Chapter

1 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS

WHAT DO WE LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER?
• INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL NUMBERS
• COMPARING NUMBERS
• PLACE VALUE
• LARGER NUMBERS
• SYSTEMS OF NUMERATION
• WORD PROBLEMS
• ESTIMATION
• ROMAN NUMERALS

I Know:
1. Write the number names of the following using the Indian System of Numeration.
(1) 53175 849. (2) 6789008
2. Write the number names of the following using the International System of Numeration.
(1) 7680987. (2) 5005005
3. Write the place value of the coloured digits in the following numbers.
(1) 4567890. (2) 97616754
4. Write in Hindu Arabic Numerals.
(1) XXIV. (2) LXXVII (3) CXI
5. Write in expanded notation.
(1) 1009053 (2) 6703670

INTRODUCTION

Counting is an essential building block of Mathematics.

Numbers form the basis of Mathematics. They are used in various situations in our day to day life.
Can you tell me how many students are present in your class today?
We need to count the students present in the class.
It’s easy for you to count. Numbers numbers
You can even tell the number of students present everywhere!
List atleast 5
in all the sections of Class VI and even in your school.
situations from your
By now, you are able to count even large numbers and can communicate daily life in which
these large numbers using suitable Number names. numbers are used.
Numbers help us to count concrete objects.
We know that 1,2,3,4,………….. are the counting numbers.

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The counting numbers are called Natural Numbers.
The smallest natural number is 1.
Is it possible to find the largest natural number?
The answer to the above question is “no”. We cannot find the largest
natural number because each number has its successor.

DIGIT, NUMERAL AND NUMBER

A number represents the “concept of quantity”. A number answers the question “How many?”
It is used to count and measure.
A numeral is a written symbol or group of symbols used to represent a number.
For example : 10 and X are numerals representing the same number.
A digit is a single symbol used to make numerals in the number system.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are the ten digits we use in everyday numbers. Number is different
So, we can say that 23,576 is a numeral made up of 5 digits namely 2,3,5,7,6 . from Numeral

A number is an idea which answers the question “how many”. It exists only in our minds.
The representation of a number idea in spoken language or symbols is called its Numeral

• Our everyday number system involves counting in tens.

• Ten is called the base of the Decimal Number System.
Let’s recall :
• Ten ‘ones’ make one ten i.e. 10 ×1 = 10
• Ten ‘tens’ make one hundred i.e. 10 ×10 = 100
• Ten ‘hundreds’ make one thousand i.e. 10 ×100 = 1000
• Ten ‘thousands’ make one ten thousand i.e. 10 ×1000 = 10000 and so on……
Thus, we can conclude that we are forming collections of tens in our number system.
Hereafter, we shall use the words “number” and “numeral” in the same sense.

PLACE VALUE AND FACE VALUE OF A NUMBER

Is the number 456718 same as 816457?
Even though same digits are used in the two numbers but they are not same. In fact they represent two
different numbers as the position of the digits in both the numbers is not same.
Thus, position or place of a digit plays a significant role in the System of Numeration.
The place value of a digit depends on the place it occupies in the given number.
Let us consider the numbers 456718 and 816457 again.
The place value of 5 in 456718 is 5 ten thousands or 50,000.
The place value of 5 in 816457 is 5 tens or 50.
We have also learnt that the face value of the digit in the number is the digit itself, irrespective of the
place it occupies.

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 Therefore, in both the numbers 456718 and 816457, the face value of the digit 5 is 5. The value of a
digit when expressed in expanded form of the number is called its place value in the number.
ALWAYS REMEMBER
1. The place value of zero is zero irrespective of the place it occupies in the number.
2. The face value of zero is also zero.
3. Place value of a digit in a number = face value of the digit × value of the place.
SYSTEMS OF NUMERATION
You are aware of the two systems of numeration commonly used :
1. Indian/Hindu-Arabic System of Numeration.
2. International System of Numeration
INDIAN/HINDU-ARABIC SYSTEM OF NUMERATION
In this system of numeration, there are four periods namely- ones, thousands, lakhs and crores in nine places.

INDIAN PLACE VALUE CHART

PERIODS CRORES LAKHS THOUSANDS ONES
PLACES Ten Crores Crores Ten lakhs Lakhs Ten thousands Thousands Hundreds Ten Ones

TC C TL L T Th Th H T O

NUMBERS 10,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMERATION

In this system of numeration, there are four periods namely- ones, thousands, millions and
billions in twelve places

INTERNATIONAL PLACE VALUE CHART

PERIODS Billions MILLIONS THOUSANDS ONES

PLACES Hundred TenBillions Billion Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thou- Hun- Tens Ones
Billions Millions Millions Thousands Thousands sands dreds
HB TB B HM TM M HTh T Th Th H T O
100,000,000,000 10,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1000 100 10 1

Try These
(i) 1 lakh = _______ thousands.
REMEMBER
(ii) 1 crore = _______ ten lakhs.
Each place has a value10 times
(iii) 10 lakhs = _______ million(s).
the value of the place to its
(iv) 10 crores = _______ thousands.
right in the place value chart.
(v) 1 billion = _________ millions.

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 USE OF COMMAS IN WRITING NUMBERS
Large numbers have more digits and so as to avoid the confusion in reading and writing the numbers,
periods are separated by commas.
• In Indian System of Numeration, the first comma comes after three digits from the right
and then after every two digits from the right.
• In International System of Numeration, commas are put after every three digits from the right.
For example, the number 648907654, is written in Indian System of Numeration as
In figures 64,89,07,654
In words Sixty four crore eighty nine lakh seven thousand six hundred fifty four.
Similarly the number 267854391 is written in International System of Numeration as
In figures 267,854,391
In words Two hundred sixty seven million eight hundred fifty four thousand three hundred ninety one.
Example 1 :
Express 47896532 in words in both the System of Numerations after placing commas.
Solution :
In Indian System :-
In figures 4,78,96,532
In words Four crore seventy eight lakh ninety six thousand five hundred thirty two.

In International System :-

In figures 47,896,532
In words Forty seven million eight hundred ninety six thousand five hundred thirty two.
Example 2 : Write seventy eight crore seventy eight thousand seventy eight in figures.
Solution :

The required number is 78,00,78,078.

Example 3 : Write twenty eight billion three hundred seven million seven hundred fifty two thousand
two hundred eighty five in figures.
Solution :

The required number is 28,307,752,285.

Example 4 : Write the place value and face value of 6 in the number : 7568095
Solution : The place value of 6 is 6 ten thousands or 60,000.
The face value of 6 is 6.

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 Example 5 : Find the difference between the place values of both the threes in the number 38394807.
Solution :
The given number can be written as 3,83,94,807
The place value of 3 at crores place = 3 crores or 3,00,00,000.
The place value of 3 at lakhs place = 3 lakhs or 3,00,000.
...
Difference = 3,00,00,000-3,00,000 = 2,97,00,000
The given number can be written as 38,394,807
The place value 3 at ten millions place = 3 ten millions or 30,000,000.
The place value 3 at hundred thousands place = 3 hundred thousands or 300,000.
...
Difference = 30,000,000-300,000 = 29,700,000
We have used Indian System of Numeration as well as International System of
Note that Numeration in solving the above problem. Choice lies with you.
Remember result remains the same,only difference being placement of commas.

EXPANDED NOTATION
Expressing a number as sum of the place values of each digit of the number is known as its expanded form.

Zero has same place value and face value, So, we do not write
REMEMBER: zero in the expanded form.

Example 6 :
Express 42678095 in expanded form.
Solution :
42678095 = 40000000 +2000000 + 600000+ 70000+ 8000 +90 + 5
Example 7 :
Write the following in standard form.
(a) 80000000 + 60000 + 300 + 1
(b) 500000000 + 70000 + 8000+ 400 + 60 + 4
Solution :
(a) Consider : - 80000000 + 60000 + 300 +1

...
80000000 + 60000 + 300 +1 = 8,00,60,301.
(b) Consider : - 500000000 + 700000 + 8000+ 400 + 60 + 4

...
500000000 + 700000 + 8000+ 400 + 60 + 4 = 50,07,08,464

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 Note That We can also use International System of Numeration for solving Example 6 & 7.

EXERCISE 1.1

1. Insert commas suitably and write the names using Indian System of Numeration.
(a) 237890
(b) 4389754
(c) 707007007
(d) 90950451
2. Insert commas suitably and write the names using International System of Numeration.
(a) 4801092
(b) 99985107
(c) 808080808
(d) 39787597642
3. Write in figures.
(a) Twenty five lakh twelve thousand two hundred forty five.
(b) Four hundred fifty three million eighty six thousand seventy nine
(c) Thirty seven crore ninety two lakh five hundred thirty.
(d) Sixty nine million two hundred eighty six thousand six hundred.
(e) Thirteen crore thirteen lakh thirteen thousand thirty one.
(f) Forty four billion three hundred two million twenty two.
4. Expand the following numbers.
(a) 4560987
(b) 2060008
(c) 30620907
(d) 5005005000
5. Write the following in standard form.
(a) 200000 + 30000 + 6000 + 700+ 80 + 9
(b) 7 ×10000000 + 2 ×100000 + 9 × 10000 + 7 ×1000 + 4× 10
(c) 90000000 + 900000 + 9000 + 90+ 9
(d) 500000000 + 20000000 + 60000 + 1000+ 30 + 4
6. Find the difference in the place values of 6 in 7,54,65,361.
7. Find the sum of the place values of 7 in 59,783,707.
8. Find the product of the place value and face value of 5 in 7508967.
9. Which digits have the same place value and face value in 98076543?

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 Guess who am I ?
I am an eight digit number . The digit at my tens place is 2.The lakhs place
Mental is twice the digit at tens place. The hundreds place is thrice the tens
place. The thousands place is 1 less than hundreds place and ten
Math: thousands place is one more than hundreds place. The sum of the digits
at lakhs and ten lakhs is 9. The ones place is 1 more than the thousands
place and the digit at crores place is 2 more than ones place.

COMPARISON OF NUMBERS.
You have already learnt to compare upto 8 digit numbers. Let’s recall what we learnt in Class V. When we
compare two different numbers:
• The number with more digits is the greater number.
• If the number of digits is same, then the number with greater extreme left digit is larger.
• If the extreme left digits are also same, compare the next set of digits till they differ. The
number with the greater digit will be greater.
Let us see if we can find out greatest and smallest amongst the following set of numbers.

Greatest Smallest
1. 45986 ; 653458; 85789; 45089 ____________ ____________
2.10000009 ; 81250; 99999; 780656 ____________ ____________
3. 30800 ; 300800; 30008; 3808008 ____________ ____________

Example 8:-
Which is greater?
(a) 695968 and 49357 (b) 9999888 and 9999998.
Solution:
(a) Comparing the number of digits in 695968 and 49357.
Number of digits in 695696 is more than number of digits in 49357.
695968 ... > 49357.
(b) Number of digits in 9999888 and 9999998 is same. The first 4 digits from left are same.
Comparing the 5th digit from the left
We have 9>8
...
9999998 > 9999888

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Example 9:
Arrange the following numbers in ascending order. 987981, 46410, 35490, 1269115
Solution : Ascending means smallest to greatest
Number of digits in 987981 = 6
Number of digits in 46410 =5
Number of digits in 35490 = 5
Number of digits in 1269115 =7
Let’s compare 46410 and 35490
...
As 4> 3 46410 > 35490
Thus ascending order of given number is
35490 < 46410 < 987981 < 1269115.
Example 10:
Arrange the following in descending order.
954321, 427864, 18950049, 7143201, 6750123, 98174032
Solution:
When we observe the given six numbers, we conclude there are two 6- digit numbers, two 7- digit
and two 8-digit numbers.
Descending means greatest to smallest
Comparing, 6 digit numbers we get
427864 <954321
Comparing, 7 digit numbers we get
6750123 < 7143201
Comparing, 8 digit numbers we get
18950049 < 98174032
Hence, the given numbers in descending order are:
98174032<18950049<7143201<6750123< 954321<427864

FORMING NUMBERS BY REARRANGING THE GIVEN DIGITS

Suppose, we gave three digits 4,5 and 9.
Using these digits we will try and form all possible 3-digit numbers when repetition of the digits is not
allowed.
We all know 3-digit numbers will have 3 places namely, Ones, Tens and Hundreds.
Keeping 9 at ones place, 3- digit numbers are 459 and 549.
Keeping 5 at ones place, 3 -digit numbers are 495 and 945.
Keeping 4 at ones place, 3 -digit numbers are 954 and 594.
Hence, all possible 3-digit number are 459, 549, 495, 945, 594 and 954
The greatest number is 954 and smallest number is 459.
... We can also conclude that :
• To get the greatest number, arrange the digits in descending order.

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For example :-
Greatest 5-digit number formed by using 2, 1, 6, 5, 7 only once is 76421.
• To get the smallest number, arrange the digits in ascending order.
For example :-
Smallest 4-digit number formed by using 4, 1, 8, 3 only once is 1348.
• If zero is one of the given digits, then digit 0 occupies 2nd place from extreme left while forming the
smallest number.
The smallest 4-digit number with digits, 0,5,6,9 is 5069 and not 0569.
As 0569 means 569 which is a 3-digit number.
However, the largest 4-digit number with digits 0, 5, 6, 9 is 9650.
Example 11:
Write all possible 3-digit numbers that can be formed by using the digits 8, 4 and 0 when repeti
tion of digits is not allowed.
Solution:-
Keeping 0 at the one’s place, 3-digit numbers are 480 and 840.
Keeping 4 at the one’s place, only possible 3-digit no. is 804 ( As 084 is not a 3-digit number)
Keeping 8 at the one’s place, only possible 3-digit no. is 408.
Hence, all possible 3-digit numbers using 8,4 and 0 are 480, 840, 408 and 804.
Example 12:
Form the smallest 6-digit number using the digits 4,2,5,0,9,8 only once.
Solution:-
As 0 is one of the digits so we have to keep it at second place from left while arranging digits in
ascending order
..
. 204589 is the smallest 6-digit number using the given digits only once.
Example 13:
Form the largest 5-digit number using 7,6,0,3,1 only once.
Solution:-
To form the largest number, we arrange the given digits in descending order.
...
76310 is the largest
5-digit number using the given digits only once.
In the above examples, we used all the given digits, without repeating any digit.
We will now learn to form the greatest and smallest numbers when repetition of digits is needed.
Example 14:
Remember:
Form the greatest and smallest 5-digit numbers using the digits 7,0,5,1.
To form the largest
Solution:-
number, repeat the
In the above problem sum, we want to form a 5-digit number
.. greatest digit and for
. with given four digits. So, we will have to repeat one of the digits.
the smallest number
Largest 5-digit number is 77510.
repeat the smallest
Smallest 5-digit number is 10057.
digit

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Example 15:
Form the smallest 7-digit number having four different digits.
Solution:
Smallest 4 digits are 0,1,2,3.
... Smallest 7-digit number using 4 different digits is 1000023.
Example 16:
Form the greatest 6-digit number having three different digits.
.
Solution:
..
Greatest 3 digits are 9,8,7.
... Greatest 6-digit number using above digits is 999987.
Example 17:
How many 6-digit numbers are there in all?
Solution :
The greatest 6-digit number = 999999.
The greatest 5-digit number = 99999
...
The total number of 6-digit numbers = 999999-99999 = 900000.

EXERCISE-1.2
1. Which is greater?
(a) 24,38,29,108 or 24,38,29,801. (b) 35611132 or 9875429.
2. Arrange the following in ascending order.
(a) 248169, 842169, 619116, 129816, 428196
(b) 875029, 2653421, 6879235, 1234567, 329645.
3. Arrange the following in descending order.
(a) 7677342, 673412, 97979, 981235, 6932417
(b) 9989999, 988899, 999999, 9998888, 988889.
4. Using the given digits, form the greatest and the smallest 5-digit numbers without repetition.
(a) 7,9,5,3,1 (b)4,1,6,0,7 (c)8,5,6,3,2 (d)8,0,3,6,7
5. Form the greatest and the smallest 6-digit numbers using the following digits.
(a)3,5,0,2 (b)2,3,1,0,9 (c)8,9,6,2,3 (d) 9,1,3,2.
6. Write:
(a) the greatest 8-digit number using four different digits.
(b) the smallest 6-digit number using only one digit.
(c) the smallest 6-digit number using only two digits.
(d) the smallest 7-digit number using only three digits.
(e) the greatest 7-digit number using only two digits.
7. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 2,3,7 only once? List them.
8. Find the difference between the greatest and the smallest 5-digit number formed by using 7,5,0 and 9.
9. Form the greatest and the smallest 7-digit number using four digits 2,6,1 and 8 with:
(a) digit 6 at hundreds place.

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 b) digit 1 at lakhs place.
10. How many 7-digit numbers are there in all?

LARGE NUMBERS IN PRACTICE

Concept of length, mass (weight ) and capacity are used in our day to day life like in buying fabrics,
vegetables, groceries etc.
In earlier classes, we have learnt about some commonly used units of length, mass and capacity.

Length Metre (m) Centimetre (cm)

Mass Kilogram (kg) Gram (g)
Capacity Litre (l) Millilitre (ml)

Units of length :
Commonly used units of length are kilometre (km), metre (m), centimetre (cm) and millimetre (mm)
1 kilometre (km) = 10 hectometres (hm)
1 hectometre = 10 decametres (dam)
Note that
1 decametre = 10 metres (m)
1m = 100 cm 1km = 1000m
1 metre = 10 decimetres (dm)
= 100×10 mm = 1000×1000 mm
1 decimetre = 10 centimetres (cm)
= 1000 mm = 1000000 mm
1 centimetre = 10 millimetres (mm)
Units of mass :
Commonly used units of mass are kilogram (kg), gram(g) and milligram (mg)
1kilogram = 1000 grams Note that
1gram = 1000 milligrams 1 kg = 1000 g = 1000×1000 mg = 1000000 mg
Units of capacity:acity :
Commonly used units of capacity are kilolitres (kl), litres (l) and millilitres(ml)
1kilolitre = 1000 litres Note that
1 litre = 1000 millilitres 1kl = 1000 l = 1000×1000 ml = 1000000 ml

If we notice, words like kilo, centi and milli are common to the units of length, mass and capacity.
Among these kilo is the greatest and milli is the smallest.
kilo means 1000 times greater, centi means 100 times smaller and milli means 1000 times smaller.

WORD PROBLEMS ON LARGE NUMBERS

Example 18:
On Saturday, the number of spectators for two soccer matches were 7,14,321 and 5,43,695. On
Sunday, the number of spectators for two soccer matches were 9,05,876 and 9,76,354. On which
day the number of spectators were more and by how much?

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Solution:-
Number of spectators on Saturday = 7,14,321 + 5,43,695 = 12,58,016
Number of spectators on Sunday = 9,05,876 + 9,76,354 = 18,82,230
(As 18,82,230 > 12,58,016)
Thus, Sunday had more spectators. Also, the difference in number of spectators :
18,82,230 - 12,58,016 = 6,24,214
... On Sunday, there were 6, 24, 214 spectators more than Saturday.
Example 19:
A company exported goods worth ` 12,48,690 each day. Find the amount of exports in 3 weeks.
Solution:
Number of days in 3 weeks = 21
The amount of export in 3 weeks = ` 12,48,690× 21 = ` 2,62,22,490.
Hence, ` 2,62,22,490 is the amount of exports in 3 weeks.
Example 20:
A Vessel has 4l 500ml of milk. In how many glasses, each of 25 ml capacity, can it be filled?
Solution:
Quantity of milk in vessel = 4l + 500ml Note:
= 4 × 1000ml + 500ml = 4500ml To carry out mathematical
Capacity of 1 glass = 25ml
.. operation, the units of
. Number of glasses = 4500 ÷ 25 = 180
measurement should be same
180 glasses can be filled.
Example 21:
The length of cloth available for making frocks is 7500m. Each frock needs 200cm of cloth. These
frocks are then packed in a box that can contain 50 frocks only. How many such boxes will be
ready to dispatch?
Solution:
Total length of cloth = 7500m
Cloth required to make 1 frock = 200cm = 2m
Number of frocks = 7500 ÷ 2 = 3750
Thus, 3,750 frocks can be made from the given cloth.
Number of boxes required = 3750 ÷ 50= 75.
Hence, 75 such boxes will be ready for dispatch.
EXERCISE –1. 3
1. How many centimetres are there in 3 km?
2. Convert the following as directed
a) 45m 20 cm intocm.
b) 2 kg 35mg intomg.
c) 15,375ml into l and ml.
d) 4km 250m into m.
3. What should be added to 782,861 to make 1 million ?
4. A toy seller sold toys worth ` 9,75,680 in January . He sold toys worth ` 7,00,950 in February. How much
was the sale of toys together in the two months? In which month was the sale greater and by how much?

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5. Robin multiplies 84,375 by 56 instead of 65. How much is his answer lesser than the correct answer?
6. To stitch a uniform, 2m 15cm of fabric is needed. How many uniforms can be stitched from 70m
80cm of fabric and how much will be left?
7. A 50l ice cream bucket is emptied in 750ml ice cream tubs. Find the number of tubs required.
How much ice cream will be left?
8. One copy of a National Daily has 24 pages. Everyday 25670 copies are printed. How many pages
are printed everyday and in February 2016?
9. A factory packs 144 pens in a carton. It has 3950 cartons. If the factory needs to pack 875952
pens, does it need some more cartons? If yes, how many cartons are needed?
10. Observe the rate card at a Fruit Mart.
Apples = ` 80kg
Oranges = ` 45kg
Grapes = ` 100kg
Mango = ` 60kg
Banana = ` 50kg
Guava = ` 35kg
By the end of the day,245kg of apples, 505kg 500g of grapes, 125kg of oranges and 750kg
250gm of mangoes were sold. Calculate the total amount of the sale at the end of the day.
ESTIMATION
You must have often come across statements similar to the ones given below:
• Over 13 million people travel by Indian Railways everyday.
• 50,000 people participated in ‘Raahgiri Day’.
• More than 15 lakh people visited Delhi Trade Fair.
The numbers stated in above statements are not exact values but are estimates to give an idea of the
quantity.We can also say that they are approximate values. The exact quantity may be slightly more or
less than the estimates.
Estimation is the technique of rounding off the number to its nearest tens, hundreds, thousands, ten
thousands and so on.
ROUNDING NUMBERS:
We have already learnt to round off numbers to nearest 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 1,00,000
Let’s recall quickly
257 rounded off to nearest tens is 260
92816 rounded off to nearest hundreds is 92800
213625 rounded off to nearest thousands is 214000
89609 rounded off to nearest ten thousands is 90000.
410695 rounded off to nearest Lakhs is 400000
ESTIMATING THE SUM, DIFFERENCE AND PRODUCT
Using the concept of rounding off a number, we will now learn to estimate the sum, difference and

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product of given numbers.
For this we don’t follow fixed rules, but we round off a number to any place depending on the degree
of accuracy needed.
The most important thing to be kept in mind while estimating is that the estimation should be near to
the actual answer.
Example 22:-
Estimate the sum 738 + 998 by rounding off to nearest tens.
Solution:-
738 is rounded off to 740
998 is rounded off to 1000
... Estimated Sum = 740 + 100 = 1740.
Example 23:-
Estimate : 4763 – 532 by rounding off to their nearest
(a) thousands (b) hundreds (c) greatest places.
Which according to you is the most reasonable estimate?
Solution:-
(a) Rounding off the numbers to nearest thousands
4763 is rounded off to 5000
532 is rounded off to 1000
..
. Estimated difference is 5000 – 1000 = 4000.
(b) Rounding off the numbers to nearest hundreds
4763 is rounded off to 4800
532 is rounded off to 500
..
. Estimated difference is 4800 – 500 = 4300.
(c) Rounding off to their greatest places
4763 rounded off to thousands place is 5000
532 rounded off to hundreds place is 500
Estimated difference is 5000 – 500 = 4500.
Actual difference = 4763 – 532 = 4231
From above estimations, we conclude that 4231 is closer to 4300
..
. Estimation to nearest hundreds is the most reasonable estimate.
Example 24:-
Estimate 283×541 to the nearest hundreds.
Solution:-
283 is rounded off to 300. 541 is rounded off to 500
Estimated product = 300×500 = 150000.
EXERCISE – 1.4
1. Round off each of the following to nearest tens.
(a) 84 (b) 69 (c) 97 (d) 55

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2. Round off each of the following to nearest hundreds.
(a) 602 ( b) 148 (c) 285 (d) 979
3. Round off each of the following to nearest thousands.
(a) 3,862 (b) 48,230 (c) 1,735 (d) 692
4. Round off each of the following to nearest lakhs.
(a) 7,40,205 (b) 3,69,452 (c) 43,95,876 (d) 9,99,988
5. Estimate the following by rounding off each number to its greatest place.
(a) 26752+3908 (b) 89605–507 (c) 4945–315 (d) 39251+233+476
(e) 813×257 (f) 4451×2935
6. Estimate 13,405 + 3,999 by rounding off numbers to their nearest
(a) ten thousands (b) thousands (c) hundreds .
Which according to you is the most reasonable estimate?
7. Compare the answers of the following by rounding off numbers to their nearest hundreds and to
their nearest tens:
(a) 236+784+8,417 (b) 1,08,931–21,399
(c) 2,69,432+4,31,240 (d) 21,563–4,312
(e) 157×433 (f) 8,451×1,234

EXPANDING BRACKETS
A father asked following problem to Geeta and Seeta:
“Rohan bought 18 pens each for ` 25 and Rohit bought 22 pens for the same price.
Calculate the total money they paid”.
Both the girls started calculating the amount
Geeta’s method
Total Amount = 18×`25 + 22×`25
= `450 + `550
= `1000.
Seeta’s method
Total Amount = `25×(18+22)
= `25×40
= `1000.
Seeta was able to solve the above problem much faster and in an easier way than Geeta because she
used a pair of brackets to put the number of pens together.
Example 25:-
Solve : (460-20)÷11
• Brackets simplify our calculations.
Solution:-
• Put similar items in the bracket.
Solving bracket first REMEMBER:
• Solve the part of the problem that is
(460-20) = 440
.. inside the brackets first.
. (460-20)÷11=440÷11=40.

15
Example 26:-
Solve : 8×1008
Solution:-
8×1008 = 8×(1000+8)=8×1000+ 8×8
= 8000+64=8064. Calculations
Example 27:- are simplified
Solve : 39×99 using brackets
Solution:-
39×99=39×(100-1)
= 39×100–39×1
= 3900–39
= 3861.
Example 28:-
Write the expressions for the following using brackets and simplify:-
(a) Five times the sum of 95 and 5 (b) 100 divided by the difference of 9 and 4
Solution:-
(a) Expression is 5×(95+5)
= 5×100
= 500
(b) Expression is 100÷(9-4)
= 10÷5
= 20
EXERCISE –1. 5
1. Which is the correct way of solving (63 + 5) ×7
(a) 63+5×7 (b) 63×7+5+7 (c) 63+7+5×7 (d) 63×7+5×7
2. Simplify using brackets.
(a) 47×108 (b) 98×36 (c) 9999×57 (d) 220÷(12-2) (e) (36÷4)+9
3. Write the expressions for each of the following using brackets and simplify.
(a) 117 divided by the difference of 33 and 20
(b) Product of 22 and 5 added to 10
(c) Twenty three times the sum of greatest 3-digit number and 1

ROMAN NUMERALS
Roman Numerals were used by the Ancient Romans as their numbering system. We have already
studied in class V that Romans used seven letters of the alphabets to represent the numbers.

16
Did you notice that in the statement above, Roman Numeral ‘V’ is used to denote class 5?
Can you find out more such examples where Roman number are still used?

RULES FOR WRITING ROMAN NUMERALS

RULE 1 : Repetition of symbols means addition
For example:
(a) XXX is 30 (b) CCC is 300 (c) MM is 2000
REMEMBER THE IMPORTANT POINTS IN THIS RULE :
• No symbol can be repeated more than 3 times. For example XXXX is not allowed
• V, L, D are never repeated
• Only I, X, C, M can be repeated.
RULE 2: If a smaller symbol is written to the right of the greater symbol, then its value is added to the
greater symbol.
For Example:-
DLXV = 500+50+10+5=565
RULE 3: If a smaller symbol is written to the left of a greater symbol, then its value is subtracted from
the greater symbol.
For Example:-
IV =5-1=4 ; XL=50 – 10 =40
IX =10=9 ; CD = 500-100=400
REMEMBER THE IMPORTANT POINTS IN THIS RULE:-
• V, L, D are never written to the left of the greater symbol VX is not allowed
• I can be subtracted from V and X only once
• X can be subtracted from L, M and C
• C can be subtracted from D and M only
RULE 4: If a bar is placed over a numeral, it is multiplied by 1000.
For Example:-
V=5×1000=5000
M=1000×1000=10,00,000.
Example29:-
Express the following as Roman Numerals.
(a) 87 (b) 95 (c) 239 (d) 958 (e) 1094
Solution :-
(a) 87=50+30+7=LXXXVII
(b) 95=90 + 5=XCV
(c)239=200+ 30 + 9=CCXXXIX
(d) 958=900 + 50+ 8=CMLVIII
(e)1094=1000+90+4=MXCIV

17
Example 30:-
Rewrite the given Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic Numerals.
(a) LXXXVI (b) CCCXXVIII (c) MMLVII (d) C
Solution:-
(a) LXXXVI=50+30+6=86 (b) CCCXXVIII = 300+20+8=328
(c) MMLVII=2000+50+7=2057 (d) C =100×1000=1,00,000
EXERCISE – 1.6
1. Write the Roman Numerals for each of the following numbers.
(a) 874 (b) 2069 (c) 695 (d) 3856 (e) 50,000 (f) 415
2. Rewrite the given Roman Numerals in Hindu-Arabic Numerals.
(a) CCCIV (b) DXCVI (c) MCMXCIX (d)MCCL (e) LXXXIX

Roman Numerals were used in Ancient Rome and Europe until about
900AD. Thereafter, Roman Numerals were replaced by the Hindu-Arabic
Do number system. The concept of zero did not exist in Europe, thus there is
you no concept of place value in Roman Numeral System.
Know? Roman Numerals were traditionally used to indicate the order of people
sharing the same name for example rulers and church leaders. From your
History book, find out some of the rulers with same names and Roman
Numerals used to indicate their order like King John I, King John II etc.

CROSS WORD PUZZLE

Solve the following cross word puzzle where clues are numbers but solutions are in Roman Numerals.
The first one has been done for you.
2
Across Clues: 10 9
1
(1) 100 more than 160 = 260 (CCLX)
C C L X 5
(3) 10×2
(4) 8 more than 800 4
6
(7) 93×6
3 7 8
(10) 1998÷2
Down Clues:
(2) 3 more than 770
(5) 79×4
(6) 1 less than 500
(8) 1 less than 60
(9) 12 more than 440

18
 CHAPTER RECAP
1. Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ... are known as natural numbers.
2. 1 is the smallest natural number.
3. Place value of a digit in a number = face value × value of the place.
4. 1 million = 10 lakhs
10 million = 1 crore
100 million = 10 crores
5. In order to estimate or round off a number to nearest –
(a) Tens:
(i) Replace the ones digit by 0 and keep other digits as they are, if the digit at ones place is less than 5.
(ii) Increase tens digit by 1 and replace the ones digit by 0, if the digit at ones place is greater
than or equal to 5.
(b) Hundreds:
(i) Replace each one of the digits at tens and ones place by 0 and keep all other digits as they
are, if the digit at tens place is less than 5.
(ii) Increase the digit at hundreds place by 1 and replace each one of the digits at tens and
ones place by 0, if the digit at tens place is greater than or equal to 5.
(c) Thousands:
(i) Replace each one of the digits at hundreds, tens and ones place by 0 and keep all other
digits as they are, if the digit at hundreds place is less than 5.
(ii) Increase the digit at thousands place by 1 and replace each one of the digits at hundreds,
tens and ones place by 0, if the digit at hundreds place is greater than or equal to 5.
7. The Roman numerals with the corresponding Hindu – Arabic numerals are:
I V X L C D M
1 5 10 50 100 500 1000

8. To get the values of given Roman Numerals, we use the following rules:
a) If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs upto a maximum of
three times.
b) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the right of a symbol of greater value, we add its
value to the value of greater symbol.
c) If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a symbol of greater value its value is
subtracted from the value of the greater symbol.
d) The symbols V, L and D are neither repeated nor written to the left of a symbol of greater value.
e) If a smaller numeral is placed between two larger numerals, it is always subtracted from the
larger numeral immediately following it.
f) If a bar is placed over a numeral, it is multiplied by1000.

19
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Multiple Choice Questions (Tick the correct answer)
(i) 50 l 380 ml can be expressed in millilitres as
(A) 53800ml (B) 50038ml (C) 5380ml (D) 50380ml
(ii) The number formed by interchanging the digits 6 and 2 in 465271 is
(A) 462571 (B) 425671 (C) 452671 (D) none
(iii) 10 million in Indian system is equal to
(A) 10 lakh (B) 1 crore (C) 1 lakh (D) none
(iv) The smallest natural number is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none
(v) The greatest natural number is
(A) 1 crore (B) 10 crore (C) none (D) 10 lakh
(vi) The sum of two odd numbers is always
(A) even (B) odd (C) both (a) and (b) D) none
(vii) The value of 9307 × 937 - 9307 × 837 is
(A) 93700 (B) 930700 (C) 930070 (D) 900730
(viii) Which of the following Roman Numerals is meaningless?
(A) XXX (B) XCII (C) VVVI (D) LXVI
(ix) Which of the following Roman Numerals is never repeated?
(A) I (B) V (C) X (D) C
2. Fill in the blanks :
(a) 100000 is successor of _________________.
(b) 9999 comes just before _________________.
(c) 999 in Roman Numeral is written as _________________.
(d) XXI + IX = C -_________________.
(e)The smallest number which can be rounded off to 60 is _________________.
3. Arrange the following numbers in descending order.
3076897, 129654503, 72899988, 21345678, 61300012
4. Arrange in ascending order : XX,LXI,XIV,LXIV,C.
5. Find the difference between the greatest and least numbers that can be written using the digits
5, 1, 4, 0, 2 each only once.
6. A cross- country relay race was arranged between the two towns of Usmanpur and Rampur
Each rticipant ran 750 m with a flag and handed over the flag to the next runner. If it took 62
participants to run this distance from the starting point to the finishing point, what is the total
distance travelled by them? Give the answer in kilometres.
7. At a rock concert, there are 5500 spectators, out of which 750 were invites, who were given free
tickets. The total collection from the sale of tickets was` 5,93,750. What was the cost of 1 ticket?
Try it out
Identify all the Roman Symbols in the below statement, arrange to find various Roman Numerals,
smallest of them will give Ram’s birth year;
“RAM SAXENA WAS BORN NEAR CHARRANAGAR CHOWK ON MAY SIXTH.”

20
Chapter

2 WHOLE NUMBERS
WHAT DO WE LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER?
• Whole numbers.
• Representation of whole numbers on number line.
• Successor and predecessor of a whole number.
• Properties of whole numbers.
• Patterns in whole numbers.

Quick Recall

• 1,2,3,4……. are called counting numbers or natural numbers

• Smallest natural number is 1.
• Largest natural numbers does not exist.

INTRODUCTION TO WHOLE NUMBERS

As discussed in the previous chapter, we use numbers for counting as well as calculating.
CONCEPT OF ZERO
Let us consider the following situations:
1. Count the number of students present in your class today. If all the students go out during the
games period , none is left in the class.
2. If 12 oranges are distributed equally among 4 children, each child will get 3 oranges and we are
left with no oranges.
To express “none” or “no oranges” in the above situations, we do not have natural numbers.
So we need to extend natural numbers.

0
The symbol ‘0’ is used to represent ‘none’ or ‘no oranges’ in mathematical terms.
It is known or ‘Zero’ in English and ‘Shunya’ in Hindi.
Thus, mathematically the above situation can now be expressed as
• Zero children are left in the class.
• We are left with zero oranges.

Zero is a concept meaning absence of any quantity.

21
 Do
you Know?
Zero is known to be contributed by
Indian mathematicians. Aryabhta was the
first to use the concept of zero whereas
Brahmagupta’s 'Brahmasphutasiddhanta ' is
the first book that mentions zero as a num-
ber, hence Brahmagupta is considered the
first to formulate the concept of zero.
So, he is credited as the first mathematician
to formulate the concept of zero.

Aryabhatta Brahmagupta

WHOLE NUMBERS
The natural numbers along with zero form the collection of whole numbers.
Thus, 0,1,2,3,4,……………. are whole numbers

Check your facts.

• Are all natural numbers whole numbers? 1 8 4 3
• Are all whole numbers natural numbers?
• Which is the smallest whole number? 2 7
• Which is the largest whole number?
6 9 5

REPRESENTATION OF WHOLE NUMBER ON A NUMBER LINE

Let’s learn to draw a number line.
Step 1: Draw a line. Mark a point on it. Label it as 0(zero).
Step 2: Mark another point to the right of 0 and label it as 1.The distance between the points
labelled as 0 and 1 is called unit distance.
Step 3: On this line, mark a point to the right of 1 and at a unit distance from 1.Label it as 2.
Step 4: Continue to label the points at unit distances as 3,4,5,…. on the line.
The line ,thus ,drawn is known as the number line for the whole numbers.
| | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
We can represent every whole number using the number line.

22
By observing the above number line, we conclude
1. A whole number is greater than all the whole numbers that lie to its left and lesser than all the
whole numbers that lie to its right.
2. There is no whole number to the left of zero. So zero is the smallest whole number.
3. There is no whole number between any two consecutive whole numbers.
i.e. these exists no whole number say between 2 and 3 or 3 and 4 etc.
BASIC OPERATIONS ON NUMBER LINE
Addition
Addition of whole numbers can be shown on a number line in the following manner.
Let us add 4 and 5 on the number line. Locate 4 on the number line and move 5 steps to the right of it
as shown below. You reach 9.
| | | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
So, 4 + 5 = 9
Subtraction
Subtraction of whole numbers can also be shown on a number line in the following manner.
Let us subtract 7 from 9 on the number line. Locate 9 on the number line and move 7 steps to the left
of it as shown below. You reach 2
| | | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
So, 9 - 7 = 2
Multiplication
Let us now represent multiplication of whole numbers on number line.
Let us find 4 ×2 using number line. Starting from zero and jumping 2 units at a time to the right make 4
such moves. You reach 8.
| | | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
So, 4 ×2 = 8

SUCCESSOR AND PREDECESSOR OF A WHOLE NUMBER

Let’s quickly recall,
• To find the successor of a whole number, we add 1 to the given whole number i.e. successor of
97635 is 97635 + 1 = 97636
• To find the predecessor of a whole number, we subtract 1 from the given whole number i.e.
predecessor of 480576 is 480576 -1 = 480575.
Remember
‘0’ (zero) is the predecessor of 1 but predecessor of ‘0’ does not exist in Whole Number System.
1 does not have a predecessor in Natural Number System.

23
Example 1:-
Write the successor of the following numbers.
(a) 11,759 (b) 21300
Solution:
(a) Successor of 11,759 is 11,759+1 =11,760
(b) Successor of 21,300 is 21,300+1=21,301
Successor = Given Number + 1

Example 2:-
Write the predecessor of the following numbers.
(a) 1,00,000 (b) 5,40,089
Solution:-
(a) Predecessor of 1,00,000 is 1,00,000-1=99999 Predecessor = Given Number-1
(b) Predecessor of 540089 is 540089-1= 540088
Example 3:-
Write three consecutive whole numbers just before 548100.
Solution:
1st whole number before 548100 is 548100-1= 548099.
2nd whole number before 548100 is 548099 -1 = 548098 or 548100-2= 548098.
3rd whole number before 548100 is 548098-1=548097 or 548100-3=548097
Thus, the required numbers are 548099,548098 and 548097.
Example 4:-
Write next 3 consecutive whole numbers after 47998.
Solution: -
1st whole number after 47988 is 47998+1= 47999
2nd whole number after 47998 is 47999+1 =48000 or 47998+2=48000.
3rd whole number after 47998 is 47998+3=48001 or 48000+1=48001.
Thus, the required numbers are 47999,47800 and 48001.
Example 5:
How many whole numbers are there between 228 and 500?
Solution:-
The whole numbers between 228 and 500 are 229,230,231,….499.
Thus, total number of whole numbers = (499 - 229) + 1=271.
Example 6:-
Write a whole number:
(a) whose successor is 89998?
(b) whose predecessor is 100001?
Solution:-
(a) If successor =89998
Then the required whole no = 89998-1=89997
(b) If predecessor =100001
Then the required whole no = 100001+1 = 100002.

24
 EXERCISE :– 2.1
1. In each of the following pairs of numbers, state which whole number is on the left of the other
number on the number line.
(a) (623, 236 ) (b) (1703 , 7301) (c) (98,716 , 76,189) (d) (1,19,307, 1,91,370)
2. Using number line, find the following.
(a) 8 + 5 (b) 10 - 7 (c) 2 × 5 (d) 3 × 4
3. Write the following.
(a) The smallest natural number
(b) The smallest whole number
(c) The predecessor of 0 in whole number system.
(d) The successor of 0.
4. How many 3-digit whole numbers are there between 35 and 350?
5. How many whole numbers are there between 67 and 140?
6. Write the successor and predecessor of the following.
(a)1000909 (b) 99910199 (c) largest 6-digit number (d) smallest 5-digit number.
7. Write next 3 consecutive whole numbers after 7089998.
8. Write 3 consecutive whole numbers just before 3270001.
9. Which whole number has 9830415 as its successor?
10. Write the whole number whose predecessor is 599999.
11. Pick out the incorrect statement(s) from the following statements and correct them.
(a) The number 1 has no predecessor in the whole number system.
(b) 1 is the smallest natural number.
(c) The successor of a 2-digit number is always 2-digit number.
(d) All natural numbers are whole numbers.
(e) All whole numbers are natural numbers.
PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS.
We have studied the four basic operations of addition, subtraction multiplication and division in class V.
We shall now learn about some properties of whole numbers.
These properties not only help us in understanding the Number System in a better way but also make
our calculations easier.
CLOSURE PROPERTY
Let us add any 2 whole numbers say 5 and 7. Their sum is 12 which is also a whole number.
You can verify the same by taking a few more pairs of whole numbers.
What do you observe?
Is the sum of two whole numbers a whole number?
The answer is “YES”.
Hence, we can say that:
• The sum of any two whole numbers is a whole number or whole numbers are closed under addition

25
 • If a and b are two whole numbers, then a+b is a whole number. This is called closure property of
addition.
Similarly, we can verify that if we multiply 2 whole numbers say 7 and 5. Their product is 35
which is again a whole number.
Thus, we can say that
• The product of any 2 whole numbers is a whole number or whole numbers are closed under
multiplication.
• If a and b are two whole numbers, then a×b is a whole number. This is called closure property of
multiplication.
Let’s try and observe:
Whether whole numbers are closed under subtraction and division or not?

8 - 3 = 5, a whole number 6 ÷ 3 =2 , a whole number

7- 6 = 1, a whole number 10 not a whole number.

10 ÷ 3= ,
3
5 - 8 = ?? ,not a whole number 17 not a whole number.
17÷ 6 = ,
6
From the above ,we can easily conclude that
“Closure property does not hold true for subtraction and division of whole numbers”

REMEMBER:
Whole numbers are closed under addition and multiplication but not under subtraction and division

COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
Let us add any two whole numbers say 12 and 25.
12 +25 = 37.
Now, we add them again by changing their order 25+12=37.
In both the cases, the sum remains the same. We can verify the same by taking a few more pair of
numbers.
We can easily find that in whatever order we add any two whole numbers their sum remains the same
or we say addition is commutative for whole numbers.
Similarly, we can observe that 6×3=18 and 3×6=18
By taking more examples, we can easily conclude that product of two whole numbers remains the
same in whatever order we multiply them or we say that multiplication is commutative for
whole numbers.
Try it out
“ Does commutativity hold for subtraction and division?”
Take few pair of numbers. Subtract and divide them by changing their orders. Arrive at the result.

26
 For any 2 whole numbers a and b.
REMEMBER: (i) a+b=b+a [ Commutative property of Addition]
(ii) a×b=b×a [Commutative property of Multiplication]

ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
Let us take any three whole numbers say 9, 12 and 17.
Always remember to
We find their sum in two different ways as given below:
solve the bracket first !!!
(i) (9 + 12) + 17 = 21 + 17 = 38.
(ii) 9 + (12 + 17) = 9 + 29 = 38.
Let’s try out with following numbers 100, 450, 560
(i) (100 + 450) + 560 = 550 + 560 = 1110
(ii) 100 + (450 + 560) = 100 + 1010 = 1110
The sum of any three whole numbers,in whatever way ,we associate them remains the same.
This is known as associativity of addition for whole numbers.
Similarly, for any 3 whole numbers
(3×4)×5 = 12×5 = 60
3×(4×5) = 3×20 = 60
Thus, the product of any three whole numbers in whatever way we associate them also remains the same.
This is called associativity of multiplication for whole numbers.

Try it out
Does associative property hold for subtraction and division as well?

For any 3 whole numbers: a,b and c

(i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) [Associative property of addition]
REMEMBER:
(ii) (a × b) ×c = a × (b ×c) [Associative Property of
Multiplication ]

DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION.

Let us find 6 × (7 + 8) in 2 different ways

Always
(i) 6×(7 + 8) = 6×15 = 90 use brackets
(ii) 6×7 + 6×8 = 42 + 48 = 90 for easier
calculation !
From (i) and (ii), we can verify that 6×(7 + 8) = 6×7 + 6×8
Similarly, we can verify 5× (4 + 6) = 5×4 + 5×6
This is known as distributivity of multiplication over addition.

27
 DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION OVER SUBTRACTION

Let us find 5× (9 – 5) in 2 different ways

(i) 5× (9 – 5) = 5×4= 20
(ii) 5×9 – 5×5 = 45 – 25 = 20
From (i) and (ii), we can verify that 5×(9 – 5) = 5×9 – 5×5
This is known as distributivity of multiplication over subtraction.

For any 3 whole numbers: a,b and c

REMEMBER: (i) a×(b + c) = a × b + a × c
(ii) a×(b – c) = a×b – a×c

ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE IDENTITY

Observe the following.

(i) 5 + 0 = 5 = 0 + 5
(ii) 90 + 0 = 90 = 0 + 90
Clearly, a whole number remains unchanged when added to zero.
... Zero is called additive identity of whole numbers.
Consider the following.
(i) 4×1 = 4 = 1×4 (ii) 25×1 = 25 = 1×25
Clearly, a whole number remains unchanged when multiplied by 1.
... 1 is called multiplicative identity of whole numbers.

For any whole numbers a

(i) a+0 = a = 0+a
REMEMBER: [0 is additive identity]
(ii) a×1= a=1xa
[1 multiplicative identity]

We know:-
475 is the dividend 7) 475 ( 67
67 is the quotient - 42
7 is the divisor 55
and 6 is the remainder - 49
Note that , 475 = 7×67 + 6 6
Hence, Dividend = (Divisior × Quotient) + Remainder
This is called division algorithm.

28
 Division by zero
Division means repeated subtraction so if we have to find 8÷2
8 6 4 2
-2 -2 - 2 -2
6 4 2 0
(1) (2) (3) (4)
In 8÷2, we reach at zero in 4 steps
So, 8÷2 = 4.
If we try to find 8÷0 then
8 8
- 0 -0
8 8
(1) (2)
This process will never stop. Thus, we can say 8÷0 is not possible or not defined.
We cannot divide any whole number by 0 because division by zero is not defined.
Whole number ÷Zero = Not Defined

Note that:-
If ‘a’ is any whole number, then :
(i) a÷1 = a
(ii) a÷a = 1
(iii) 0÷a = 0
(iv) a ÷0 = undefined
Example 7:-
Find the sum by suitable rearrangement.
(a) 287 + 808 + 663 (b) 1481 + 1962 + 1538 + 519
Solution:-
(a) 237 + 808 + 663
= (237 + 663) + 808
= 900 + 808
= 1708
(b) 1481 + 1962 + 1538 + 519
= (1481 + 519) + (1962 + 1538)
= (2000) + (3500)
= 5500
Example 8:-
Find the product by suitable rearrangement.
(a) 25 × 9654 × 4 (b) 125 × 40 × 8 × 25

29
Solution:-
(a) 25 × 9654 × 4
= (25 × 4) × 9654
= 100 × 9654
= 965400
(b) 125×40×8×25
= (125 × 8) × (40 × 25)
= 1000 × 1000
= 1000000
Example 9:-
Using suitable properties, simplify the following.
(a) 4280 × 47 + 4280 × 53
(b) 897 × 169 – 897 × 69
Solution:-
(a) 4280 × 47 + 4280 × 53
= 4280 × (47 + 53)
= 4280 × (100)
= 428000
(b) 897×169 – 897 × 69
= 897 × (169 - 69)
= 897 × (100)
= 89700
Example 10:-
Using suitable properties, find the following products:
(a) 759 × 104 (b) 1008 × 28 (c) 395 × 99
Solution:-
(a) 759 × 104
= 759 × (100 + 4)
= 759 × 100 + 759 × 4
= 75900 + 3036
= 78936
(b) 1008 × 28
= (1000 + 8) ×28
= 1000 × 28 + 8 × 28
= 28000 + 224
= 28224
(c) 395 × 99
= 395 × (100 – 1)
= 395 ×100 – 395 × 1

30
 = 39500 – 395
= 39,105
Example 11:-
Find the number which when divided by 47 gives 12 as quotient and 27 as reminder.
Solution:
Here divisor = 47, quotient = 12 and reminder = 27
We know, Dividend = divisor × quotient + reminder
= (47 × 12) + 27
= 564 + 27
= 591.
Example 12:-
Find the least number that should be added to 65980 so that the sum is exactly divisible by 258.
Solution:-

258) 65980 (255

- 516
1438
- 1290
1480
-1290
190

... Required number is 258 - 190 = 68

Example 13:-
Each row in an auditorium has 42 seats. Determine the number of rows required to seat 1944 people at a time.
Solution:-
Dividing 1944 by 42.

42)1944(46
- 168
264
- 252
12

Thus, 46 rows will be completely filled. 12 people will sit in the next row.
So, the required number of rows is 46 + 1 = 47.

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Fill in the blanks
(a) 348 + 297 = 297 + __________
(b) 405 + 0 = _________

31
 (c) 2847 ÷ 1 = _________
(d) 4956 ÷ 4956 = _________
(e) 245 × (180 + 95) = 245× ____________ + ___________ ×95
(f) 3251 + (425 + 79) = (3251 + _________ ) + ___________
(g) 4567 × __________ = 348 × ____________
(h) 0 ÷ 99 =__________
2. Find the sum by suitable rearrangement.
(a) 147 + 6989 + 953 (b) 564 + 1005 + 436
(c) 3005 + 596 + 295 + 404 (d) 2983 + 247 + 517 + 453
3. Find the product by suitable rearrangement.
(a) 2 × 1234 × 50 (b) 8 × 573 × 125
(c) 50 × 250 × 2 × 40 (d) 250 × 60 × 50 × 8
4. Using suitable properties, simplify the following.
(i) 693 x 229 – 693 x 29
(ii) 4252 × 55 + 4252 × 45
(iii) 73 × 10×564 – 64 × 730
(iv) 569 × 99 + 569
(v) 755 × 1002
(vi) 123 × 96
(vii) 893 × 104
(viii) 555 × 999
5. Find the number which when divided by 65 gives 45 as the quotient and leaves 25 as the reminder.
6. Which least number should be added to 10000 so that the sum is exactly divisible by 37?
7. Find the largest 5-digit number which is divisible by 42.
8. A sweet seller arranged 12 ladoos in each row. Find the minimum number of rows he needs to
arrange 1536 ladoos.
9. There are 25 classes in a school and each class has 40 students. The fee of each child is `7885 per
quarter. Calculate the quarterly fee collection.
10. Find the smallest 7-digit number exactly divisible by 245.

PATTERNS IN WHOLE NUMBERS

ARRANGEMENT OF NUMBERS IN ELEMENTARY SHAPES.

Whole numbers can be arranged in the four

elementary shapes known to us- a line, a
triangle,a rectangle and a square.
Let us explore the patterns.
(1) Linear Pattern
Let one dot ‘.’ represent number
1. Starting from 1 we can represent each
number with dots to form a linear pattern
1 2 3 4 and so on
as shown :

32
2) Triangular Pattern
Look at the pattern given below:

1 3 6 10 15
And so on …...
These patterns show the arrangement of the numbers 1, 3, 6, 10 by triangles.
... The numbers 1, 3, 6, 10 …… are called triangular numbers

Lets explore! - Looking at the above pattern, can you find next 3 triangular numbers?

3) Rectangular Pattern
Look at the pattern given below:

or or
or

6 10 12

These patterns show the arrangements of the numbers 6, 10, 12 in rectangles.

The numbers 6, 10, 12, … are known as rectangular numbers.
4) Square Pattern
Look at the pattern given below:

1 4 9 16

These patterns show the arrangements of the numbers 1, 4, 9, 16 in squares.

The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16 …… are known as square numbers.

Try it out
Looking at the above pattern can you find out next 3 square numbers.

33
 • Each number can be arranged as a line.
REMEMBER: • Prime numbers can only be shown as a line with only exception
being number 3.

Let’s Explore-
1) Can a triangular number be a square number?
2) Can a rectangular number be a square number?
3) Can a triangular number be a rectangular number?

Think it over
The teacher asked a question in the class that was correctly answered by 4 students.
To her surprise the answer given by all 4 students was different. The answers of the students are
given below:
Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 Student 4

Can you guess the question asked by the teacher?

PATTERNS TO SIMPLIFY CALCULATIONS

Pattern observations can help in simplifying calculations.
Observing patterns is in fact an interesting and engaging exercise.
It even helps in predicting the correct answer in the pattern being followed.
1. Addition of 9, 99, 999 etc to a whole number.
1835 + 9 = 1835 + (10 - 1) = 1845 – 1 = 1844
1835 + 99 = 1835 + (100 - 1) = 1935 – 1 = 1934
1835 + 999 = 1835 + (1000 - 1) = 2835 – 1 = 2834
2. Subtraction of 9, 99, 999 etc from a whole number.
4754 – 9 = 4754 – 10 + 1 = 4744 + 1 = 4745
4754 – 99 = 4754 – 100 + 1 = 4654 + 1 = 4655
4754 – 999 = 4754 – 1000 + 1 = 3754 + 1 = 3755
3. Multiplication of a whole number by 9, 99, 999 etc.
482×9 = 482×(10 - 1) = 4820 – 482 = 4338
482× 99 = 482×(100 - 1) = 48200 – 482 = 47718
482×999 = 482× (1000 - 1) = 482000 – 482 = 481518

34
4. Multiplication of a whole number by 5, 25, 125 etc.

53×5=53× 10 = =
530 265
2 2

100 5300=1325
53×25=53× =
4 4
53×125=53 × 1000 = = 53000 6625
8 8
5. Multiplication of a whole number by 15,25, 35 etc.

30 2520 1260
84 × 15 = 84 × = =
2
2
50 4200
84×25 = 84× = 2100
2 2 =

70 5880
84 × 35 = 84 × = =
2 2 2940

Example 14 :-
Using the concept of patterns, evaluate.
(a) 257 + 999 (b) 51245 – 9999
(c) 129 × 99 (d) 348 × 25
Solution:-
(a) 257 + 999 = 257 + (1000 - 1)
= 1257 – 1 = 1256
(b) 51245 – 9999 = 51245 – 10000 + 1
= 41245 + 1 = 41246
(c) 129 × 99 = 129 × (100 - 1)
= 12900 – 129 = 12771
100 34000

(d) 348 × 25 = 348× = = 8700
4 4
Example 15 :-
Observe the pattern and write the next two steps:
7 × 9 = 63
77 × 99 = 7623
777 × 999 = 776223
7777 × 9999 = 77762223
Solution:-
Next 2 steps are:
77777 × 99999 = 7777622223
777777 × 999999 = 777776222223

35
 Exercise – 2.3

1) Using the concept of patterns, evaluate.

(a) 465 + 99 (b) 1478 – 99 (c) 5212 + 999
(d) 10512 – 9999 (e) 234 × 99 (f) 627 × 999
2) Using the multiplication patterns, evaluate.
(a) 426 × 25 (b) 72 × 15 (c) 363 × 125 (d) 77 × 35 (e) 1234 × 5
3) Observe the given patterns and write next two steps:
(a) 1×8 + 1 = 9
12×8 + 2 = 98
123×8 + 3 = 987
1234×8 + 4 = 9876
12345×8 + 5 = 98765
(b) 3 × 37 = 111
6 × 37 = 222
9 × 37 = 333
12 × 37 = 444
15 × 37 = 555

Do you Know?
If observe the numbers 101, 242, 363, 474, 44611644 etc. All these
numbers remain the same when its digit are reserved. Such numbers are
called
Palindromic Numbers.
Palindromic Pattern :
8×8 + 13 = 77
88×8 + 13 = 717
888×8 + 13 = 7117
8888×8 + 13 = 71117
88888×8 + 13 = 711117 and so on

MATH LAB ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVE:-
To verify that addition and multiplication is commutative.
MATERIALS NEEDED: COLOURED PAPERS
PROCEDURE : FOR ADDITION
1. On the grid given below, first place 3 green coloured square paper cut -outs on 1st row and then
five red coloured square paper cut -outs in the same row.
2. Now in the third row first place 5 red coloured paper cutouts and then three green coloured
square paper cut -outs in the same row.

36
OBSERVATION :
Number of boxes filled in first row = _________
Number of boxes filled in third row = _________
Hence, we conclude that ________________________________________________________
PROCEDURE : FOR MULTIPLICATION
1. On the grid given below, Take three strips each of 4 squares and place them on a grid paper to
form a rectangle
2. Now take four strips each of 3 squares and place them on the same grid in the adjoining rows to form a
rectangle:

OBSERVATION :
Now compare the number of boxes in each of the two rectangles obtained. Are they
equal?____________________________________________________________
Number of shaded unit squares in the representation of 3 x 4 = ______________
Number of shaded boxes in the representation of 4 x 3 = __________
Thus , ________ = ________
We conclude that ___________________________________________________
BRAIN TEASERS
Cross - Number Totals
The cross- number puzzle has been filled out using the whole numbers from 6 to 10 exactly once,
so that the total along each line is 23.
7

8 6 9

10

37
1. Use the whole numbers from 3 to 8 exactly once, in the following triangle of circles, so that each
line adds up to 15.

2. Use the whole numbers from 5 to 12 exactly once, in the following outer circles, so that each
line adds up to 34.

17

3. Sudoku is a famous Japanese puzzle. The goal of Sudoku is to fill a 9×9 grid with numbers
sthat each row, column and 3×3 section contain all of the digits from 1 to 9.
It is also an excellent brain game.

6 3 8
4 48 7
1 6 5
1 2 8 4
9 2 1
3 4 6 9
6 5 7
2 8 4
8 7 4

38
 CHAPTER RECAP

1. The set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,.... are called whole numbers.

2. The smallest natural number is 1 and the smallest whole number is 0.
3. The successor of a whole number is 1 more than the whole number.
4. The predecessor of a whole number is 1 less than the whole number.
5. There is no predecessor of zero in whole numbers.
6. All whole numbers can be represented on a number line.
7. If a, b, c etc are whole numbers, then
a) a + b is a whole number. {closure property of addition}
b) a × b is a whole number. {closure property of multiplication}
c) (a – b) may or may not be a whole number.
d) a ÷ b may or may not be a whole number.
e) a + b = b + a { Commutative property of addition}
f) a × b = b × a { Commutative property of multiplication}
g) a – b is not equal to b – a if a and b are unequal.
h) a ÷ b is not equal to b ÷ a if a and b are unequal.
i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) {Associative property of addition}
j) a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c {Associative property of multiplication}
k) a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c { Distributive property of multiplication over addition}
l) a × (b - c) = a× b - a × c { Distributive property of multiplication over subtraction}
m) a + 0 = a = 0 + a (0 is the additive identity)
n) a × 1 = a = 1 × a (1 is the multiplicative identity)
o) a ÷ 1 = a
p) In general (a – b) – c = a – (b – c) and (a ÷ b) ÷ c = a ÷ (b ÷ c)
q) 0 ÷ a = 0
8. If a is dividend, b (= 0) is divisor, q is quotient and r is remainder, then a = bq + r. [Division Algorithm]
9. Division by zero is not defined.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE

1. Multiple Choice Questions (Tick the correct answer):

(i) The smallest whole number is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 10
(ii) Which natural number does not have a predecessor?
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3
(iii) The successor of greatest 5-digit number is.
(A) ten lakh (B)one lakh (C) ten thousand (D)one thousand
(iv) If a and b are two numbers, which of the following may not be a whole number?
(A) a + b (B) a ÷ b (C) a × b (D) none

39
 (v) Which of the following will not represent zero?
(A) 1 ÷ 0 (B) 5 × 0 (C) 0 ÷ 2 (D) 10 - 10
(vi) Which of the following whole numbers does not have a predecessor?
(A) 10 (B) 9 (C) 1 (D) 0
(vii) 4099 is successor of which number?
(A) 4098 (B) 4100 (C) 4198 (D) 4096
(viii) 64 × ( 5 + 9) = 64 × 5 + 64 × 9 is an example of which property?
(A) Closure (B) Commutative (C) Distributive (D) Associative
(ix) Predecessor of the smallest 6-digit number is
(A) 100009 (B) 100001 (C) 10000 (D) 99999
(x) The product of successor and predecessor of 2001 is
(A) 400004 (B) 4004000 (C) 404040 (D) 400100
2. Point out the errors in the following statements and rewrite the correct statements.
(a) Between any two whole numbers, there exists a whole number.
(b) Every whole number on the number line is greater than the whole number on its right.
3. Using the appropriate property, solve the following:
(a) 4 × 542 × 50 (b) 625 × 77 × 16
(c)1008 × 102 - 1008 × 2 (d) 212 × 424 +212 ×336 + 212 × 240
(e) 3845 × 784 × 5 + 769 × 216 × 25
4. Find the product of successor of largest 5-digit number and predecessor of smallest 3-digit number.
5. Represent 15 as a rectangular number in two ways.
6. Observe the pattern and write next three steps.
(a) 1 × 1= 1 (b) 1 = 1
11 × 11 = 121 1 + 3 = 4
111 × 111 = 12321 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
1+ 3 + 5 + 7 = 16

VEDIC MATHEMATICS :
Vedic Mathematics is the name given to the ancient system of Indian Mathematics which was
rediscovered from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1884-1960).
According to his research all of Mathematics is based on sixteen Sutras, or word-formulae.
It also uses patterns to help in fast calculations.
Multiplication using Vedic Mathematics when last digits of both numbers total as 10 and
remaining previous numbers are same.

34x36 83x87

g !!! ! = 3x4/4x6 = 8x9/3x7

a z i n
it a m = 12/24 = 72/21
Isn’t = 1224 = 7221

40
Chapter

3 PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

WHAT DO WE LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER?
• Factors and multiplies
• Prime and composite numbers
• Divisibility Tests
• Common factors and common multiples
• HCF and LCM
• Applications of HCF and LCM

FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

We have already studied the basic concept of factors and multiples in previous class.
Let’s look back at what we have learnt. Try these.
1. Find all the factors of the following numbers.
a. 64 b. 100 c. 98 d. 210
2. Find the common factors of the following pair of numbers.
a. 30 and 36 b. 42 and 84
3. List 5 multiples of 25 which are less than 500.
4. Which is the greatest multiple of 4 which is less than 100?
5. Draw the factor tree for 72.

Fun Time:
Magic Multiples
24 is a multiple of 6. If you reverse the digits of 24, you get 42
which is also a multiple of 6. Such multiples are called magic
multiples. You can try and find out more magic multiples.

Quick Recall.
The numbers that are multiplied to find a product are called
factors of that product.
For example
3×5=15
So 3 and 5 are factors of 15.
• 1 is a factor of every number.

41
 • 1 is the smallest factor of every number.
• Every number is a factor of itself.
• The only factor of 1 is 1.
• Every number except 1 has atleast 2 factors-1 and the number itself.
• Each factor of a number is less than or equal to the number itself.
• In fact the greatest factor of any number is number itself.
• A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
• Every number is a multiple of itself.
• Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to the number.
• Each number has an infinite number of multiples.

COMMON FACTORS
Factors that are common to two or more numbers are said to be common factors of the given numbers.
Let’s try to find out the common factors of 12, 18 and 24.
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Clearly the common factors are 1, 2, 3, and 6

COMMON MULTIPLIES
Multiples that are common to two or more numbers are said to be common multiples of the given
numbers.
For Example :
We try to find out first two common multiples of 4, 6 and 8.
We know,
The multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52…
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72…
The multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72,80,……
The first two common multiples of 4,6 and 8 are 24 and 48.
If you are able to find the first common multiple of given numbers, then it is quite
Note: easy to find remaining common multiples.
The next common multiples will be multiples of the first common multiple.

TYPES OF NUMBERS:
An odd number always
Even and Odd Numbers
ends with 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9
The numbers which are exactly divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12……………etc. are even number
An even number always
The numbers which are not exactly divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8
1, 3, 5, 7, 9 11….. etc. are odd numbers

42
 PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS
The numbers which have exactly two factors, one and the number itself are called prime numbers.
Some prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19……
The numbers having more than two different factors are called composite numbers
Some composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15……….

• 1 is neither prime nor composite number as it has only one factor.

REMEMBER:
• 2 is the smallest and the only even prime number.

Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes discovered a method to find out the prime numbers
between 1 to 100 which is commonly known as the “ the Sieve of Eratosthenes”.
He gave following steps to separate the prime numbers:
Step 1: Write all the natural numbers from 1 to 100
Step 2: Cross out 1 as it is neither prime nor composite.
Step 3: Encircle 2 and cross out all
multiples of 2 other than 2
itself.
Step 4: Encircle 3 and cross out all
mul tiples of 3 other than 3
tself.
Step 5: Encircle 5 and cross out
all mul tiples of 5 other than
5 itself.
Step 6: Continue this process
till all the numbers are
either encircled or crossed out.
All encircled numbers are
prime numbers.
All crossed out numbers
other than 1 are composite
numbers.

Thus, the prime numbers from 1 to 100 are

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 83, 89, 97.

43
 Do you Know ?
Eratosthenes (276BC-194BC) of Cyrene was a Greek math-
ematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theo-
rist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian
at the library of Alexandria. He is known as the inventor of
Geography. He was the first person to calculate the circum-
ference of earth, tilt of earth’s axis, distance from earth to
the sun and also invented the leap day.
Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple, ancient algorithm for
finding all prime numbers upto any given limit. The sieve
was attributed to Eratosthenes in the “Introduction to
Arithmetic” by Nicomachus (an important ancient Greek
Eratosthenes (276BC-194BC) mathematician).

TWIN-PRIMES
Do you observe any pattern in the numbers,
(3,5); (5,7); (11,13); (17,19); (29,31); (41,43); (59,61); (71,73)?
There is only one composite number between the two prime numbers in any pair.
In other words, we can also say that they are pairs of prime numbers whose difference is 2. Such pairs of
prime numbers are called twin primes.
PRIME TRIPLET
A set of three consecutive prime numbers which differ by 2 is called a Let’s find out. Is every pair
prime-triplet. of prime numbers
(3,5,7) is the only Prime Triplet. co-prime?
CO-PRIME NUMBERS
Two numbers are said to be co-prime numbers if they have no common factors other than 1.
(2,3); (3,5); (15,22); (8,15) etc are few examples of co-prime numbers.
PERFECT NUMBER
If the sum of all the factors of a number is equal to twice the number, then the number is called a
perfect number.
Let’s find out.
For Example :
A perfect number other
6 is a perfect number
than 6 and less than 100.
We know; factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
Note that 1+2+3+6= 12=2×6
Thus, 6 is a perfect number.

Do you know?
An emirp number (prime number spelled backwards) is a prime number that results in a different prime
number when its digits are reversed. For example 13 and 31 . List out all emirp numbers between 1 and 100.

44
 EXERCISE 3.1
1. Pick out the incorrect statements and correct them.
(a) All prime numbers are odd.
(b) The sum of two odd numbers is an odd number.
(c) The sum of two even numbers is an even number.
(d) Prime numbers do not have any factors.
(e) 221 is a multiple of 6.
(f) The product of two prime numbers is a prime number.
(g) Each factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.
(h) Every natural number is either prime or composite.
2. Find the common factors of the following pairs of numbers.
(a) 70 and 125 (b) 63 and 153 (c) 54 and 72 (d) 46 and 64
3. Find the common factors of the following set of numbers.
(a) 8, 20 and 36 (b) 10, 30 and 45
4. Write all natural numbers from 1 to 100 which are common multiples of 5 and 7.
5. Write all the multiples of 25 between 200 and 300.
6. A gardener has 72 rose plants. He wants to plant them in rows and columns in the garden. What
are the different ways to do so?
7. (a) Write all prime numbers between 25 and 60.
(b) Write all composite numbers between 30 and 50.
8. (a) Write all even numbers between 250 and 280.
(b) Write all odd numbers between 360 and 390.
9. Express each of following even numbers as the sum of twin-primes.
(a) 36 (b) 60 (c) 84 (d) 144
10. Express each of the following numbers as sum of two odd primes:
(a) 44 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 18
11. Express each of the following numbers as sum of three odd prime numbers.
(a) 21 (b) 35 (c) 53 (d) 61
12. Write any 7 consecutive composite numbers each less than 100, so that there is no prime number
between them.
13. Write all pairs of prime numbers upto 100, between which there are exactly 5 composite numbers.
14. The product of two numbers is 84 and their sum is 20. Find the numbers.
15. Express 72 and 84 as sum of two odd prime numbers in two different ways.

(i) I am the smallest 2- digit odd composite number less than 20.
Who am I ?
(ii) I am the smallest odd composite number.

45
Divisor Rules for Divisibility
A number is divisible by 2 if the digit at
2 ones place is 0,2,4,6 or 8.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its
3 digits is divisible by 3
A number is divisible by 4 if the number
4 formed by its last 2 digits i.e. tens and
ones is divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5 if the digit at
5 one’s place is 0 or 5.
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible
6 by both 2 and 3.
A number is divisible by 8 if the number
8 formed by its last 3 digits i.e. hundreds,
tens and ones is divisible by 8.
A number is divisible 9 if the sum of its
9 digits is divisible by 9.
A number is divisible by 10 if the digit at
10 one’s place is 0.
A number is divisible by 11 if the differ-
ence of the sum of the digits at even
11 places and the sum of digits at odd places
is 0 or a multiple of 11.
46
Example
120,342, 464,968,3456 are divisible by 2.
4635 is divisible by 3 as the sum of the
digits 4+6+3+5=18 is divisible by 3.
9776 is divisible by 4 as 76 is divisible by 4.
1280, 4375, 24965, 7000 are divisible by
5.
7224 is divisible by 2 as digit at its ones
place is 4 also 7+2+2+4=15 is divisible by
3. So,7224 is divisible by 6.
43096 is divisible by 8 as 096 or 96 is
divisible by 8.
5445 is divisible by 9 as 5+4+4+5=18 is
divisible by 9.
1010, 2390, 4700 are divisible by 10 as the
digit at ones place is 0.
In 573243,
sum of digits at odd places=5+3+4=12
sum of digits at even places=7+2+3=12
Difference =12-12= 0
So, 573243 is divisible by 11.
Example 1:
Using divisibility tests, determine which of the following numbers are exactly divisible by
(i) 2 (ii) 4 (iii) 8
(a) 826256 (b) 384148
Solution:
(a) 826256 is divisible by 2 as the digit at ones place is 6
The number formed last 2 digits is 56. 56 is divisible by 4 so 826256 is divisible by 4.
The number formed by last 3 digits is 256. 256 is divisible by 8, so 326256 is divisible by 8.
(b) 384148 is divisible by 2 as the digit at ones place is 8.
The number formed by last 2 digits is 48.
48 is divisible by 4, so 384148 is divisible by 4
The number formed by last 3 digits is 148.
148 is not divisible by 8, so 384148 is not divisible by 8.
Example 2:
Using divisibility tests, check the divisibility of 356219 by
(a) 3 (b) 9
Solution:
Sum of the digits of the number 356219 = 3 + 5 + 6 + 2 +1+ 9 = 26
As 26 is not divisible by 3, so, 356219 is not divisible by 3.
Also 26 is not divisible by 9, so, 356219 is not divisible by 9.
Example 3:
Using divisibility test, check whether 9138965 is divisible by 11 or not.
Solution:
Sum of digits at even places =1+8+6=15
Sum of digits at odd places =9+3+9+5 =26
Their difference = 26-15=11, which is divisible by 11
...
9138965 is divisible by 11
Example 4:
Is 297134 divisible by 6?
Solution:
297134 is divisible by 2 as the digit at ones place is 4.
Sum of the digits of given number =2 + 9 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 4 = 26, which is not divisible by 3.
So 297134 is not divisible by 3.
Hence, 297134 is not divisible by 6.
Example 5:
In each of the following, write the smallest possible digit in the blank space to form a number
divisible by given number.

(a) 6434 by 3 (b) 4 59948 by 11.

47
 ...
Solution:
(a) We know a number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
Sum of the given digits = 6+4+3+4=17
If we add 1, it becomes 18, which is divisible by 3.
1 is the smallest possible digit
(b) We know a number is divisible by 11, if the difference of the sum of the digits at odd places
...
and the sum of the digits at even places is either 0 or a multiple of 11.
Sum of the digits at odd places = 4 + 5 + 9 + 8 = 26
Sum of the digits at even places = + 9 + 4 = 13+
Their difference = 26 -13 - = 13 -
To make it divisible by 11, we need to subtract 2
Thus, 2 is the smallest possible digit.

We can replace an unknown digit by any of the digits from 0 to 9. So, for
REMEMBER:
the smallest digit we start from 0 and for the greatest digit we start from 9.

Some More Divisibility Rules.

(1) If a number is divisible by another number then it is divisible by each of the factors of that
number (divisor).
For example :
48 is divisible by 16.
The factors of 16 are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 .
So 48 is divisible by each of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.
(2) If a number divisible by 2 co-prime numbers then it is divisible by their product also.
For example:
The number 80 is divisible by 4 and 5. It is also divisible by 20. Note that 4×5 = 20 and 4 & 5 are
co-prime numbers.
(3) If two given numbers are divisible by a number, then their sum is also divisible by that number.
For example :
The number 20 and 25 are both divisible by 5 The sum of 20 and 25 =45 is also divisible by 5.
(4) If two given numbers are divisible by a number then their difference is also divisible by that number.
For example :
The numbers 88 and 40 are both divisible by 8
The difference of 88 and 40=48 is also divisible by 8.

• The converse of point numbers (2) and (3) is not true.

• The sum of 17 and 15 is 32 which is divisible by 8 but none of 17 and 15 is divisible by 8.
Note That • The difference of 41 and 27 is 14 which is divisible by 7 but
none of 41 and 27 is divisible by 7.

48
Example 6:
A number is divisible by both 5 and 6. By which other numbers will that number be always divisible?
Solution:
...
As 5 and 6 are co-prime numbers the given number will be divisible by 5×6 i.e. 30.
The factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30. Hence the given number will always be divisible by 1,
2, 3, 5, 6,10, 15, 30.
Example 7:
Is 81895 divisible by 55 ?Justify
Solution:
We know 55 = 5 × 11, where 5 and 11 are co-prime numbers.
If 81895 is divisible by 5 and 11 both.
Then, it will be divisible by 55 also.
As 5 is at the ones place so 81895 is divisible by 5.
Sum of the digits at odd places of the given number = 8 + 8 + 5 = 21
Sum of the digits at even places of the given number = 1 + 9 = 10
Their difference = 21 - 10 = 11 which is divisible by 11.
So,81895 is divisible 11
Hence, 81895 is divisible by 55 as it is divisible by 5 and 11 both.
EXERCISE 3.2
1. Using divisibility tests, determine which of the following numbers are divisible
by 2, by 4 ; by 8 ?
(a) 7540 (b) 219448 c) 756184 (d) 626600
2. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 3 ; by 9?
(a) 21531 (b) 431256 (c) 102345 (d) 412803
3. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5 ; by 10?
(a) 21010 (b) 100025 (c) 312054 d) 419007
4. Examine whether the following numbers are divisible by 6 or not.
(a) 2346 (b) 93573 (c) 123456 (d) 936210
5. Examine whether the following numbers are divisible by 11 or not.
(a) 2596 (b) 225027 (c) 13818 (d) 64669
6. Replace by the smallest digit so that
(a) 934 7 is divisible by 3.
(b) 1935 is divisible both by 5 and 10.
(c) 28 36 is divisible by 8.
(d) 71 8965 is divisible by 11.
7. Is 6837125 divisible by 45?Justify.
8. Is 927685 divisible by 55? Justify.
9. A number is divisible by 24. By what other numbers will that number be divisible?
10. A number is divisible by both 5 and 12. By which other numbers will that number be always divisible?

49
 PRIME FACTORISATION
Expressing a number as a product of its factors is called Prime Factorisation.
For Example:
When we write 90=2×45 we say that 90 has been factorized. This is one of the factorisations of 90.
The others are
90 = 2 × 45 90 = 3 × 30 90 = 5 × 18
= 2 × 3 × 15 = 3 × 3 × 10 = 5 × 2 × 9
= 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 =3 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 5 × 2 × 3 × 3
What do you observe?
In all the above factorisations, we ultimately arrive at the same factorisation 2×3×3×5.
In this factorisation the only factors 2, 3 and 5 are prime numbers, Such a factorisation is called
Prime Factorisation.
Every composite number can be expressed as a unique product of primes, irrespective of the order
in which they occur.
This is known as Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Test Factorise 84 in all possible ways to verify the uniqueness of its primes.
yourself

Methods of Prime Factorisation
We have already studied in class V that prime factors of a given number can be found using
following methods:
(i) Factor tree method
(ii) Repeated division method
Let’s consider the following example
Example 8:
Complete the following factor tree. 360

2 X 360

22 XX

2 XX

XX

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Solution : 360

2 180

2 90

2 45

3 15

3 5
... 360 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
Example 9:
Find the prime factorisation of following numbers.
(a) 450 (b) smallest 4-digit number
Solution 9:
i) (2)
2 450 2 1000
3 225 2 500

3 75 2 250
5 25 5 125
5 5 5 25
1 5 5

1
... 450 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 ... 1000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5

EXERCISE 3.3

1. Complete the following factor tree

(a) b)
120 120

10
5
6
4

51
 (d)
(c)
228 720

2 10

2 9

2. Using division method, find the prime factorisation of the following numbers.
(a) 660 (b) 840 (c) 15470 (d) 3060
3. Write the smallest 5 digit number and express it as a product of primes.
4. Find the prime factors of 11339. Arrange the factors in ascending order and find the relation be
tween two consecutive prime numbers.
5. Write the smallest 4 digit number formed by the digits 3, 0, 5 and 4. Also, write its prime factorisation.
6. Find the smallest number having 5 different prime factors.

HCF AND LCM OF NUMBERS

As the name suggests HCF is the highest common factor of the given numbers.
We can also say that HCF is the highest number that can divide the given numbers completely.
Therefore, HCF is also known as GCD or Greatest Common Divisor.
As learnt in class V, we usually use two methods to find HCF namely :
(i) prime factorisation method (ii) Division method.

Finding HCF by Prime Factorisation Method

Let us find the HCF of 216 and 360.
First, we find the prime factorisation of the given numbers.

2 216 2 360
2 108 2 180
2 54 2 90
3 27 3 45
3 9 3 15
3 3 5 5
1 1

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 216 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3
360 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5
...
HCF of 216 and 360 = 2 × 2 × 2× 3 × 3 = 72.
Thus, HCF is the product of the prime factors common to both the numbers counted the least
number of times they occur in any numbers.

Finding HCF by Successive Division Method

Let us find the HCF of 112, 168 and 24
First we find the HCF of 24 and 112 as shown below:
24)112(4
- 96
___
16)24(1
-16
8)16(2
-16
____
0
Thus, HCF of 24 and 112 is 8
Now, we find HCF of 8 and 168
8)168(21
-16
08
- 8
0
Thus, HCF of 8, 24 and 168 is 8

If one number is a factor of another number, then the smallest number is

REMEMBER: the HCF of the two numbers. Some such pairs are: (6, 12), (10, 20), (15,45)
etc. where the first number is the HCF in each case.
LCM or the least (or lowest) common multiple of two or more given numbers is the least of their
common multiples.
We usually use two methods to find LCM of two or more numbers namely :
(1) Prime Factorisation Method. (2) Division Method.
Finding LCM by Prime factorisation method:
Let us find the LCM of 84 and 96
2 96
2 84 2 48
3 24
2 42
2 12
3 21 2 6
7 7 3 3
1 1

53
 Thus, 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
We notice that the prime factor 2 appears maximum 5 times in 96, 3 appears one time in each
number and7 appears once in 84.
... LCM of 84 and 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 672
Thus, LCM is the product of the prime factors counted the maximum number of times they occur
in any of the numbers

Finding LCM by division method

Let us find the LCM of 24,27,30and 90.

2 24, 27, 30, 90

2 12, 27, 15, 45
2 6, 27, 15, 45
3 3, 27, 15, 45
3 1, 9, 5, 15
3 1, 3, 5, 5
5 1, 1, 5, 5
1, 1, 1, 1

LCM of 24, 27,30 and 90 = 2×2×2×3×3×3×5=1080

If one number is multiple of another number then the greater num-

REMEMBER: ber is the LCM of the two numbers. Some such pairs are (5,10)(8,16)
(15,30) etc, where the second number is the LCM in each case.

Relation between HCF and LCM OF natural numbers.

The product of HCF and LCM of two natural numbers is same as the product of the numbers.
We can easily verify the above relationship. Consider the numbers 24 and 40. Prime factorisation
of given numbers are 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
HCF = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 and
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 120
HCF × LCM = 8 × 120 = 960 Product of given numbers = 24 × 40 = 960
Hence, we have verified that
HCF×LCM of two numbers = Product of two numbers

54
 (their product)
• LCM of 2 natural numbers =
(their HCF)
From above relation, (their product)
• HCF of 2 natural numbers =
we note that: (their LCM)
(HCF x LCM)
• Second number =
(first number)
Please note that this is not true for more than two numbers.

LCM of two natural numbers is always

REMEMBER:
exactly divisible by their HCF.
Example 10:
The HCF and LCM of two numbers is 170 and 3400 respectively . If one of the numbers is 680, find
the other.
Solution:
Here, HCF = 170, LCM = 3400, one number = 680
We know that
HCF×LCM of two numbers = Product of two numbers
170×3400= 680 × other number
Other number = 170×3400/680 = 850 Hence, the other number is 850.
Example11:
Find the HCF of 225 and 250. Hence, find their LCM.
Solution :
Finding HCF of 225 and 250,using successive division method.
225) 250 (1
- 225
25)225(9
-225
0
... HCF of 225 and 250 = 25
(their product) (225 ×250)
... LCM of 2 natural numbers = = = 2250
(their HCF) 25
Example 12:
Can two numbers have 26 as their HCF and 304 as their LCM? Justify your answer.
Solution :
We know that HCF of given numbers must divide their LCM exactly.
26) 304 ( 11
- 26
44
- 26
18
We observe that 26 does not divide 304 exactly.
So, there cannot be two numbers having 26 as their HCF and 304 as their LCM.

55
 EXERCISE 3.4

1. Find the HCF of given numbers by Prime factorisation method.

a) 70, 105, 175
b) 91, 112, 49.
c) 120, 144, 200
d) 513, 1134, 1215
2. Find the HCF of given numbers by successive division method.
a) 208, 404
b) 144, 180, 252
c) 101, 573, 1079
d) 1736, 1922, 2015, 2232
3. Find the LCM of the given numbers by prime factorisation method.
a) 15, 28, 45
b) 24, 32, 140
c) 28, 74, 140
d) 15, 25, 40, 75
4. Find the LCM of the given numbers by division method .
a) 21, 36, 108
b) 98, 28, 56
c) 51, 170, 510
d) 108, 288, 360
5. Find the LCM and HCF of 124 and 256. Verify that LCM×HCF=Product of two numbers.
6. Product of the two numbers is 9072. HCF of the two numbers is 18. Find their LCM.
7. The HCF and LCM of two numbers is 15 and 450 respectively. If one of the numbers is 90. Find the
other number.
8. The HCF of 24 and 36 is 12. Find their LCM.
9. Find the HCF of 105 and 180. Hence, find their LCM.
10. Can two numbers have 14 as their HCF and 204 as their LCM? Justify.

APPLICATIONS OF HCF AND LCM

In our day to day life, the concept of HCF and LCM is widely used. This can be illustrated by
various examples given below.
Example 13:
Three ropes of different lengths 4m 78cm, 2m 48cm and 3m 28cm are to be cut into equal
lengths. What is the greatest possible length of each piece?
Solution:
We know 1m = 100cm So 4m 78cm = (4×100 + 78) cm = 478cm
Similarly, 2m 48cm = 248cm and 3m 28cm = 328cm To find the greatest possible length into which
the three ropes are to be cut, we find the HCF of 478, 248 and 328.

56
 Consider 248 and 328 first
HCF of 248 and 328 is 8
248 ) 328 (11
- 248
80)248 (3
- 240
8) 80 (10
- 8
00

Now, Consider 8 and 478 Thus, HCF of 248, 328 and 478 is 2
8 ) 478 (59
- 40
78
- 72
6) 8 (1
- 6
2) 6 (3
- 6
0
... Greatest possible length of each rope is 2cm.
Example 14:
Ravi takes 12 minutes to run around a circular track where as Raju takes 3 minutes less to do so.
Suppose they both start at the same time and run in same direction, after how many minutes will
they meet at starting point?
Solution:
Time taken by Ravi to run around circular track =12 min.
Time taken by Raju to run around circular track = 12-3 = 9min.
To find the time they will take to meet at starting point, we find the LCM of 12 and 9.
2 12, 9

2 3, 9
3 3, 9
3 1, 3
1, 1

...
LCM of 12 and 9 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36
Thus, they will meet after 36 minutes.

57
Example 15:
Find the smallest natural number which when divided by 12, 15, 25 leaves remainder 9 in each case.
Solution:

2 12, 15, 25

2 6, 15,25
3 3, 15 25
5 1, 5,25
5 1, 1, 5
1, 1, 1

LCM of 12,15, and 25=2×2×3×5×5=300

As it leaves remainder 9
. .. Required number =300+9=309
Example 16:
Find the smallest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 6, 8 and 12.
Solution:
LCM of 6, 8, and 12=2×2×2×3=24
The smallest 3 digit number is 100.
Let us find the number that must be 2 6, 8, 12
added to 100 so that it is divisible by 24 2 3, 4, 6
24 ) 100 (4 2 3, 5, 3
- 96
4 3 3, 1, 3
The number to be added = 24 - 4 =20 1, 1, 1
Required number = 100 + 20 = 120
Example 17:
... the greatest number that will divide 445,572 and 699 leaving remainder 4, 5 and 6 respectively.
Find
Solution:
To find the greatest number that will divide 445,572 and 699 leaving remainder 4,5 and 6.
We find HCF of 445 - 4 = 441, 572-5 = 567 and 699- 6 = 693.
HCF of 441 and 567 is 63 Consider 63 and 693
441 ) 567 (1 63 ) 693 (11
- 441 - 63
126) 441 (3 63
- 378 - 63
63) 126 (2 0
- 126
0
So HCF of 441, 657 and 693 is 63 Hence, 63 is the greatest number that will divide 445,572 and
693 leaving remainder 4, 5, and 6 respectively.

58
 EXERCISE 3.5
1. Two tankers contain 850l and 680l of petrol respectively. Find the maximum capacity of a
container which can measure the petrol of both the tankers exactly.
2. Reena, Meena and Sheena decided to go for a morning walk daily and decided to step off
together from the starting point. Their steps measure 85cm, 50cm and 75cm respectively. What is
the minimum distance each would walk so that all can cover the same distance in complete
number of steps?
3. Three strings of different length 2m 40cm, 3m 18 cm and 4m 26cm are to be cut into equal
lengths. Find the greatest possible length of each piece.
4. On a race track, car A completes the track in 28 minutes, while car B completes the track in 24
minutes.After how many minutes will they be side by side again?
5. Two neon signs blink every 20sec and 30sec respectively. Given that they flashed together at 8
p.m..When will they flash together the next time?
6. Find the greatest number which exactly divides 110,154 and 242.
7. Find the greatest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 18, 24, and 30.
8. Find the least 5-digit number which is exactly divisible by 15, 24 and 40.
9. Find the greatest 3-digit number which is exactly divisible by 3, 5, 6, and 7.
10. Find the least number, which when divided by 25, 30 and 70 leaves a remainder 11.
11. Find the greatest number which when divides 1657 and 2037 leaves remainder 6 and 5 respectively.
12. A rectangular floor is 2016cm long and 1560cm broad. It is to be paved with square tiles of the
same size. Find the least possible number of such tiles.

MATH LAB ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVE: To find the H.C.F. of two given numbers by paper cutting and pasting.
MATERIALS NEEDED: Coloured grid papers (2 different colours say green and red), a pair of
scissors, glue, a ruler, and a pencil.
PROCEDURE :Take any two numbers say 24 and 16.
1. Cut out a strip of length 24 units using red colour grid paper as shown in Fig.4(a).
2.Cut out another strip of length 16 units using green colour grid paper as shown in Fig. 4(b).

Fig. 4(a)

Fig. 4(b)
24cm

8cm
16cm
Fig. 4(c)

59
3. Place the red strip along the green strip as shown in the
Fig. 4(c) and cut out the remaining part of the
red strip. 8cm
4. Observe that the remaining part of red strip cut out is 8cm
of length 8 units and is smaller than the green colour Fig. 4(d)
strip i.e. the strip of length 16 units.
5. Now place the smaller cut out strip (red) along the
larger cut out strip (green) and cut out the extra
8cm
part (green strip) as shown in Fig.4(d).
Fig. 4(d)
Fig. 4(e)
6. Repeat the activity till both strips are equal.
OBSERVATIONS
(i) In Step 4, the length of the red strip = ............... units
(ii) In Step 6, the length of the green strip = ............... units
(iii) Is there any part of any strip left when red strip of length 8 units was placed on the green
strip?.......... Yes/No
HCF of 24 and 16 = ............
Try to find out the HCF of (i) 40 and 16 (ii) 12 and 15

CHAPTER RECAP
1. A factor of a number divides the given number exactly.
2. A multiple of a number is exactly divisible by the given number.
3. Every number is a factor as well as a multiple of itself.
4. 1 is a factor of every number and is the only number, which has exactly one factor.
5. Every number other than 1 has atleast two factors, namely 1 and the number itself.
6. A number having no factor other than 1 and the number itself is called a prime number.
7. A number having factors other than 1 and number itself is called a composite number.
8. 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.
9. Numbers divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
10. Numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
11. 2 is the only even prime number.
12. Every prime number other than two is odd, but every odd number is not necessarily a prime number.
13. Prime numbers in pairs with a difference of two are called twin primes.
14. Every even number greater than 4 can be expressed as the sum of two odd prime numbers.
15. A number is divisible by –
i) 2, if the digit at the units place is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
ii) 3, if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
iii) 4, if the number formed by its digits in tens and units places is divisible by 4.
iv) 5, if digit at the units place is 0 or 5.
v) 6, if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3.

60
 vi) 8, if the number formed by its digits in hundred’s, ten’s and unit’s places is divisible by 8.
vii) 9, if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
viii) 0, if the digit at the unit’s place is 0.
ix) 11, if the difference of the sum of its digits in odd places and the sum of its digits in even
places is either 0 or divisible by 11.
17. The H.C.F of two or more numbers is the largest number that divides all the given numbers.
18. The L.C.M of two or more numbers is the smallest number which is divisible by all the given numbers.
19. The product of H.C.F and L.C.M of two numbers equals their product. This result may not be
true for more than two numbers.
20. The H.C.F of any two prime or co – prime numbers is 1.
21. The L.C.M of any two prime or co – prime numbers is same as their product.
22. The H.C.F of two or more numbers is never greater than any of the numbers.
23. The L.C.M of two or more numbers is never less than any of the numbers.
24. The H.C.F of two or more numbers is a factor of their L.C.M.
25. If x is a factor of y, then the H.C.F of x and y is x and L.C.M of x and y is y.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. Multiple Choice Questions (Tick the correct answer):
(i) The smallest multiple of 67 is
(A) 1 (B) 67 (C) 137 (D) none of these
(ii) The LCM of 6 and 7 is
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 13 (D) 42
(iii) A pair of twin prime numbers is
(A) (2,3) (B) (5,11) (C) (5,7) (D) (9,11)
(iv) Which of the following is neither prime nor composite?
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 13
(v) The product of the HCF and LCM of two numbers is same as the
(A) Sum of the numbers (B) Difference of the numbers
(C) Greater of the two numbers (D) Product of the numbers
(vi) A number which is divisible by both 2 and 3 is also divisible by
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 9
(vii) The HCF of 7and 14 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 14 (D) 7
(viii) The only prime triplet is
(A) 2,3,5 B) 3,5, 7 (C) 1,2,3 (D) 7,9,11
2. Find the product of all composite numbers less than 10. Now, express their product so obtained
as the product of primes.
3. Six bells commence ringing together at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 second respectively. In 30
minutes how may times do they ring together?
4. In a new year party, when people danced in pairs, one person was left, when people danced in

61
 threes, again one person was left, when people danced in fours, one person was left again and
when they danced in fives, then also one person was left. How many people were at the party?
5. Is 5× 3 × 17 +17 a prime number? Justify.

CODE CRACKERS.
Write down all the numbers from the following numbers which
are not multiples of 7.
FUN TIME 18,9,84,5,105,42,21,77,16,154,13
Convert the numbers you found to English Alphabet using ;
A = 1, B = 2, C = 3 , D = 4 ……………..
Decode the mathematical word formed.

62