English

LESSON 1 – ANALOGY
 
         An analogy compares two things that are mostly different from each other but have some traits in common. By
showing a connection between two different things, writers help to explain something important about one thing by
using a second thing you already know about.
Example:
Gun is to soldier as pen is to _________?

Answer: writer
How did we arrive to that answer?

First look at the first set of words gun and soldier, what is the relationship of the two words? Gun is a tool used by a
soldier, whereas a pen is a tool used by a writer.

 Vacca and Vacca (1996) outline the following word analogy types:

1. Part to whole
car is to wheel as chair is to stand.    
2. Cause and Effect 
fatigue is to yawning as itching is to scratching
   3. Person to Situation
       teacher is to school as doctor is to hospital

      4. Synonym
hot is to cold as love is to hate
 
1.     Geography
        Philippines is to Manila as Japan is to Tokyo
 
2.     Measurement
         Kilo is to pound as inches is to feet
 
3.     Time
February is to Valentine’s as December is to Christmas

 Other types of analogy are:

 
• Function/purpose of things - calculator is to compute as pen is to write
• Product of things - Milk is to cow as chicken is to egg
 • Characteristics of something - apple is to red as corn is to yellow

 Usually an analogy uses a colon (:) to shorten is to and double colon (::) to represent as or to mediate between two
sets of words.

Example: cat: meow :: dog: bark

  Cause and Effect

     fatigue is to yawning as itching is to scratching

PAST PERFECT TENSE is a sentence that talks about the completed action before another action in the past? This means that there
was an action that happened before another action in the past. Look at the diagram.

 
            Which action happened first? How about the second? Can you combine these actions to make a past perfect tense?

You see there were two actions done in the past. But the first action an auxiliary verb “HAD”. The reason why is that Past Perfect
Tenses use HAD followed by a participle form of the verb.

 Now let us use the suggested actions into a sentence. For example, your brother did these actions. How would you use the actions
above into a past perfect tense sentence?

 We may use these actions into a sentence as,

1.     My brother had eaten breakfast before he went to school.

Or,

2.     My brother went home after he had eaten breakfast.

We connect these actions in the past by using the words before and after. If you use the word “BEFORE” to connect the two actions,
the first action completed (Had + Participle) will be placed in the beginning of the sentence. While the word “AFTER” can be used to
connect two actions with the (HAD +PARTICIPLE) in the ending of the sentence.

 
Look at the examples below. Can you identify the sentences that belong to the past perfect tense?
 
1. He has written his homework already.
2. They had cleaned the house before they played computer games.
3. He threw the ball to his team mate after he had dribbled it many times.
4. They ate pizza because they were hungry.

There are two special forms for verbs, Active voice and Passive voice. Recognizing the differences will help you successfully
speakEnglish.
  
The active voice is the “normal” voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. In active voice, the object receives the action
of the verb:
 
(doer of action) + (verb) + (receiver of action)

Subject Verb Object

(Doer of Action) (Receiver of Action)
Baldo drives the cart.
The carabao eats the grass.

• In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb.

 
(receiver of action)+ (be) + (past participle of verb) + (by) + (doer of action)
Receiving action Passive verb Doing action
(Original Object) (Original Subject)
The cart is driven by Baldo.
The grass is eaten by the carabao.

Subject Verb Object

(Doer of Action) (Receiver of Action)
Baldo drives the cart.
The carabao eats the grass.
The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.

1.     When the subject does or “acts upon” the verb, the sentence is said to be in the active voice. These examples show that the
subject is doing the verb’s actions.
• The old father (subject) gives (verb) the money to the boy.
• Carlos Bulosan (subject) revealed (verb) the reality about social discrimination in the text.
• The rich man (subject) accused (verb) the poor family of stealing the spirit of his family’s food by smelling.
• The judge (subject) pounded (verb) the gavel.
• My brothers (subject) threw (verb) a small change in a straw hat.
 
PASSIVE VOICE
2.     When the subject receives the action of the verb, the sentence is said to be in the passive voice. These examples show how
the subject-verb relationship has changed.

• The money is given by the old father to the boy.

      (active verb-gives: passive verb-is given)
 
• The reality about social discrimination was revealed by Carlos Bulosan in the text.
        (active verb-revealed: passive verb: was revealed)
 
• The poor family was accused by the rich man for stealing the spirit of his family’s food by smelling.
        (active verb- accused: passive verb- was accused)
 
• The gavel was pounded by the judge.
(active verb-pound: passive verb-was pounded)
 
• A small change was thrown by my brothers in a straw hat.
(active verb-threw: passive verb-was thrown)
Because the subject is being “acted upon’ (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.

 
         Our daily living highly involves visual media such that the television and online platform allows us to become active in the
modern way of communicating around the world. We see advertisements, films, diagrams, symbols, photographs, videos, drama,
drawings, sculpture and paintings in a daily basis that pave way to developing the viewing skill, as the fifth macro skill of learning
English language.
 
       Viewing helps you understand the message by seeking and checking understanding. It is classified according to its purpose
and type of information presented. The classification of viewing is called genres of viewing.
 
         There are five genres of viewing: news flash, weather report, internet-based program, movie trailer, and documentary.
 
Genres of Viewing
 
       When there are current issues that the news organizations like ABS-CBN, GMA, and CNN feel the warrant of interrupting their
scheduled programming in television, news flash is aired. The information conveyed in a newsflash is important enough for
viewers to take a quick break. For example, a typhoon with heavy rain would come to your place, a timely news will interrupt your
favorite television shows like teleserye and movies.
 
     Another genre is weather report, which is a part of an entire news program that updates and foretells weather conditions on a
specific area. Weather forecasts are made by collecting data about the current state of the atmosphere at a given place. When you
wanted to know the weather for the next day, you could watch the news program’s weather report to be updated.
 
       Internet-based program also provides the viewers informative shows that can be accessed through websites using internet
connection. Netflix, iWant TV, and many more internet-based programs provide shows that are highly dependent to the internet. It
would also require accessing through desktop computers, laptops, and smart phones.
 
       Oftentimes, when there are upcoming movies, there are series of selected shots that are shown in television or internet. As
these movie trailers attract you because of its exciting, funny, or noteworthy parts of the film, these are usually short to avoid
spoilers.
 
     Finally, a documentary is a genre of viewing that is based on research. You can usually see it in long duration. As it is lengthy,
it has the ability to bring us a broader, more deeply engaged and wider view of the current issues.