06 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WALD

Bolts, welds,
column base
František Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014
Motivation
To present
o Content/principles
o Selected particularities
o Questions
To offer
o Worked examples
for design according to EN1993-1-8: 2005 of
Bolts
Welds
Column bases
Scope of the lecture
Bolts Column bases

o General o Basis of design
o Design resistance of individual fasteners o Components
o Non-preloading bolts o Base plate and concrete in compression
o Slotted holes o Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
o Design for block tearing o Anchor bolt in shear
o Worked example o Assembly
o Summary o Resistance
Welds o Stiffness
o General o Classification
o Fillet weld o Worked examples
o Design model o Summary
o Design example
o Welding to flexible plate
o Summary

Bolts
oGeneral
oDesign resistance of individual fasteners
o Non-preloading bolts
o Slotted holes
o Design for block tearing
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Base plate and concrete in compression
o Base plate in bending and bolt in tension
o Anchor bolt in shear
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins

in EN1993-1-8: 2005
3.1 Bolts, nuts and washers pg. 20
3.1.1 General 20
3.1.2 Preloaded bolts 20
3.2 Rivets 20
3.3 Anchor bolts 21
3.4 Categories of bolted connections 21
3.4.1 Shear connections 21
3.4.2 Tension connections 21
3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets 23

3.6 Design resistance of individual fasteners 24
3.6.1 Bolts and rivets 24
3.6.2 Injection bolts 28
3.7 Group of fasteners 29

3.8 Long joints 29
3.9 Slip resistant connections using 8.8 or 10.9 bolts
3.9.1 Design Slip resistance
30
30
3.9.2 Combined tension and shear 31
3.9.3 Hybrid connections 31
3.10 Deductions for fastener holes 31

3.10.1 General 31
3.10.2 Design for block tearing 32
3.10.3 Angles connected by one leg and other unsymmetrically connected members in tension 33
3.10.4 Lug angles 34
3.11 Prying forces 34

3.12 Distribution of forces between fasteners at the ultimate limit state 34
3.13 Connections made with pins 35
3.13.1 General 35
3.13.2 Design of pins 35
Bolt standards
EN 15048
Non-preloaded structural bolting assemblies
o Part 1: General requirements
o Part 2: Suitability test
EN 14399
High-strength structural bolting for preloading
High-strength structural bolting for preloading
EN 14399
Part 1: General requirements
Part 2: Suitability test for preloading
Part 3: System HR — Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 4: System HV — Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 5: Plain washers
Part 6: Plain chamfered washers
Part 7: System HR – Countersunk head bolt and nut assemblies
Part 8 : System HV – Hexagon fit bolt and nut assemblies
Part 3: System HR —
Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Part 4: System HV —
Hexagon bolt and nut assemblies
Mechanical properties
EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy
steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999)
EN 20898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified
proof load values — Coarse thread (ISO 898-2:1992)
EN ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners —

Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 3506-1:1997)
EN ISO 3506-2, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel
fasteners — Part 2: Nut (ISO 3506-2:1997)
Material
Bolts made of carbon steel and alloy steel:
4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
Nuts made of carbon steel and alloy steel:
4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12
Bolts made of austenitic stainless steel:
50, 70, 80
Nuts made of austenitic stainless steel:
50, 70, 80
Washers (if appropriate) according to
hardness class HV 100 or HV 200
EN 1993-1-8
Material Properties
Nominal values for bolts
fyb is yield strength
fub is ultimate tensile strength
Bolt class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9
fyb
240 320 300 400 480 640 900
(N/mm2)
fub
400 400 500 500 600 800 1000
(N/mm2)
Holes
o Normal
+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger
o Oversized with 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)
o Slotted (elongated)
o Close fitting – flushed bolts
for bolt M20 must be the clearance d < 0,3 mm
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures –

Part 2: Technical requirements for steel structures

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Resistance in shear in one shear plane
 v A fub
Fv, Rd 
 M2
where the shear plane

passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt
v = 0,6
A is the gross cross section of the bolt

fub is ultimate tensile strength for bolt
γM2 s partial safety factors for resistance of bolts
Resistance in shear in one shear plane

 v A fub
Fv, Rd 
 M2
where the shear plane
passes through the threaded portion of the bolt
- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8:

v = 0,6
- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9

v = 0,5
A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

fub is ultimate tensile strength for bolt
γM2 s partial safety factors for resistance of bolts
Resistance in bearing d0
k1 ab d t fu
Fb,Rd  d
 M2
where b is the smallest of d, fub or 1,0
fu e1 p1
In the direction of load transfer

e1 p1 1
- for end bolts:  d  , for inner bolts  d  
3 d0 3 d0 4 Fb.Sd
Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer

e2
- for edge bolts k1 is the smallest of 2,8  1,7 or 2,5
d0
e
- for inner bolts k1 is the smallest of 1,4 2  1,7 or 2,5
d0
Bearing of Plate and Bolt
Inner bolt
Outer bolt
Resistance in Bearing
Load on a bolt not parallel to the edge

the bearing resistance may be verified separately
for the bolt load components parallel and normal to the edge
R 10
20
30
e1 40 IPE 200
p 1 60 L 140 P 10 - 140 x 100
VSd = 110
e1 40 M 20 - 5.6
tw tp 4
4
5,6 10 10 50
10
in oversized holes reduce bearing by 0,8

Influence of distances to force

k1  b d t fu
Fb ,Rd 
 M2
Prallel to acting force
 e1  e1 p1 p1 e1
 3 d0 
 
 
 p e2 e
1
 0 ,25 
3 d 
 b  min  0  p2 a
 fub 
  p2 F a
 fu 
  e2 e
 
 1 
Perpendicular to acting force
k1  b d t fu
Fb ,Rd 
 M2
e1 p1 p1 e1
 e2 
2 ,8  1,7 
d0
  e2 e2
 
 p2  p2 a2
k1  min 1,4  1,7 
 d0 
  p2 F a2
 2 ,5  e2 e2
 
WE
WE
e1 p1 e1
Influence of distances e1 =
e2 p1 =
p2 e2 =
F p2 =
e2
Nomimal transversal distances:
e1 = 1,2 d0  e2 
 1,7 
 1,2 d 0


2 ,8  2 ,8 1,7  1,66
d0 d0  
p1 = 2,2 d0    
     
e2 = 1,2 d0  p2   2 ,4 d 0   
k1  min 1,4  1,7   min 1,4  1,7   min 1,66  1,66
 d0   d0   
p2 = 2,4 d0      
 2 ,5   2 ,5   2 ,5 
     
End bolts  b  e1  1,2 d 0  0 ,400 k1 ab d t fu 1,66  0 ,400 d t fu d t fu

3 d0 3 d0 Fb ,Rd    0 ,664
 M2  M2  M2
Internal bolts k1 ab d t fu 1,66  0 ,483 d t fu d t fu
Fb ,Rd    0 ,802
p 2 ,2 d 0
 M2  M2  M2
 b  1  0 ,25   0 ,25  0 ,483
3 d0 3 d0
WE
WE
e1 p1 e1
Sum
e1 = 1,2 d0
e2 p1 = 3,0 d0
p2 e2 = 1,5 d0
F p2 = 3,0 d0
e2
Sum of resistances
d t fu d t fu d t fu
Fb,Rd  2  1,875  2  1,00  5,75
 M2  M2  M2
Minimal resistance
d t fu d t fu
Fb,Rd  4  1,0  4 ,0
 M2  M2
WE
Pitch distances
Min
p1 = 2,2 d0
p2 = 2,4 d0
optimum e1 from 1,2 d0 to 1,45 d0
e2 = 1,2 d0
k1 ab d t fu 1,66  0 ,483 d t fu d t fu
Fb ,Rd    0 ,802
 M2  M2  M2
Large
p1 = 3,75 d0
p2 = 3,0 d0
e1 = 3,0 d0
e2 = 1,5 d0 k1 ab d t fu 2 ,5 1,0 d t fu d t fu
Fb ,Rd    2 ,5
 M2  M2  M2
Steel S690 Experiment bolts M12 10.9 minimal and maximal pitch
B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3
B3
B3
B2
B1 Last-Verformungskurve
Versuch VL-100-220-385
B2 Last-Verfromungskurve
Versuch VL-240-320-385
350
500
Fu = 297kN Fu,test =
300 Fv ,R = 438 432kN
 = 27% B1 400
Fb,R,max = 426
250
Fb,R = 234kN
Kraft Fx [kN]
200 300
Kraft Fx [kN]
150
200
100
100
50
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Verformung ux [mm]
Verschiebung ux [mm]
e1 = 1,0 d0 < min. e1 = 1,2 d0 e1 = 2,4d0 and p1 = 3,2 d0
Comparison to EN e1 and p1 min. Fu/FEN3 = 1,27 University of Dortmund,

e1 and p1 max. Fu/FEN3  1,02 Institute of Steel Structures
Numerical model
• Good agreement
• Diffference D=5,5%
Comparison of simulation VL-100-220-385
University of Dortmund,
Institute of Steel Structures

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Bearing resistance in slotted holes

Loaded perpendicular
to the long direction of the slot
60% of resistance in circular holes
22 18 Force, F, kN
18 200
180
40 40 8 16 8 40 40 8 16 8 Circular holes, (test 1c-16-1-d+2)
160
140
M 16 M 16
120
100
10 10 Slotted holes, (test 5c-16-1-d+2,5)
80
35 35
50 50 60
25 25
40
110 110 20
Displacement , mm
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Block tearing
Failure in shear at the row of bolts
along the shear face of the hole group
accompanied by
Tensile rupture
along the line of bolt holes
on the tension face of the bolt group
N Ed
N Ed
Test
Orbison J.G., Wagner M. E., Fritz W.P. 1999, Tension plane behavior in single-row bolted
connections subject to block shear, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 49,
225 – 239
FE model
Rupture
Topkaya C., 2004, A finite element parametric study on block shear failure of steel
tension members, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 60, 1615 – 1635,
ISSN 0143-974X.
Design model
Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading

Veff,1,Rd = fu Ant / M2 + (1/√3) fy Anv / M0
Ant net area subjected to tension
Anv net area subjected to shear
Eccentric loading
Veff,2,Rd = 0,5 fu Ant / M2 + (1/√3) fy Anv / M0
Worked Example – Angle connected by one leg WE
P10; 1.4401
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples
70 35 2014
Brussels, 16 - 17 October
40 240
35
25
Worked Example - Angle100
L - 100 x 100 10 70
materiál 1.4401
30 + 7 x 30 +30
8 x M16; 70
60
240
In plate (staggered rows) fu A nt 1 A

Veff,1,Rd   fy nv
γM2 3 γM0
0,5  530  35  2  9   10 1 2  240  7  18  1  9  10

   220   36  362  397 kN
1,25  10 3
3 1,0  10 3
In angle (staggered rows)

0,5 fu,p A nt 1 A
Veff,2,Rd   fy,p nv
γM2 3 γM0
0,5  530  60  18  9   10 1 240  4  18 10
   220   70  175  245 kN
1,25  10 3
3 1,0  10 3
WE
Worked example –
Fin plate connection 3 x M20, 8.8
P10 - 230 x 110
meteriál S235 HEA 200
10 S235
35
IPE 300 45
S235
70
230
70
VSd = 100 kN 45
5
50 50
60
WE
Worked Example – Fin Plate connection

Shear Resistance
80 45
70 70
230
70 70
45
50
50
fy,b1 nv  0,5  360  50  11  7,1  1  235  220  2  22  11  7,1
0,5 fu,b1 Ant 1 A
VRd,11  
 M2 3  M0 1,25  103 3 1,0  103
 39,9  159 kN  199 kN
WE
Worked example – Fin plate,

Tying resistance
45
70 70
70 70
45
50
In beam web 50
fu,b1 Ant 1 Anv 360  7,1140  2  22 1 2  7,150  11

NRd,u,6   fy,b1    235 
 M,u 3  M0 1,1 3 1,0
 223  75.1  298 kN

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Bolted connection of double angle bar
N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2× L80 × 6 6 6
40 70 70 70 70 40 8
e1 p1
Bolts M20 class 5.6 fully treated

Loading NEd = 400 kN
Angle net section

0,9 Anet fu 0,9  2  935  22  6   360
Nu,Rd    416,3 kN  NEd  400 kN
 M2 1,25
Satisfactory
WE
N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2× L80 × 6 6 6
40 70 70 70 70 40 8
e1 p1
Bolts in shear
Two shear planes
Shear in bolt thread
 v As fub 0,6  245  500
Resistance for one bolt Fv.Rd  2  2  117,6 kN
 M2 1,25
WE
N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2× L80 × 6 6 6
40 70 70 70 70 40 8
e1 p1
Bearing of end bolt

 e   35 
k1  min 2,8 2  1,7; 2,5   min 2,8   1,7; 2,5   min2,75; 2,5  k1  2,5
 d0   22 
 e1   40 
3 d   3 22  0,606
 0     
 fub   500  
 
 b  min   min   min1,389   0,606
 fu   360   
     
 1,0   1,0   1,0 
   
k1  d t fu 2,5  0,606  20  8  360
Fb,Rd    87,3 kN
 1,25
WE

N Ed
45
e 2 =35
2× L80 × 6 6 6
40 70 70 70 70 40 8
e1 p1
Bearing of internal bolt

 e   35 
k1  min 2,8 2  1,7; 2,5   min 2,8   1,7; 2,5   min2,75; 2,5  k1  2,5
 d0   22 
 p1 1  70 1
3 d  4   3 22  4  0,811
 0     
 fub   500  
 
 b  min   min   min1,389  0,811
 fu   360   
     
 1,0   1,0   1,0 
   
2,5  0,811 20  8  360

Fb,Rd   93,4 kN
1,25
WE

Check of bolts
Shear resistance 117,6 kN
Bearing resistance – end bolt 87,3 kN
Bearing resistance – internal bolt 93,4 kN
Shear is not guiding the resistance, e.g. bearing as sum

For connection with five bolts
87,3  3  94 ,3  87,3  457,5 kN  400 kN  NEd Satisfactory
Conservatively elastic (minimal) resistance

Lower resistance from bearings
5  87,3  436,5 kN  400 kN  NEd Unsatisfactory

Bolts
oGeneral
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary for bolted connections

o Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
in Chapter 3 of EN 1993-1-8
o Non-preloaded bolts
o Preloaded bolts
preload (0,7 fub)
o Injection bolts
replacement of rivets; bolts 8.8 and 10.9
o Pins
including serviceability
Future?
Advanced models
of bolted connections
o FEM research models
o Validated on experiments
o FEM design models

o Verified against
analytical and numerical models
o Bars and springs model
o In tension – stiffness, resistance
o In shear - contact Fan model
of bolts

Bolts
o General
o Design resistance of individual fasteners
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
oWelding to flexible plate
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welded connections in EN1993-1-8: 2005

4.1 General 38
4.2 Welding consumables 38
4.3 Geometry and dimensions 38
4.3.1 Type of weld 38
4.3.2 Fillet welds 38
4.3.3 Fillet welds all round 40
4.3.4 Butt welds 40
4.3.5 Plug welds 41
4.3.6 Flare groove welds 41
4.4 Welds with packings 41
4.5 Design resistance of a fillet weld 42
4.5.1 Length of welds 42
4.5.2 Effective throat thickness 42
4.5.3 Design Resistance of fillet welds 42
4.6 Design resistance of fillet welds all round 44
4.7 Design resistance of butt welds 45
4.7.1 Full penetration butt welds 45
4.7.2 Partial penetration butt welds 45
4.7.3 T butt joints 45
4.8 Design resistance of plug welds 45
4.9 Distribution of forces 46
4.10 Connections to unstiffened flanges 46
4.11 Long joints 48
4.12 Eccentrically loaded single fillet or single sided partial penetration butt welds 48
4.13 Angles connected by one leg 48
4.14 Welding in cold-formed zones 49
Electrode classification
EN 499 classification of carbon and low alloy steel electrodes
Covered electrode / manual metal arc welding

Strength & elongation
Impact properties (47J at 0oC)
Type of electrode covering (rutile-cellulosic)
Recovery and type of current
Welding position (all positions)
E 38 0 RC 1 1

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Fillet welds –
Definition of effective throat thickness a
The effective throat thickness

of a fillet weld
should not be less than 3 mm
Design Model of Fillet Welds
a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld

┴ normal stresses perpendicular to the throat
║ normal stresses parallel to the axis of weld (omitted)
┴ shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld
║ shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
Plane Stresses
Huber-Mises-Henckey condition of plasticity (HMH)
o Triaxial state of stress (needed exceptionally only)
o Plane state of stress (needed very often) z
x2 + z2 - x2 z2 + 32 ≤ (fy / M) 2 x
o Uniaxial state of stress (from the material tests)

 ≤ fy / M0
 ≤ fy / (M0 √3)
53
Design Resistance of Filet Weld

 2^  3  2^   2II   f u b w  Mw 
^  f u  Mw
fu Ultimate tensile strength of connected material

bw Correlation factor
γ Mw Partial safety factor for material of welds
Correlation factor bw for fillet welds

Standard and steel grade Correlation factor
EN 10025 EN 10210 EN 10219 βw
S 235
S 235 H S 235 H 0,80
S 235 W
S 275 S 275 H
S 275 H
S 275 N/NL S 275 NH/NLH 0,85
S 275 NH/NLH
S 275 M/ML S 275 MH/MLH
S 355
S 355 H
S 355 N/NL S 355 H
S 355 NH/NLH 0,90
S 355 M/ML S 355 NH/NLH
S 355 MH/MLH
S 355 W
S 420 N/NL
S 420 MH/MLH 1,00
S 420 M/ML
S 460 N/NL
S 460 NH/NLH
S 460 M/ML S 460 NH/NLH 1,00
S 460 MH/MLH 55
S 460 Q/QL/QL1

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Two fillet welds in parallel shear

  F 2a l
From plane stress analysis is
F 2a l  fu b 
w Mw 3 
Throat
thickness, not
leg length
WE
Fillet weld in normal shear

 II  0
^   ^   R 2
Ignored parallel fillet
Has to be satisfied weld
2^  3 2^  f u b w  Mw 
After substitution
 R  
2 +3 R
2
2 
2
2 2R  f u b w  Mw 
R  f u b w  Mw 2  
WE
Connection of cantilever
Shear force V Sd = FSd.
Transferred by web II = FSd 2 a h
fillets
Bending moment M Sd = F Sd e
Transferred by the shape of .weld

Centre of gravity, Iwe and cross section modulus W we
For weld at lower flange cross section modulus W we,1 and stress is
 ^1 =  ^1 = M Sd ( )
2 W we ,1
For upper weld on flange is

 ^ 2 =  ^ 2 = M Sd
( )
2 W we , 2
WE
Flange - web weld

Welds are loaded by longitudinal shear force
Vl
V l = V Sd S I
where VSd shear force VSd
S static moment of flange to neutral axis

I moment of inertia
This longitudinal force is carried by two welds effective thickness a

Shear stress
 II = V l 2 a  f u b w  Mw 3
Maximum stress is at the point of maximum shear force

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Welds to flexible plate

Effective width
t fb
of unstiffened column flanges
EN 1993-1-8 Chapter 4.10

beff  t wc  2 s  7 t fc
 t fc 2   fyc 
beff  t wc  2 s  7   
  rc
 t fb   fyb  beff
t wc σ
twc thickness of column web t fc
tfc thickness of column flange
tfb thickness of beam flange
s equal to fillet radius rc
for hot rolled column sections
Effective Width
Unstiffened column flanges
In EN1993-1-8 Clause 6.2.4.4
t fb fyb
Ft,fc,Rd  t wc  2 s  7 k t fc 
 M0
 fyc t fc 
k  min  ; 1
f t 
 yb fb 
twc is thickness of column web
tfc thickness of column flange
tfb thickness of beam flange
s is equal to fillet radius rc for hot rolled column sections

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
oDesign model
oDesign example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary
o Chapter 4 in EN1993-1-8: 2005
o Rules for connection of open sections
o Chapter 7 in EN1993-1-8: 2005

o Rules for connection of hollow sections
o New rules for high strength steels
o Size of welds
o Weld design for full resistance
WE
Weld design for full resistance

Loading by normal by connecting member
Not directly in code ^
t w

a  0,7
fu /  Mw ^ FSd
σ = FSd / (t h) t
FSd is the acting design force
fu is plate design strength
t is the thinness of connecting plate
b is width of connecting plate
Full capacity of a plate the thickness for steel S235
( fy /  M0 ) t (235 / 1,0) t
a  0,7  0,7  0,47 t  0,5 t
fu /  Mw 360 / 1,25 66
WE
Weld design for full resistance

Loading by shear force by connecting member

 = VSd / (t h)
VSd h
VSd is the design shear force in weld 
For full capacity of a plate thickness S235
t fy /( 3  M 0 ) t 235 /(1,0 3 ) t
a  0,85  0,85  0,85  0,33 t  0,3 t
fw /  Mw fu /  Mw 360 / 1,25
Weld Design
or Full Resistance of Connecting Members
Loading by normal force  0,5 t
Loading by shear force  0,3 t
Compare to AISC is less economical design
AISC – LRFD – matching with SMAW EN1993-1-8: 2005
fy fEXX fw.u.side
a Steel grade a
(N/mm2) (ksi – N/mm2) (N/mm2)
60 – 414 0,37 t
235 S235 208 0,37 t
70 – 483 0,33 t
355 70 – 483 0,49 t S355 262 0,45 t
S420 M 230 0,61 t

420 80 – 552 0,51 t
S420 N 240 0,58 t
S460 M 245 0,63 t
485 90 – 621 0,52 t
S460 N 254 0,61 t

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Column bases in chap. 6 of EN 1993-1-8: 2005

Unfortunately in 6 clauses
o Resistance in cl. 6.2.8, cl. 6.2.5(7)
o Stiffness in cl. 6.3.1(4)
o Classification in cl. 5.2.2.5
o Component concrete block in compression

and base plate in bending in cl. 6.7(2)
o Component anchor bolt in tension
and base plate in bendingin cl. 6.2.6.11(2)
o Component anchor bolt in shear cl. 6.2.2(6)
70
Component method
Anchor bolts in tension
cl. 6.2.8 and base plate in bending
Concrete block in compression

and base plate in bending
Components
o Concrete block in compression
o Anchor bolt in tension Anchor bolts in shear
o Component anchor bolt in shear
o Column web and flange in compression
Column web in shear
71
Background materials
Wald F., Sokol Z., Steenhuis M. and Jaspart, J.P.,
Component Method for Steel Column Bases,
Heron. 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 3-20, ISSN 0046-7316
Steenhuis M., Wald F., Sokol Z. and Stark J.W.B.,
Concrete in Compression and Base Plate in Bending,
Heron. 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 51-68, ISSN 0046-7316.
Wald F., Sokol Z. and Jaspart J.P.,
Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension,
Heron, 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 21-50, ISSN 0046-7316.
Gresnight N., Romeijn A., Wald F., and Steenhuis M.,
Column Bases in Shear and Normal Force,
Heron, 2008, vol. 53, no. 1/2, 87-108, ISSN 0046-7316.
EN 1992-4 Eurocode 2:
Design of concrete structures — Part 4: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Component
Concrete in compression and base plate in bending
FSd
Design principles Column flange
• 3D behaviour od concrete D
• Design bearing strength of the joint fjd
• Flexible base plate on concrete block t
L
• Effective rigid area under the flexible plate Aeff
Base plate
• Deformation of concrete block
• Stiffness coefficient for concrete deformation under the flexible plate kc

Component Method for Steel Column Bases, Heron 53 (2008) 3-20. 74
3D behaviour
Concentrated force for at concrete resistance FRd,u
o Design bearing strength of joint cl. 6.2.5(7)
o Area of crushing of the concrete Ac0
o According to cl. 6.7(2) in EN 1992-1-1
Ac1
FRd,u  Ac0 fcd  3,0 Ac0 fcd
Ac0
Load axes
Ac0 = b1 d1
Ac1 = b2 d2
h  b2 – b1; h  d2 – d1
3  b1  b2 a 3  d1  d2
h 75
Cursing of the concrete

cl. 6.7(2) in EN 1992-1-1
Area
Homogenous forces on area Ac0
Load axes
Area h
Concrete design strength in joint

Ac1
b j Ac0 fcd
b j FRdu Ac0 Ac1 3,0 Ac0 fcd
f jd    b j fcd   3,0 fcd
bef lef Ac0 Ac0 Ac0
bj = 2/3 is joint coefficient
Fcd is concrete compressive strength

Load axes
h 77
Flexible base plate on concrete

Column
F block Sd FRd
o Effective rigid plate c tw c

t
o Elastic deformation of plate only t
L
Base plate fj
Elastic bending moment of the base plate per unit length is

′
1 2 fy
M = t
6 γM0
and the bending moment per unit length on the base plate of span c and
loaded by distributed load is
1 2
M′ = fj c
2
where fj is concrete bearing strength
Effective width of flexible plate c c

c
fy
Effective width c  t c
3 f jd  M0
where c c
t is the plate thickness c
fy is the base plate yield strength c

fjd is the design bearing strength cof the joint
M0 is the partial safety factor for concrete
c Ap A
A eq
Effective
c c
area
c
Stiffness
F  ar 0,85 F
Deformation of an elastic hemisphere  r   
E E c arl L
cfl
x
E Ip

Stiffness coefficient F E c aeq,el L E c aeq,el L

kc   
 E 1,5  0,85 E 1,275 E
aeq,el  t w + 2 ,5 t  aeq,st =
Width of effective T stub ar
in elastic stage fy
= tw + 2 c = tw + 2 t
3 f jd  M0
Validation to experiments
1800 Force, kN F
1600 tw L
t
1400 Calculated strength
1200 Experiment d
Concrete and grout
1000
Concrete
800
Prediction based on local and global deformation,
600
400
200 Prediction based on local deformation only
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 Deformation, mm
Lower nut
Influence of grout
o Grout higher quality than concrete block
b1 = 2/3  1,0
Packings
o Grout lower quality than concrete block
o Model as plate on liquid
bj = 2 / 3
tg
f c.g  0,2 f c t tg
tg
t g  0,2 min (a ; b)
t g  0,2 min (a ; b) h 45
o tg
o
45

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Component
Anchor bolts in tension and base plate in bending
o Base plate compare to end plate Column flange F

e m
o Base plate is thicker
o Anchor bolt is longer t
l eff
o In most cases no prying forces Base plate
Contact of edge of T stub on experiment

Question of contact FF1-2
o End plate – contact or no contact m n
o Base plate – no contact

Q=0 Q=0
n m
FRd.3 FRd.1 FRd.2

Bt.Rd B t.Rd
Bt.Rd Bt.Rd B B
Q Q Q Q
a) Mode 3 b) Mode 1 c) Mode 2

Failure Mode 1-2

F /  B T,Rd
1,0
Failure mode 2
Failure mode 3
0,8
Tvar
0,6 porušení 1
Failure mode 1-2

0,4
0,2
4 l eff m pl,Rd /  B T,Rd
0,0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
Bt.Rd is bolt tensile resistance

Mpl,Rd is base plate bending resistance of unique length
Free length of anchor bolt embedded in concrete

L bf L
o Bolt effective free length Lbe = 8 d L be
b
o No prying force
o For Q = 0
o Limiting bolt length
F
8 ,82m 3 As  b = p n
Lb .lim   Lb
Leff t 3 m n
b
p
Q=0 Q=0
Wald F., Sokol Z., Jaspart J.P.,

Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension, Heron 53 (2008) 21-50.
Failure mode 1- 2
Design resistance in collapse 1 -2

2 Mpl,1,Rd
FT,12,Rd 
m
where m is the lever arm of the anchor bolt
Plastic moment resistance
Mpl,1,Rd  0,25 l eff t f 2 /  M0
For the effective length ℓeff the yield line method may be used.
Length of effective T stub
Bolts inside the flanges

For bolts inside the section
l 1  2  m  4 m  1,25 e  e m
l2  4  m
In case of prying
l 1  2  m  4 m  1,25 e 
l2  2 m
e w e
Length of effective T stub ex
mx
0 ,8 2 a
Bolts outside the flanges
bp
l
Prying case No prying case

ℓ1 = 4 α mx + 1,25 ex ℓ1 = 4 α mx + 1.25 ex
ℓ2 = 2 π mx ℓ2 = 2 π mx
ℓ3 = 0.5 bp ℓ3 = 0.5 bp
ℓ4 = 0.5 w + 2 mx + 0.625 ex ℓ4 = 0.5 w + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
ℓ5 = e + 2 mx + 0.625 ex l5 = e + 2 mx + 0.625 ex
ℓ6 = π mx + 2 e ℓ6 = 2 π mx + 4 e
ℓ7 = π mx + w ℓ7 = 2 (π mx + w )
ℓeff,1 = min (ℓ1 ; ℓ2 ; ℓ3 ; ℓ4 ; ℓ5 ; ℓ6 ; ℓ7 ) ℓeff,1 = min (ℓ1 ; ℓ2 ; ℓ3 ; ℓ4 ; ℓ5 ; ℓ6 ; ℓ7 )
ℓeff,2 = min (ℓ1 ; ℓ2 ; ℓ3 ; ℓ4 ; ℓ5 ) ℓeff,2 = min (ℓ1 ; ℓ2 ; ℓ3 ; ℓ4 ; ℓ5 )
Length of effective T stub for hollow sections

a
ac
b b bc
(a) m
m m eb ea
Leff .1   m b
Leff .2 
2
a  a c 2  b  bc 2 2 2
m  e a  eb
Leff .5   m Leff .4 
a 2
2 2
2 ea  eb
Leff .3  m a  ac 2  b  bc 2
8 e a eb
L eff  min ( Leff .1 ; Leff .2 ; Leff .3 ; Leff .4 ; Leff .5 )
Wald F., Bouguin V., Sokol Z., Muzeau J.P., Component Method for Base Plate of RHS, Proceedings of the
Conference Connections in Steel Structures IV: Steel Connections in the New Millenium, Roanoke
2000, IV/8- IV/816.
Heinisuo M., Perttola H., Ronni H., Joints between circular tubes, Steel Construction, 5(2) (2012) 101-107.
Stiffness coefficients
of component anchor bolts in tension and base plate in bending
0,425 l eff t 3
For base plate of thickness t kp 
m3
As
kb  2,0
For bolt Lb
93
Comparison to experiments
Stiffens and resistance of anchor bolt with header plate
Force, kN
180 40
160
Experiment W13/98
140
Experiment W14/97  24 - 355
120 315 365
Prediction
100 P6 - 40 x 50 40 5
80 50 10
60 10
6
40 5
P10 - 95 x 95
20
0
95 95
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
Deformation, mm
Model anchor bolts for resistence in CEB documents

Eligehausen R., Mallée R., Silva J. F., Anchorage in Concrete Construction, Ernst and Sohn Verlag,
Darmstadt, 2006, ISBN 978-433-01143-0
Comparison to experiments
350 Force, kN
350 Force, kN
300 300 W97-12

250 Simplified prediction 250
Experiment
200 200
m = 32
Complex calculation
150 150 Complex calculation m = 67
100 Simplified prediction

100
50 50
W97-02
Deformation, mm Deformation, mm
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8

Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension, Heron 53 (2008) 21-50. 95

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Components in Shear
In EN1993-1-8 cl. 6.2.2(6) - Anchor Bolt in Shear

Fh
Tensile resistance
Fh
Reduced tensile resistance
h
Shear and bending resistance
h
0
b fub As
Simplification by limiting of shear F2,vb,Rd 
 Mb
where fub is bolt design strength (in range 640 MPa  fub  235 N/mm2)
b = 0,44 – 0,0003 fyb
Mb is safety factor for bolts
Gresnigt N., Romeijn A., Wald F., Steenhuis M.,
Column Bases in Shear and Normal Force, Heron (2008) 87-108. 98

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Assembling of components for bending resistance

o Plastic design
Activated part
o Force equilibrium of affective area
MEd NEd zc,r

  Ft,l,Rd
z z
Affective area
MEd
MEd NEd z T,1
  FC,R,Rd Axis of compressed part
z z NEd
Neutral axis
Ft,pl,Rd Fc,pl,Rd
zt zc
z
Wald F., Sokol Z., Steenhuis M. and Jaspart J.P.,
M - N interaction diagram
M1 , N 1
M
M 2, N 2
M N=0
Tension Compression
Ft.Rd 0 N N
M=0

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Assembling of components for bending stiffness

From the component deformation stiffness for two cases
• Bolts activated
• Bolts not activated
MEd MEd
NEd NEd
 
 t,l  c,r
c,l  c,r
zt,l zc,r zc,l zc,r
z z

Stiffness
Simplified contact area round the axes of compressed flange
MSd / NSd = konst. xc <N Sd / MSd < 

M Sd / N Sd E z2
Sj 
M Sd / N Sd   1 c c

ki c cc c
z k z k c
 c c t t c
kc  kt
   1,5  
2 ,7
 kp
r/2 
1 k t
M Sd / N Sd 
 kc kc kc
  kb
r/2
M Rd / N Sd 
M Sd / N Sd
M oment
History of loading M Rd
Non-proportional loading
Proportional loading
o Influence to stiffness Nonlinear part of the curve
o No influence to resistance Plastification of one component
Anchor bolts in tension and one flange in compression
e0 NSd
S j.ini
0 Rotation
Non-proportional
M oment loading
Proportional
loading
Column base
resistance
0 Normal force
105
Sensitivity study of base plate thickness

400 kN M
Rd
HE 160 B M 20 - 10.9
M oment, kNm
120 t = 30 t
25
100
80 20
60
40 15
10
20
0 Rotation, mrad
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Validation on experiment
Components Assembly
Force, kN Moment, kNm
200 80
Ekb
100 Experiment
Anchor bolt
0 60 W7-4.20-prop
0,5
200 Force, kN M
N
100 E k p 40 Prediction HE 160 B
Base plate
0
0,5 t = 20
20 h = 500
200 E k c Force, kN
100
0,5 Concrete
0 0
Deformation,  , mm
0 10 Rotation, mrad

Base Plate in Bending and Anchor Bolts in Tension, Heron 53 (2008) 21-50.
Validation on experiment
Proportional loading, bolt failure
Moment, kNm Moment, kNm
80 W7-4.20-prop 80
W7-4.20-prop
HE 160 B- 480 70
60
4 M 24 - 4.6- 420 60
P 20- 300 x 220 50
40 30 x 330 x 250 40
550 x 550 x 550
30
20 Model 20
Experiment 10 Normal force, kN
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Rotation, mrad 0 500 1000
Nonproportional loading, concrete failure

HE 220 B - 900
2 M 20 - 10.9 - 320 160 Moment, kNm S220-190
Moment, kNm
140 P 20 - 280 x 280 140
120 30 x 250 x 250 120
S220-190 1200 x 600 x 600
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 Model 40
20 Experiment 20
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 Rotationí, mrad
0 500 1000 Normal force síla, kN

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Classification
According to stiffness
Asked accuracy of design
5% in resistance
10% in serviceability
Similar to beam-to-column joints

Component Method for Steel Column Bases, Heron 53 (2008) 3-20.
Non-sway frames by resistance

t = 12 mm
a 1 = b1 = 280 mm
a = b = 500 mm
h = 1000 mm
Fcr.pin M 24 -420
b = S j,ini,pin = 7 100 kNm / rad
Fcr,res
t = 40 mm
1
a 1 = b1 = 420 mm
a = b = 500 mm
0,9 h = 1000 mm
M 24 -420
S j,ini,pin S j,ini,stif = 74 800 kNm / rad
0,8
S j,ini,stif
0,7
0,6 _
0,0001 0,01 1,00 100,0 log S
Sway frames for serviceability

115 kN 115 kN
5 kN
y
HE 200 B
yS / yP
HE 200 B 4m
1,0
0,8
5m
0,6
S j,ini,pin
0,4
S j,ini,stif
0,2
0
0,01 100
log S
0,0001 1
Classification based on stiffness

Accuracy - 5% for resistance and 20% for serviceability
M j / M pl,Rd
1,0 Rigid
0,8
S j,ini,c,n = 30 E I c/ L c
0,6
0,4 S j,ini,c,s = 12 E I / L c  o = 1 ,36
0,2 Semirigid
Pinned
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 Rotation, 
113
Non-sway frames by resistance

For  o 0,5 Sj,ini  0
For 0,5 <  o< 3,93 Sj,ini  7 (2 - 1) E Ic / Lc
and for  o 3,93 Sj,ini  48 E Ic / Lc
where is relative stiffness for simple supported column
at both ends
For limited stiffness 12 E Ic / Lc
For sway frames S j,ini  30 E Ic / Lc
114

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
WE
Worked example – Simple base plate

Base plate resistance?
o Column HE 200 B
o Concrete block 850 x 850 x 900 mm concrete C 12/15
o Base plate 18 mm, steel S 235

o c = 1,50, M0 = 1,00
FRd
4xP30-40x40 b2 = 850
HE 200 B
b1 = 340
t = 18
30
h = 900 d1 = 340 d 2 = 850

WE
Concrete strength in joint

Under the base plate
Ac1 b 2 d2 2 850  850
f jd  b j fcd  b j fcd = 12 / 1,5 
Ac0 b1 d1 3 340  340
f jd   13,3 MPa  3,0  fcd  3,0  12 / 1,5  24 MPa

WE
Plate effective width

fy 235
c=t  18   43,7 mm
3 f j  M0 3  13,4  1,00
c bc = 200 c
t f = 15
c
c
h c = 200 c tw= 9
c
WE
WE
Base plate compression resistance

Effective area under I cross section
Aeff  min b; bc  2 c   min a; hf  2 c  
max min b; bc  2 c   t f  2 c; 0  max hc  2 t f  2 c; 0
Aeff  200  2  43,7  200  2  43,7 

 200  2  43,7  9  2  43,7  200  2  15  2  43,7 
 82 599  15 777  66 722 mm 2 c bc = 200 c
The base plate resistance t f = 15

c
c
NRd  Aeff f jd  66 722  13,3  887  103 N c tw= 9
h c = 200
c
WE
WE
Work example – rigid base plate

Bending resistance of base plate?
• Column HE 200 B loaded by FEd = 500 kN
• Concrete block C16/20 of 1 600 x 1 600 x 1000 mm
• Base plate 30 mm from steel S235

• c = 1,50; M0 = 1,00 and Mb = 1,25
b2 = 1600
MEd
FEd
b = 420
1
HE 200 B
M 24
t = 30 ea = 50
30
e b = 90
p = 240 d 1 = 420 d2 = 1600
h = 1000
e c = 60 r b = 160
120
WE
WE
Component
Anchor bolt and plate in bending
Bolt resistance
for M 24; As = 253 mm2
0,9 fub As
FT,3,Rd  2 Bt,Rd  2  
 mb
0,9  360  353
 2  183,0  103 N
1,25
WE
WE
Component anchor bolt and plate in bending

Bolt distance for weld 6 mm
m  60  0,8  a wf  2  60  0,8  6  2  53,2 mm
Length of effective T stub
4 m  1,25 ea  4  53,2  1,25  50  275,3 
4 π m  4 π 53,2  668,6 
 
0,5 b  0,5  420  210 
 
l eff,1  min 2 m  0,625 eb  0,5 p  2  53,2  0,625  90  0,5  240  282,7  
2 m  0,625 e  e  2  53,2  0,625  90  50  212,7 
 b a

2 π m  4 eb  2 π 53,2  4  90  694,2 
2 π m  2 p  2 π 53,2  2  240  814,2 
 
l eff,1  210 mm
2 Leff,1 t 2 fy 2  210  302  235
T stub resistance FT,1-2,Rd    370,0  103 N
4 m  M0 4  60  1,00
WE
WE
Component
Concrete block and plate in bending
Concrete crushing resistance
Ac1 b 2 d2 2 1420 1420
f jd  b j fcd  b j  fcd = 16 / 1,5 
Ac0 b1 d1 3 420  420
 24,0 MPa  3,0  fcd  3,0  16 / 1,5  32 MPa
Force equilibrium
FEd  Aeff f j  FT,Rd
Contact force for full bolt resistance
FEd  FRd,3 500  103  183,0  103
Aeff    28 458 mm 2
f jd 24 ,0
WE
WE
Effective width of base plate

fy 235
c=t  30   54,2 mm c bc = 200 c
3 f jd γM0 3  24 ,0  1 ,00
c t w= 9 c
c
t f = 15 rt
c
hc = 200
beff r
t f = 15 c c
The effective width of the area in contact

Aeff 28 458
beff    92,3 mm  t f  2 c  15  2  54,2  123,4 mm
bc  2 c 200  2  54,2
WE
WE
Bending moment resistance

for acting normal force
Lever arm
hc b 200 92,3
rc   c  eff   54 ,2   108,1 mm
2 2 2 2
Bending resistance
for normal force FEd = 500 kN
MRd  FT,3,Rd rb  Aeff f jd rc
 183,0  103  160  28 458  24 ,0  108,1 
 103,1  106 Nmm  103,1 kNm
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
Stiffness coefficient t f = 15
b c = 15
t
o Anchor bolt a eq
As 353
kb  2,0  2,0  2,7 mm
Lb 261,5
o Base plate
0,425 Lb,eff t 3 0,425  210  303
kb    16,0 mm
m3 53,2 3
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
Stiffness coefficient
Ec 27 500
kc  aeq bc  90  200  13,8 mm
1,275 Es 1,275  210 000
Lever arm in tension zt and in compression zc to column neutral axes

hc 200
rt   ec   60  160 mm
2 2
For part in tension hc t f 200 15
zc      92,5 mm
2 2 2 2
1 1
kt    2,310 mm
1 1 1 1
 
kb kp 2,7 16,0
WE
WE
Bending stiffness
Lever arm r  rt  rc  160  92,5  252,5 mm
kc rc  kt rt 13,8  92,5  2,3  160

a   56,4 mm
kc  k t 13,8  2,3
Eccentricity M Rd 103,1 10 6
e  3
 206,2 mm
FEd 500  10
Bending stiffness
e Es r 2 206,2 210 000  252,52
S j,ini    
ea  1 206,2  56,4  1 1 

i k i
1 
 2,31 13,78 

 20, 799 Nmm rad  20 799 kNm rad

WE
WE
Classification
Bending stiffness for column HE 200 B of length Lc = 4,0 m
Lc 4 000
S j,ini  S j,ini  20,799  10 9
 6,96
E s Ic 210 000  56,96  10 6
the base plate is semi-rigid for braced frames

S j,ini  6,96  12  S j,ini,EC 3,n
M j / M pl,Rd
and also for unbraced frames 1,0 Rigid
0,8
S j,ini  6,96  30  S j,ini,EC 3,s 0,6

S j,ini,c,n = 30 E I c/ L c
0,4 S j,ini,c,s = 12 E I / L c  o = 1 ,36
0,2 Semirigid
Pinned
0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 Rotation, 
WE
WE
Base plate M-N interaction diagram

Normal force, kN NRd
M
Rd
HE 200 B
t= M 24
t=
30
40
M pl.Rd h = 1 000
30 Npl.Rd
1 835
25
1 000 1 600
20 340 630
15
End column resistance
630
0 340
100 151,0 Moment, kNm
1 600
WE
WE
Influence of contact in column web
Normal force, kN
One bolt row activated
Both bolt rows activated
Base plate thickness, mm

M pl,Rd
40
Contact of flanges only
N pl,Rd
30
25
20
15
Column end resistance
Model Moment, kNm

contact column web and flanges

Bolts
o General
o Slotted holes
o Worked example
o Summary
Welds
o General
o Fillet weld
o Design model
o Design example
o Summary
Column bases
o Basis of design
o Components
o Assembly
o Resistance
o Stiffness
o Classification
o Worked examples
o Summary
Summary
o Component method
o Good accuracy of prediction
o In EN 1993-1-8 in 6 closures
o Plastic distribution of forces for resistance

o Concrete 3D strength
o Effective rigid area under flexible base plate
o Questions for next edition

o Embedded columns?
o Column bases with base plate and anchor plate?
o Advanced models?
Component based
model of column base
with base plate and
anchor plate
RFCS project INFASO+

o Design Manual I
o Design Manual II
o Software toll
http://www.steelconstruct.com/site
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/infaso
Material True stress-strain
Component based FEM nonlinear

Experimental
Design
design model
o Advanced design model based on FEM of plate
o Components integrated FEM
o Welds
o Bolts
Fan model
o Compressed plates of
anchor bolt
Allows for column bases
o Generally loaded by N and My, Mz
o Irregular shape of base plate
o Arbitrary positions of anchors
o Opening in column web
http://www.idea-rs.com
Thank you
for your attention
František Wald
Czech Technical University in Prague

06 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WALD

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06 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WALD

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Bolts, welds,

Scope of the lecture

Bolts Column bases

Scope of the lecture

Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins

3.5 Positioning of holes for bolts and rivets 23

3.7 Group of fasteners 29

3.10 Deductions for fastener holes 31

3.11 Prying forces 34

High-strength structural bolting for preloading

EN ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners —

Bolt class 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 10.9

EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures –

Scope of the lecture

Resistance in shear in one shear plane

where the shear plane

A is the gross cross section of the bolt

Resistance in shear in one shear plane

- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8:

- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9

A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As

In the direction of load transfer

Perpendicular to the direction of load transfer

Bearing of Plate and Bolt

Load on a bolt not parallel to the edge

in oversized holes reduce bearing by 0,8

Influence of distances to force

Perpendicular to acting force

End bolts  b  e1  1,2 d 0  0 ,400 k1 ab d t fu 1,66  0 ,400 d t fu d t fu

Comparison to EN e1 and p1 min. Fu/FEN3 = 1,27 University of Dortmund,

Scope of the lecture

Bearing resistance in slotted holes

Scope of the lecture

Symmetric bolt group subject to concentric loading

In plate (staggered rows) fu A nt 1 A

0,5  530  35  2  9   10 1 2  240  7  18  1  9  10

In angle (staggered rows)

Worked Example – Fin Plate connection

Worked example – Fin plate,

fu,b1 Ant 1 Anv 360  7,1140  2  22 1 2  7,150  11

Scope of the lecture

Bolted connection of double angle bar

Bolts M20 class 5.6 fully treated

Angle net section

Bolted connection of double angle bar

Bolted connection of double angle bar

Bearing of end bolt

Bolted connection of double angle bar

Bearing of internal bolt

2,5  0,811 20  8  360

Bolted connection of double angle bar

Shear is not guiding the resistance, e.g. bearing as sum

87,3  3  94 ,3  87,3  457,5 kN  400 kN  NEd Satisfactory

Conservatively elastic (minimal) resistance

Scope of the lecture

Summary for bolted connections

o FEM design models

Scope of the lecture

Welded connections in EN1993-1-8: 2005

Covered electrode / manual metal arc welding

Scope of the lecture

The effective throat thickness

Design Model of Fillet Welds

a effective throat thickness of the fillet weld