GARAY. MODULE 2 Understanding Culture Society and Politics 12

BVS COLLEGES
Km. 5, Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet

Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Email address: bvscolleges@rocketmail.com
COURSE GUIDE
This module serves as your partner in this semester. All information is present
in this module all you need to do is read, comprehend, and answers all the
questions. The following guides and house rules will help you further to be on
track and to stay at the end of the module no matter how hard, challenging,
and exciting it is.
A. Set your priorities.

B. Schedule and manage your time, wisely.
C. Don’t forget to write your name on your modules and examination
sheets.
D. For you to have an organize study time follow your study schedule.
E. If you don’t understand the readings and the other tasks, re-read. As
much as possible engage in all possible resources like asking family
members, friends, and relatives. If this will not work, text me first so that
I can call you or text you back for assistance. Fb account name and
email account of your subject teacher is presented in your modules.
F. If you find it difficult on your part, do not hesitate to send me a message.
G. In answering all the activities/tasks/tests. Write legibly. I would advise
that you can use another paper to formulate your answers before writing
your final answer on your module. You must remember that all activities
in the module are academic activities, which means that the relevant
academic conventions apply.
1. As much as possible do not use abbreviations and acronyms
unless these are introduced in the readings.
2. Do not write lengthy answers. Be clear with your main point and
express it as briefly as possible.
3. In the evaluation that requires explanation. Remember that your
answer should be composed of a complete and grammatically
correct sentence. You can also quote your source in supporting
your answers.
Your Self Learning Module has four types which are Engage, Explore,
Application, and Assessment. As you will soon observe, engage should be
answered without reading the content of the chapter it is something that you
know, your own idea. Explore is the content and topic of the chapter, third is
an application that composes activities, and lastly, your assessment activities
which involve all lessons tackled from the start and end of the chapter.
2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 1 of 31

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE

Intended Content Learning Activities Date of
Learning (reading, doing Submission
Outcomes / activities indicated in
Learning the module and output
Competencies required.
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS
UNIT II
Give the meaning Culture  Assessment 1.1 of
culture Relativism vs Comparison and
relativism and Ethnocentrism
Contrast
ethnocentrism  Assessment 1.2
Definition of
Differentiate Terms
culture relativism from
ethnocentrism.
UNIT III
Explain the Biological  Assessment 1.1
concepts of evolution of Early Picture
evolution, Humans and comparison
missing link, and Modern Humans analysis
tree of life.  Assessment 1.2
Picture evolution
 Assessment 1.3 Feb. 15 –
Definition of Mar. 20
terms
Describe the Culture Evolution  Assessment 1.1
development of of Early Humans Picture
cultural to modern comparison
technologies that Humans analysis
the early humans  Assessment 1.2
successful in Picture evolution
acquiring food  Assessment 1.3
and surviving Definition of
terms
Give the meaning Significance of  Assessment

of some concepts Human Material Socratic
such as artifacts, Remains and Answering
ecofacts, Artifactual
museum, and Evidence
middens.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Identify theories Cultural and  Assessment 1.1

on socio-cultural Socio-Political Jumbled words
and political Evolution  Assessment 1.2
evolution Matching type
 Assessment 1.3
Multiple Choice
Describe the Early  Assessment 1.1

civilizations from Civilizations Multiple Choice
early times to the  Assessment 1.2
present Definition of
Terms
Define museum MUSEUMS AND  Assessment 1.1
and archeological ARCHEOLOGICAL Sharpen your mind
site SITES  Assessment 1.2
Fill in the blanks
 Assessment 1.3
Agree or Disagree
Identify the SOCIALIZATION  Assessment 1.1

difference between AND Concept Mapping
socialization and ENCULTURATION  Assessment 1.2
enculturation Definition of
Terms
Give the meaning Social Norms  Assessment 1.1
of certain Definition of
concepts such as Terms
norms, social  Assessment 1.2
norms, and Situational
normative Application
behavior
Identify the Identify  Assessment 1.1
various social Formation, Definition of
positions of the Statuses and Terms
person in society Roles  Assessment 1.2
Situational
Application
To pass the course, you must:
1. Read all course readings and answer all the activities.

2. Answer the print-based discussion activities.
3. Submit your modules every after a month.
4. Do your best on performance test given.
5. Do all the periodical examinations
Subject Teacher,

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Jayvee Dangpa Garay
MODULE 2
General instructions:
 Read first the instructions before

answering.
 Answer the following activities correctly
and precisely.
 Don’t forget to write your names, year and
Section.
 No names on their modules are
considered to be invalid or not recorded.
 You can detach your answers from your
modules but be sure to input the pages.
 For more questions, instructor’s FB name
and email are provided below.
 Read first the learning competencies, for
you to be guided in answering your
modules.
UNDERSTANDING
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
JAYVEE DANGPA GARAY

jayveegaray@gmail.com

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
“Without culture and the relative freedom it implies, society, even

when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift
to the Future” – Albert Camus
Name 😉_Tiw-an Clive_______________________________________

Don’t forget to write your name
Course/Year/Section: __12 AUTOMOTIVE________________________________
CHAPTER III:
CULTURE VS.
ETHNOCENTRISM
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Give the meaning of culture relativism and ethnocentrism.

 Differentiate culture relativism from ethnocentrism  Reason out
how culture relativism mitigates ethnocentrism
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
Didactic:
 Read information.
Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Comparison and Contrast

 Assessment 1.2 Definition of Terms
CULTURE RELATIVISM
This concept was first formulated by William Graham Summer in his book
Folkways. He said that there are no universal moral standards of right and
wrong and good and bad for evaluating cultural phenomena. This means that
what is right in one place may be wrong in another place or vice versa.
ETHNOCENTRISM
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of
one’s own culture. Ethnocentric individuals judge another groups relative to
their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language,
behavior, customs and these ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to
define each ethnicity’s unique cultural identity. Ethnocentrism is the belief of
superiority in one’s personal ethnic group, but it can also develop from racial

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
or religious differences. Ethnocentric individuals believe that they are better

than other individuals for reasons based solely on their heritage.
CULTRAL RELATIVISM MITIGATES ETHNOCENTRISM
Cultural relativism argues that all cultures are valuable and none is better
than another. An example of cultural relativism might include slang words
from specific languages. For instance, the word “tranquilo” in Spanish
translates directly to “calm” in English. However, it can be used in many more
ways than just as an adjective example the seas are calm.
ASSESSMENT1.1. In your own point of view what is the connection of Cultural

Relativism to Ethnocentrism. 10 points
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
ASSESSMENT 1.2. Define the following concepts in your own words. 10

points.
1. Ethnocentrism
__you are inferior to
others._______________________________________________________________________
_____
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Culture
___it was a form of art that pass down to generation to
generation,__________________________________________________________________
_________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Cultural Relativism
__it is how you respect other culture and not discriminating other
cultures._____________________________________________________________________
_______
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Polygyny

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Psychology
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.
UNIT III:
LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN
BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION
CHAPTER I:
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF EARLY
HUMANS AND MODERN HUMANS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Explain the concepts of evolution, missing link, and tree of life 

Describe the relationship between apes and humans
 Describe human evolution
Didactic:
 Read information
Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Picture comparison analysis

 Assessment 1.2 Picture evolution
 Assessment 1.3 Definition of terms

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
WHAT IS EVOLUTION?
Evolution means changes that occur in a population over time. In this
definition, a “population” means a group of the same species that share a
specific location and habitat. Evolutionary changes always occur on the genetic
level. In other words, evolution is the process that results in changes that are
passed on or inherited from generation.
THE TREE OF LIFE
Biological evolution explains the way all living things evolved billions of
years from a single common ancestor. This concept is often illustrated by the
so called tree of life. Every branch in the tree represents a species. The fork
separating one species from the other represents the common ancestors that
each pair of species shared. So ultimately, all life is interconnected, but any
two species may be separated by millions or even billions of years of evolution.
ONLY A THEORY?
Some people dismiss evolution as “just a theory”. Evolution is in fact a theory a
scientific theory. In everyday use, the word theory often means a guess or
rough idea: “My theory is …” “I have a theory about that”. But among
scientists, the word has an entirely different meaning. In science, a theory is an
overarching explanation used to describe some aspect of the natural world that
is supported by overwhelming evidence.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APES AND HUMANS
Since scientist develop the ability to decode the genome and compare the
genetic makeup of species, some people have been stunned to learn that about
95.5% of genes in people and chimpanzees are identical. This finding means
chimps are the closest living biological relatives to humans, but it does not
mean that humans evolved from chimps. What it dies indicate is that humans
share common ancestor with modern African apes (ei. Gorilla and
chimpanzees), making us very, very distant cousins.
Modern humans differ from apes in many significant ways. Human brains
are larger and more complex, people have elaborate forms of communication
and culture, and people habitually walk upright, it can manipulate very small
objects and can speak.
ASSESSMENT 1.1
Post a pic of your mother, father or any relative of yours and

your pic that you have in common in Physical (Face includes
eyes, nose, lips) and write a short description to it. 10 points
Your PICTURE: YOUR RELATIVE’S PICTURE

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Short Description:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
_____________________________________________________________________________.
OUR COMMON ANCESTORS
Most scientists believe our common ancestors existed 5 to 8 million years

ago. The two species broke off into separate lineages, one ultimately evolving
into gorillas and chimps, the other evolving into early humans called hominids.
WHAT ABOUT THE MISSING LINK?
The idea of missing link has persisted, but it is not actually a scientific
term. In the popular imagination, this missing link would be the fossil of our
common ancestor. While scientists agree on the concept of a common ancestor,
deciding which fossils represents that actual species is challenging if not
impossible, given that the fossil record will never 100% complete.
THE FOSSIL RECORD
Fossils are the remains or impressions of living things hardened in rock.

All living organisms have not been preserved in the fossil records; in fact, most
have not because very specific conditions must exist in order to create fossils.
The earliest humans were found in Africa, which is where very much of
human evolution occurred. The fossils of these early hominids, which lived 2 to
6 million years ago, all come from that continent.
AUSTRALOPITHECINES
An African apelike species evolved probably around 6 million years ago

with two skeletal characteristics that set it apart from apes: small canine teeth
(the teeth on either side of the four teeth) compared to the long canines found
in almost all other primates, and most importantly, bipedalism or walking on
two legs as the primary mode of locomotion.
The australopithecine means “southern ape”, in reference to South Africa

where the first known fossils were found. Many more were found in Great rift
Valley in eastern Africa, in countries include Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and
Chad.
THE GENUS HOMO

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
The genus Homo first evolved at least 2.3 million to 2.5 million years ago.
The most significance difference between members of this genus and austral
piths, with which they overlapped, was their significantly large brains.
HOMO SAPIENS
Homo Sapiens evolves in Africa and began spreading to other parts of the
world 90,000 years ago a little earlier, although whether, how, why and when
this happened is still in dispute.
EVOLUTION OF MODERN HUMANS
HOMO HABILIS – Homo Habilis was considered as the early representative of
modern human kind. Some researchers feel that Homo Habilis had a large
enough brain have the rudimentary capacity for speech that may have
encouraged cooperation and sharing amongst members of a group. That our
distant H. Habilis ancestors were able to produce such tools demonstrates that

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
they had manual dexterity but also a capacity for planning, as well as
knowledge about what kind of stones to use and where to find them.
HOMO ERGASTER AND HOMO ERECTUS
A fossil skeleton of Homo ergaster found in Kenya in 1984 became

popularly known as Turkana boy. This skull led researchers to believe this
group may have been the first “naked ape”. This specimen suggested no body
fur, a dark pigmented skin, and no evidence of living in tress.
Homo ergaster made stone tools, including well-made hand axes and
cleavers for the butchering and processing of hunted animals. This technology
appeared in Africa and was later carried into western Asia and Europe by
Homo ergaster or its descendants.
ASSESSMENT 1.2
Post your own picture beginning

from your baby stage until now.
Use the space next page. Cite some short description in each
picture of yours. 20 points
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
MODERN HUMAN BEINGS

NEANDERTHALS AND MODERN HOMO SAPIENS
The origin of modern humans is still controversial. The debate centers on

whether modern humans have direct relationship with Homo erectus or the
Neanderthals, a well-known, more group of humans who evolved within last
300,000 years. Some researchers feel that modern humans originated
separately in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Others feel that modern humans
originated in Africa and after migrating into Europe and Asia they replaced the
Neanderthals or archaic Homo Sapiens found there.
ASSESSMENT 1 .3
Define the following concepts in your own words.
1. Homo Habilis
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Evolution
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Homo Sapiens
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Australopithecines
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Fossils
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
CHAPTER II:
Significance of Human
Material Remains and
Artifactual Evidence
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Give the meaning of some concepts such as artifacts, Eco facts,

museums and middens.
 Identify the sources of artifacts.

 Give the meaning, identify and describe the theories on socio,
cultural, and political evolution.
 Identify types of society.
Didactic:
Active:
 Assessment Socratic Answering.

ARTIFACT (ARCHEOLOGY)
In archeology, an artifact is an object made or modified by a human culture,
individual or group. Often the artifact – or object – is recovered long after the
time it served its purpose, through an archeological endeavor or even by
accident or chance. Examples of artifacts from various time periods would
include stone tools such as projectile point, pottery vessels, metal objects such
as buttons or guns, and items of personal adornment such as jewelry and
clothing. Other examples include bone that shows signs of human
modification, fire cracked rocks from a heart, or plant material used for food.
SOURCES OF ARTIFACTS
Artifacts can come from many different sources such as:
• Grave goods (those personal items buried along with the body)
• Hoards
• Votive offerings
• From any Archeology feature such as pit, wall, ditch
• A Midden (landfill)

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
ARTIFACTS, MUSEUMS, AND PRESERVATION

Collections can be created by private individuals, early archeologist, or by
professional archeologist. Not all collections are owned by the museum that
houses them.
Sharpen your Mind 20 points

1. Do you have artifacts at home? How did your family secure them? Name
those artifacts.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Explain the importance of preserving artifacts.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
CHAPTER III:
CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL
EVOLUTION
LEARNING OUTCOMES

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
 Define socio-cultural evolution

 Identify theories on socio-cultural and political evolution
 Describe evolution of Society
Didactic:
Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Jumbled words

 Assessment 1.2 Matching type
 Assessment 1.3 Multiple Choice
THEORIES ON SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION
1. Unilineal Evolution Theory. It holds that all human life passes through
different stages or grades which make people around the world differ in
their culture.
a. Lower savagery. The people had fire but no knowledge on how to utilize
the fire well.
b. Middle Savagery. The people had fire but no bow and arrow
c. Upper Savagery. The people had invented bow and arrow but lacked
knowledge on pottery
d. Lower Barbarism. The people had already knowledge on the
domestication of animals and plants but no knowledge on smelting
metals.
e. Upper Barbarism. The people had knowledge on the use of metals but no
knowledge of alphabet and the art of writing.
f. Civilized world. The people were already literate, had knowledge on
technological and economic discoveries and invention.
2. NATURAL EVOLUTION THEORY – Through this period of evolution,

organisms compete with one another over space, food and other things
for survival, or avoid being eaten, resist diseases or become parasites in
order to exists.
EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
1. Paleolithic Stage (500,000 BC – 8,000 BC). This is called the Old Stone
Age because men used unpolished and crude stones as their tool
implements. The term Paleolithic came from two Greek word “palacios”
which means old and “lithos” means stone. The men living in this period
are the Java men, Neanderthal men and Cro Magnon men.
BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS STAGE:

a. The made and used tool implements, especially crude stones.
b. They gathered and collected foods through hunting and fishing.
c. The foods that they usually eat are wild fruits, nuts and berries.
2. Mesolithic Stage (10,000 BC). This is known as the period of

Transitional Culture because of the glaciers that occurred, some of the
animals become extinct and they adjusted to the new environment.
People live along the coast fishing and gathering shellfish white others.
3. Neolithic Stage (8,000 – 4,000 BC). This is called the polished Stone
age.
Characteristics of the people in this stage:

a. Instead of food gathering, such as hunting and fishing, they also
produced their own food
b. The people also engaged in herding, pottery, and weaving
c. The people polished their own tools and weapons.
d. The people domesticated animals
e. The people learned to build dug outs – the world first boat.
4. Metallic Age (4,000 – 1500 BC). This stage is characterized by the
presence of three metals. Copper, Bronze were commonly used by the
Hittites, Sumerians and Egyptians.
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
1. FOOD AND GATHERING SOCIETIES. The earliest form of socio cultural

society. The people subsisted from day to day through hunting larger
animals, collecting shellfish and vegetable gathering. Their tools were
made of stones, wood and bones.
2. Horticultural Societies. The people planted seeds for subsistence. For
instance, in Thailand rice was planted about 11,000 years ago.
3. Pastoral Societies. Most of the people were nomadic who follow their
herds in quest of animals for food and clothing to satisfy their needs.
They raised animals to provide milk, furs, and blood for protein.
4. Agricultural Societies. By the use of plow, it turns the topsoil deeper
allowing for better aerating and fertilizing thus improving beteer yield
when harvested.
5. Industrial Societies. Began during industrial revolution and gained
momentum by the turn of the 19th century. This period is characterizing
as use of machines.
6. Post-Industrial Societies. Information and technology is the hallmark of
this societies. Characterize by the spread of computer technology.
ASSESSMENT 1.1. JUMBLED WORDS: Arrange the following words. Used

their definition as your guide. Write your answer before the number. 10
points

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
______________________________1. OSOCOI-ULTARLUC – Considers the process

that can lead to decrease in complexity
(degeneration).
______________________________2. URANTLA OVEUTIONL – Developed out of
existing species.
______________________________3. ICTHALPEO – Also known as Stone age
______________________________4. ESMOICTHIL – Known as the period of

Transitional Culture
______________________________5. IHCTOEN – Polished stone age
ASSESSMENT 1.2. Match the following concepts with their corresponding

meanings. 20 points A.
A. B.
1. Transitional Culture a. Paleolithic
2. Polished Stone Age b. Mesolithic
3. Advance technologies c. Neolithic
4. Hunting and Gathering d. Post - industrial 5. Use of bronze
and copper e. Industrial
d. Metallic
B.
A. B.
1. Had fire but no knowledge on how to use a. Upper Savagery
2. Had fire but no bow and arrow b. Civilized world

3. Knowledge on the domestication but no knowledge c. Middle Savagery
on smelting metal d. Lower Barbarism
4. knowledge on the use of metal but no knowledge e. Upper Barbarism

Of alphabet and art
5. Already literate on technology
ASSESSMENT 1.3. Multiple Choice: Write you answer before each number.
_____1. Metallic age = ___________________
Neolithic Age = polished stone

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
a. Gold c. Copper
b. Silver d. Mud
_____2. Mesolithic stage = transitional culture
_______________ = Old Stone age
a. Paleolithic Stage c. Pastoral Societies

b. Metallic stage d. Agriculture
_____3. Use of metals = ______________________
Polished stone age = Neolithic
a. Paleolithic Stage c. Pastoral Societies

b. Metallic stage d. Agriculture
_____4. Had knowledge to use metal.
a. Lower Savagery c. Upper Barbarism

b. Middle Savagery d. Middle Barbarism
_____5. No knowledge about bow and arrow.
a. Lower Savagery c. Upper Barbarism

b. Middle Savagery d. Middle Barbarism
CHAPTER IV:
EARLY CIVILIZATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Cite the great discoveries during the early civilization.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
 Describe the civilizations from early times to the present.
Didactic:
 Read the information.

Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Multiple Choice

Early Civilization:
A civilization is any complex society characterized by urban

development, social stratification, symbolic communication forms (typically,
writing systems), and a perceived separation from domination over the natural
environment by a cultural elite.
1. Mesopotamia Civilization. The first civilization to have ever emerged on

the face of planet earth ever since the evolution of humans. The origin of
Mesopotamia dates back so far behind in the history, there is no known
evidence of any other civilized society before them. The timeline is
usually kept around 3300 BC – 750 BC.
11 Inventions and Discoveries of Mesopotamia
 The Wheel. The first wheel wasn't used for transportation. ...
 The Chariot. Over time, humans learned to domesticate horses, bulls,
and other useful animals and the invention of the chariot or carriage
followed on from their domestication. ...
 The Sailboat. ...  The Plow. ...
 Time (sundial)
 Astronomy and Astrology. ...
 The Map. ...
 Mathematics.

2. Indus Valley Civilization. One of the oldest civilizations, lies at the
cradle of subsequent civilization that rose in the region of the Indus
valley. This civilization flourished in areas extending from what today is
northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Harrapa and
Mohenjo Daro Civilization named after the excavation sites where the
remains of the civilization were found, the peak phase of this civilization
is said to have lasted from 2600 BC to around 1900 BC.
Inventions
 City-Planning
 Cooking Methods
 Seal and Trade
 Arts
 Scripts and Gods

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
3. Ancient Egyptian Civilization. One of the oldest and culturally richest

civilizations in this list. The ancient Egyptians are known for the
extraordinary culture, the ever standing pyramids and the sphinx, the
pharaohs and the once a majestic civilization that resided by the banks
of the river Nile.
 The Pyramids
The oldest pyramid was erected for King Zoser between 2667-2648 BC. In fact,
it is the first monumental stone building designed and constructed that we
know of.
 Writing
Along with the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians were the first people to develop
their language into a codified form of writing. All early forms of writing were
pictograms – pictures
 Papyrus Sheets
 Black Ink
The Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and bee wax to make black ink. They
replaced soot with other materials such as ochre to make various colors. 
Irrigation
The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile river’s
yearly flood and bring water to distant fields.  The Calendar
Their calendar had 365 days and 12 months with 30 days in each month and
an additional five festival days at the end of the year. However, they did not
account for the additional fraction of a day and their calendar gradually
became incorrect. Eventually Ptolemy III added one day to the 365 days every
four years.
 Clocks
In order to tell the time Egyptians invented two types of clock.
Obelisks were used as sun clocks by noting how its shadow moved around its
surface throughout the day. From the use of obelisks, they identified the
longest and shortest days of the year.  Mummification
The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the bodies of the dead that after
thousands of years we know of the diseases they suffered such as arthritis,
tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay, bladder stones, and gallstones;
there is evidence, too, of the disease bilharzias is (schistosomiasis), caused by
small, parasitic flatworms, which still exists in Egypt today. There seems to
have been no syphilis or rickets.
ASSESSMENT 1.1. Multiple Choice
_____1. Indus Valley = City-Planning

Egyptian = _______________

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
a. Mummification c. Sailboat
b. Seal and Trade d. Rice
_____2. Mesopotamia = ______________
Egyptian = Pyramids
a. Mummification c. Sailboat
b. Seal and Trade d. Rice
_____3. Choose the following correct order
a. Mesopotamia, Egyptian, Indus Valley
b. Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Egyptian
c. Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Egyptian
d. Egyptian, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley
_____4. Mesopotamia = ______________
Egyptian = Sphinx’s
a. The wheel c. Rice
b. Pyramids d. The calendar
_____5. Egypt = ______________
Mesopotamia = _______________
a. Pyramids & Pharaohs
b. Pyramids & The Wheel
c. Pyramids & Sphinx’s
d. Pyramids & The calendar
4. Mayan Civilization. Flourished in Central America from about 2600 BC

and had been much talked about in recent times because of the timeline in the
calendar they had created. Once the civilization was established, went on to
prosper and become one of the most sophisticated civilizations with a booming
population of about 19 million at its peak.
MAYAN INVENTIONS
 Astronomy
 Ball Courts
 Law and Order
 Mathematics
 The Maya Calendar
 Mayan Writing System
5. The Aztecs Civilization. The Aztecs came in the scenario pretty much
around the time when the Incas were appearing as the powerful contenders in
South America. Around the 1200s and early 1300s, the people in present day
Mexico used to live in the big rival cities – Tenochtitlan, Texoco, and Tlacopan.
6. The Incas Civilization. The Incas where the largest Empire in North
America in the Pre-Columbian Era. This civilization flourished in the areas old
present day Ecuador, Peru, and Chile and had its administrative, military and
political center located at Cusco which lies in modern day Peru.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
ASSESSMENT 1.2. Define the following concepts in your own words.

1. Mayan civilization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Inca Civilization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Mesopotamia Civilization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Aztecs Civilization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Indus Valley Civilization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
CHAPTER V:
MUSEUMS AND ARCHEOLOGICAL
SITES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Define museum and archeological site

 Identify the types of museums
 Explain how archeological sites are formed.
 Cite the types of Archeological types.
Didactic:
 Read the concepts

Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Sharpen your mind

 Assessment 1.2 Fill in the blanks
 Assessment 1.3 Agree or Disagree
MUSEUM
A museum is an institution that cares for collection of artifacts and other

objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance and makes them
available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or
temporary.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
TYPES OF MUSEUM
1. GENERAL MUSEUM. It holds collections in more than one objects and
are therefore sometime known as multi-disciplinary or interdisciplinary
museums. Most common among general museums are those which
serve a region or a locality. Many of these owe their foundation to civic
pride and a desire to promote knowledge of the area.
2. Natural History and Natural Science Museums. They are concerned
with the natural world, their collections may contain specimens of birds,
mammals, insects, plants, rocks, minerals, and fossils. These museums
have their origins in the cabinets of curiosities built up by prominent
individuals in Europe during the Renaissance and Enlightenment. 3.
Science and Technology Museums. Museums of Science and
Technology are concerned with the development and application of
scientific ideas and instrumentation. Like museums of natural science
and natural history, science museums have their origins in the
Enlightenment.
4. Art Museums. The art museum or art gallery is concerned primarily with
the objects as a means of unaided communication with its visitors.
Aesthetic values are therefore a major consideration in accepting items
for the collection. Traditionally these collections have comprised
paintings, sculpture, and the decorative arts.
ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES
A place in which evidence of past activity is preserved and which has
been or may be, investigated using the discipline of archeology and represents
a part of the archeological record. Archeological sites usually form through
human related process but can be subject to natural, post-depositional factors.
Cultural remains which have been buried by the sediments are in many
environments more likely to be preserved than exposed cultural remnants.
ASSESSMENT 1.1. Sharpen Your Mind.

1. Suppose, after graduation from senior high school, you are appointed by the
Mayor or governor in your region to be the museum curator in the town/city or
province. Are you going to accept it? Give five (5) reasons for accepting the job.
What type of museum would you prefer? Reason out?
a. Are you going to accept the job?

1.__________________________________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________________________________
4.__________________________________________________________________________
5.__________________________________________________________________________
b. Types of museum you prefer: Why?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
_____________________________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
ASSESSMENT 1.2. Fill in the Blanks.
1. ___________________ holds the collections in more than one subject.

2. Institution that cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic,
cultural, historical is called _______________________.
3. _____________________ is concerned with natural world.
4. _____________________ is concerned with the development and application of
scientific ideas.
5. A site for preservation of archeological remains is called ___________________
ASSESSMENT 1.3. Agree or Disagree
___________________1. Natural history concerned with the development and

application.
___________________2. Some people dismiss evolution as “just a theory”.
___________________3. Ultimately, all life is interconnected, but any two species
may be separate by millions are even billions of years of evolution.
___________________4. Modern humans do not differ from apes in many
significant ways.
___________________5. In a million years that followed, at least a dozen different
species of human like creatures have existed.
UNIT IV:
BECOMING A MEMBER OF
SOCIETY
CHAPTER I: SOCIALIZATION
AND ENCULTURATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Identify the difference between socialization and

enculturation

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
 Determine the consequences of enculturation and

socialization
 Demonstrates understanding on how to become culturally
competent
Didactic:
 Read concepts
Active:
 Assessment 1.1 Concept Mapping
SOCIALIZATION VS ENCULTURATION – WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?

Socialization is the process of the learning how to live in a way acceptable to
one’s own society, said especially young people while enculturation is the
process by which an individual adapts the behavior patterns of the culture in
which he or she is immersed. Socialization skills start to be learned in
kindergarten or even in nursery grades.
Learning Culture to Become Competent Members of Society
Cultural learning, also called cultural transmission, is the way a group

of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information.
Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its
children and young people.
Cultural learning allows individuals to acquire skills that they would be

unable to independently over the course of their lifetimes. Cultural learning is
believed to be particularly important for humans.
To become Culturally Competent
1. Learn about yourself. Self-assessment makes participants realize the

pervasive role culture plays in their lives. It also makes people aware of
their biases while sparkling open minded curiousity about other
cultures.
2. Learn about different cultures. One of the best ways to immerse
yourself in another culture’s world view is to learn a second language.
3. Interact with diverse groups.
ASSESSMENT 1.1. Concept Mapping. 10 points

Fill out boxes with information relating to the given information.
Socialization Enculturation

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
ASSESSMENT 1.2. Definition of terms 10 points

1. Socialization
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. Enculturation
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Cultures
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Society
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Cultural learnings
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
CHAPTER II:
SOCIAL NORMS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Give the meaning of certain concepts such as norms, social
norms, and normative behavior

Demonstrate understanding of the social norms regarding public
behavior, using the phone, dining, social norms on the classroom and
others

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Didactic:
 Read information Active:
 Assessment 1.2 Situational Application
Norms are cultural products (including values, customs, and traditions) which
represents individual’s basic knowledge of what others do and think they
should do. Social Norms or mores are the rules of behavior that are considered
acceptable in a group or society.
A. Social Norms Regarding Public Behavior

• Shake hands when you meet someone
• Have direct eye contact with the person you are speaking with
• Consume alcohol in moderation
• Unless the movie theater is crowded, never sit right next someone  Do
not stand close enough to someone to touch arms or hips.
• Stop at a Red light
• Go at green light
• Pull over emergency vehicles
• In the Philippines, drive on the right side of the road.
B. Social Norms on Using the Phone

• Say hello when answering and goodbye when you hang up
• Reply to all texts and voice mails, when necessary
• Do not refuse to take a message
• Do not lie if someone has the wrong number
• Do not pretend you are an answering machine
C. Social Norms when Driving

• Leave a tip for the waiter or waitress, if you can afford
• Chew with your mouth closed
• Chew food without making sounds
• Men usually pay for dinner, unless invited by the woman
• Do not eat soup with fork
• Do not talk with food in your mouth.
D. Social Norms on Elevators

• Nod or say hello to others on the elevator
• Face the front
• Never push extra buttons, only the one for your floor

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
E. Social Norms in the Classroom

• Never use cell phone
• Do not listen to music with headphones
• Never read other materials during class
F. Social Norms regarding Personal Behavior

• When guest come to your house, you should offer drinks or food
• Pay groceries after you shop
• Brush your teeth
• Shower or bathe
ASSESSMENT 1.1 Definition of Terms.

Define the following concepts in your own words. 10 points
1. Social Norms
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Norms
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. Society
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Culture
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. Virtue
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
ASSESSMENT 1.2
Assuming that you ignored or violated for the first time one social norm in the
classroom, what penalty do you expect to receive from your teacher? How
about if you committed the offense for the second time? 10 points
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
_____________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER III:
Identify Formation, Statuses and
Roles
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
 Give the meaning of certain concepts such as identify formation

 Identify the various social positions of the person in society
 Recognize the consequences of breaking social norms
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Didactic:
 Read the following concepts Active:
 Assessment 1.2 Shape your Mind (Situational Application)
IDENTIFY FORMATION
Identify formation is the development of an individual’s distinct
personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life
by which a person is recognized or known. This process defines individuals to
others and themselves. Identify information clearly influences personal identity
by which individual thinks of him or herself as a discrete and separate entity.
This is may be through individuation whereby the undifferentiated individual
tends to become unique, or undergoes stages through which differentiated
facets of a person’s life tend toward becoming a more indivisible whole.

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
STATUSES
Status refers particularly to position in social structure or any social
position that determines where a person fits within the society. Status maybe
higher or lower depending upon the person’s authority and power within the
social structure. The school president is higher in status than the teacher.
Parents have higher status than their children. Individuals occupy many
statuses simultaneously at a given time. For example, a boy is also a son to the
parents, a student to his teachers, and a buyer to a seller. Status guide the
individual in his interactions with other individuals in given social structure.
Statuses may be ascribed or achieved.
SOCIAL ROLES
Role is the second major component of social structure. Role refers to

patterns of expected behavior attached to a particular status. It may be referred
to as the collection of cultural defined rights, obligations and expectations that
accompany a status in the social system. A teacher may be expected of various
roles as one who is knowledgeable of his/her subject, good in human relations,
effective communicator, enthusiastic and friendly, among others.
The role of a son or daughter can be understood well in the context of the
parents and family. When one status typically involved several roles, this is
called role set.
If the cultural norms suggest how a person with particular status ought
to act, this is known as role expectations.
ASSESSMENT 1.1 Definition of Terms.
1. Role Expectations
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Role Set
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Role
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Status
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. Identify formation
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT 1.2 Shape your Mind 10 points

BVS COLLEGES
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Have you ignored or violated social norms in the community where you live?
What are these violations? What consequences did you receive from violating
the norms?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by:
Jayvee Dangpa Garay

GARAY. MODULE 2 Understanding Culture Society and Politics 12

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GARAY. MODULE 2 Understanding Culture Society and Politics 12

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BVS COLLEGES

Km. 5, Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet

A. Set your priorities.

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 1 of 31

COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE

Give the meaning Significance of  Assessment

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 2 of 31

Identify theories Cultural and  Assessment 1.1

Describe the Early  Assessment 1.1

Identify the SOCIALIZATION  Assessment 1.1

1. Read all course readings and answer all the activities.

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 3 of 31

Jayvee Dangpa Garay

 Read first the instructions before

JAYVEE DANGPA GARAY

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 4 of 31

“Without culture and the relative freedom it implies, society, even

Name 😉_Tiw-an Clive_______________________________________

Course/Year/Section: __12 AUTOMOTIVE________________________________

 Give the meaning of culture relativism and ethnocentrism.

 Assessment 1.1 Comparison and Contrast

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 5 of 31

or religious differences. Ethnocentric individuals believe that they are better

ASSESSMENT1.1. In your own point of view what is the connection of Cultural

ASSESSMENT 1.2. Define the following concepts in your own words. 10

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 6 of 31

 Explain the concepts of evolution, missing link, and tree of life 

 Describe human evolution

 Assessment 1.1 Picture comparison analysis

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 7 of 31

Post a pic of your mother, father or any relative of yours and

Your PICTURE: YOUR RELATIVE’S PICTURE

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 8 of 31

OUR COMMON ANCESTORS

Most scientists believe our common ancestors existed 5 to 8 million years

Fossils are the remains or impressions of living things hardened in rock.

An African apelike species evolved probably around 6 million years ago

The australopithecine means “southern ape”, in reference to South Africa

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 9 of 31

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 10 of 31

A fossil skeleton of Homo ergaster found in Kenya in 1984 became

Post your own picture beginning

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 11 of 31

MODERN HUMAN BEINGS

The origin of modern humans is still controversial. The debate centers on

Define the following concepts in your own words.

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 12 of 31

 Give the meaning of some concepts such as artifacts, Eco facts,

 Identify the sources of artifacts.

 Identify types of society.

 Assessment Socratic Answering.

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 13 of 31

ARTIFACTS, MUSEUMS, AND PRESERVATION

Sharpen your Mind 20 points

2nd SEMESTER SY 2020-2021_SH_SOC SCI 1 Garay, J.D. Page 14 of 31

 Define socio-cultural evolution

 Assessment 1.1 Jumbled words

THEORIES ON SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION

2. NATURAL EVOLUTION THEORY – Through this period of evolution,

CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS STAGE:

2. Mesolithic Stage (10,000 BC). This is known as the period of

Characteristics of the people in this stage:

1. FOOD AND GATHERING SOCIETIES. The earliest form of socio cultural

Course/Year/Section: 12 AUTOMOTIVE______________________________

_3. Use of metals = __________________