamboo masting events .
Variation is considerable in outcomes between localities, with some farmers experiencing much
more serious crop losses than others. The variable losses experienced are related to the
developmental rates of the rice varieties planted, the proximity of rice fields to bamboo forests,
and the size of the bamboo forests relative to the cropping areas. Because of a lack of suitable
cropping areas and a shortage of land that is allowed to be planted by the authorities, many CHT
farmers are forced to plant their rice crops in areas recently slashed of bamboo forest, or adjacent
to bamboo forests, thus greatly exacerbating the damage to their rice fields. This is because, once
flowering of the bamboo has begun, cutting the bamboo down does not stop the flowering
process, which is fed by the underground rhizomes of the bamboo plant. In these cases, bamboo
flowers and subsequent seeds emerge directly out of the ground. Farmers remove some of the
bamboo seed developing in the rice field, but they do not remove it all as they hope to one day
have a new bamboo forest in its place. In this situation, which appears to be quite common,
bamboo seeds are directly available within the rice crop, making it relatively easy for rats to
switch from eating bamboo to eating rice.

Farmer yields are influenced by other sources of ecological variation, which we know of,
but are not yet fully understood, wherein Melocanna flowering occurs as waves in a northeast to
southwest direction, genetic and environmental factors may explain this variability, and this may
be influenced by the cultivation of bamboo in a sustainable manner. selective by the human
population. Human population density is much higher in Mizoram than in CHT, which has
inadvertently led to a decrease in the amount of natural forest remaining in Mizoram, where most
of the land is now covered with Melocanna bamboo. In comparison, CHT has a much lower
human population and more natural forest, and the area of Melocanna bamboo forest is relatively
sparse and uneven, this causes forest destruction and expansion of Melocanna bamboo is directly
related to human population expansion, agricultural intensification, and in particular the faster
rotation of slash-and-burn agriculture, and the promotion of bamboo as an economic forest
commodity. Melocanna forest adjacent to Mizoram promotes more synchronous flowering,
sweeping an area in one year, Melocanna forest which is more evenly distributed in CHT is less
synchronous, more often it takes 2 to 3 years to fully flower. CHT communities in areas where
bamboo blooms for more than 1 year complain of more severe damage in the following years,
arguably because the rodent population does not completely stop between flowering cycles, this
is because farmers continue to harvest various crops until November which causes gaps without
food sources in the environment is very short when new parts of the same forest then flower. It is
unlikely that we will be able to confirm this phenomenon of multi-year rodent population growth
in our current research study. There is variation in the number of seeds produced per hectare and
when the seeds ripen and fall to the ground which suggests CHT has a role in determining the
exact time when Melocanna flowers begin to appear in an area and causes some delay in seed
production in lowland forest compared to plain forest. tall. Farmers in the more remote hilly
areas of the CHT appear to be hardest hit by rat flooding, which may be because Melocanna
seeds fall earlier in the season at these higher altitudes, giving rodent populations more time to
grow. Further surveys are needed to confirm this effect of altitude, and that a number of other
factors, both genetic and environmental, can contribute to variations in seed production, it is
therefore necessary to understand the ecological and anthropological factors that drive the
temporal and spatial variation of bamboo cutting events will not stop all processes and prevent
rodent flooding, but can lead to effective prediction of rodent population outbreaks.