K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

KEY CONCEPT
EXPONENT
Exponents can be positive integral or whole number, can be zero, can be negative, can
be fraction.
Definition of positive integral exponent
For any real number x and any positive integer n, Xn = X . X . X . X …. . X
where X is taken as a factor n times or instead of saying “ x is taken as a factor n
times”, you can also say that “ x is raised to the nth power” or “x to the n” or “the nth
power of x. The value of Xn is the nth power of X.

Here are some examples using exponent

1. 22 = 2 . 2 = 4 4. ( -3 )2 = ( -3 ) ( -3 ) = 9
2. 43 = 4 . 4 . 4 . 4 = 64 5. ( - 5 )3 = ( -5 ) ( -5 ) ( -
5 ) = -125
3 . 1.2 x 104 = 1.2 x 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 = 12 000
In each of the example above, the numbers on the left-hand side of the equal
sign are in exponential form. They have a small number on the upper right-hand side.
These are called exponents. Thus, in 43 = 64, 3 is the exponent and 4 is the base and 64
is the power.
43 can be read as “ 4 cubed”, and 22 as “2 squared”

ACTIVITY 1: Write the following in exponential form:

a. X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X
b. Y . Y. Y . Y. Y
c. Z.Z.Y.Y.Y
d. a . a . a . y. y. y . y . z . z . z
e. 5.5.5.a.a.a.b.b.c.c.c.c

LAWS OF POSITIVE INTEGRAL EXPONENT

MULTIPLICATION:
When multiplying powers of the same base, copy the base and add the
exponent. X m . X n = X m + n , where x is a nonzero real number and m and n are
positive integers.
DIVISION:
When dividing powers of the same base, copy the base and subtract the
exponent. There are three conditions:

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

m m m
X = X m-n , if m > n , X = 1 , if m = n , X = 1 , if m < n
n n n n−m
X X X X

5 5 3
x 5−3 x x 1 1
3 = x = x2 5 =1 5 = 5−3 = 2
x x x x x
Where x is a nonzero real number and m and n are positive integers.
Here are some examples:
7
X
1. a3 . a6 = a 3 + 6 = a9 2. = X 7-3 = X4 3. ( a4 b3 ) ( a3 b6 ) = a7 b9
X3

y2 y3 y5 1
4. 8 = 8 =
y y y3

ACTIVITY 2.
Try this:
5 3
n a
1. x .x
4 7
2. 3 3. 8 4. 23 .2 4
n a
4 5
b b
5. 9
b

POWER OF A PRODUCT:
In raising product to a certain power, each factor is raised to the indicated
power. In symbols,

( xy )n = xnyn and (x myn)p = xmpynp,

Where x and y are real numbers and m , n and p are positive integers.

Here are some examples:

1. ( 3 . 4 )2 = 3 2 . 4 2 2. ( ab2 )5 = ( a )5 (b2)5 = a5b10

3. (3m3n2)4 = 34(m3)4(n2)4 = 81m12n8

ACTIVITY 3.
Try this:
a. ( ab )5 b. ( a2b)4 c. ( 2m3n5 )3 4. (-3x4y )2

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

POWER OF A QUOTIENT:
In raising a quotient to a certain power, both the numerator and denominator
x n xn xn p x np
are raised to the indicated power. In symbols, ( ) = n and ( m ) = mp ,
y y y y
where x and y are real numbers not equal to zero and m, n, and p are positive
integers.
Here are some examples:
3 2 6
x x a 3
a
1. ( )3 = 3 2. ( 3 )3 = (a ¿¿ 2) ¿ = 9
y y b ¿¿ b
4 20 10
a a a
3. ( 2 3 )5 = ¿ ¿ = 10 15 = 15
a b a b b

ACTIVITY 4.
Try this:
a m3 2 x2 4
a. ( )5 b. ( 4 ) c. ( ) d. (
b n 3
2 a3 2
¿
3 b4

Definition of Zero and Negative Exponent

If x is a non zero real number and n is any positive integer, then X0 = 1
1
and x -n = n
x
3 m
x X
Why? Because 3 = 1 according to the law of exponent , = 1 , if m=n
x Xn
x3 3−3 0 xm m−n
3 = x = x applying the property n = x
x x
Therefore , think of x0 as 1.
3 m
x 3−5 −2 x
5
=x =x applying the property n = x
m−n

x x
3 m
x 1 1 X 1
= 5−3 = 2 applying the property, n = , if m < n
x
5
x x X X n−m

1
So therefore x−2 = 2
x

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

KEY CONCEPT
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Definition
A number is in scientific notation if it is expressed as a product of two factors,
one factor being less than 10 and greater than or equal to 1, and the other a power of
10 expressed in exponential form.

When writing a number in scientific notation, follow the following steps:

 Identify the initial location of the original decimal point.
 Identify the final location or destination of the original decimal point. ( Final
location of the original decimal point must be directly to the right of the first
nonzero number.)
 Move the original decimal point to its final location. (When the decimal is
moved towards the left, the count for the exponent of base 10 should be
positive. When the decimal is moved towards the right, the count for the
exponent of base 10 should be negative.

Example 1. Rewrite the given decimal number 5,800 in scientific notation.

Example 2. Rewrite the given decimal number 0.0009 in scientific notation.

Here are some examples

Number Scientific Notation
4 200 4.2 x 103
510 000 5.1 x 105
0.42 4.2 x 10-1

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

0.0051 5.1 x 10-3

12.6 x 104 1.26 x 105
Number Scientific Notation
12.6 x 10-4 1.26 x 10-3
0.84 x 103 8.4 x 102
0.84 x 10-3 8.4 x 10-4
7 123 x 106 7.123 x 109
1 426 x 10-4 1.426 x 10-1

ACTIVITY 1
Try this:
Write each number in scientific notation

1. 0.96 x 103 6. 0.86

2. 12.3 x 10-6 7. 234
3. 0.00063 x 102 8. 58 000
4. 204 x 107 9. 0.90721
5. 0.8 x 105 10. 0.00000000034

OPERATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
To add or subtract scientific notations be sure that the exponential part are the
same. Add or Subtract the decimal part and copy the exponential part.

a. 2.5 x 103 + 3.81 x 103 = 6.31 x 103 b. 3.81 x 103 – 2.5 x 103 = 1.31 x 103
Here are some examples
1. 1.25 x 102 + 2.56 x 103 in this example the exponential parts are 10 2 and 103
which are not the same.
0.125 x 103 + 2.56 x 103 make the exponential part the same
2.685 x 103 then add
2. 3.76 x 10 – 2.54 x 10
5 4
in this example the exponential parts are 10 5 and 104
which are not the same
3.76 x 105 – 0.254 x 105 make the exponential part the same
3.506 x 105 then subtract

ACTIVITY 2
Try this:

a. 1.72 x 104 + 3.41 x 104

b. 2.56 x 10-3 - 3.23 x 10-3
c. 5.12 x 105 + 3.4 x 102
d. 6.74 x 102 – 3.12 x 101

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

OPERATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

MULTIPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
To multiply scientific notations multiply the decimal part and follow the law of
exponent in multiplying the exponential part, copy the base and add the exponents.

a. ( 2.31 x 102 ) ( 3.14 x 105 ) = 7.2534 x 107

b. ( 1.3 x 10-3 ) ( 3.2 x 107 ) = 4.16 x 104

ACTIVITY 3
Try this:
a. ( 6.32 x 105 ) ( 2.1 x 103 )
b. ( 3.12 x 104 ) ( 5.23 x 10-2 )
c. ( 7.21 x 10-3 ) ( 5.13 x 10-3 )
d. ( 1.26 x 107 ) ( 2.3 x 102 )
e. ( 6.23 x 10-6 ) ( 3.15 x 10-2 )

OPERATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
To divide scientific notations divide the decimal part and follow the law of
exponent in dividing the exponential part, copy the base and subtract the exponent.

a. ( 4.0 x 105 ) ÷ ( 2.0 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 103

b. ( 6.24 x 105 ) ÷ ( 2.0 x 10-3 ) = 3.12 x 108

ACTIVITY 4
Try this:
a. ( 6.39 x 105 ) ÷ ( 3.0 x 103 )
b. ( 8.4 x 104 ) ÷ ( 4.0 x 10-2 )
c. ( 4.12 x 10-3 ) ÷ ( 2.0 x 10-3 )
d. ( 2.26 x 107 ) ÷ ( 2.0 x 102 )
e. ( 5.15 x 10-6 ) ÷ ( 5.0 x 10-2 )

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

KEY CONCEPT
RADICAL EXPRESSIONS
DEFINITION
If a is any real number n is a positive
1
integer (n > 1), then a n = √
n
a
To fully understand about radicals, let us use the concept of rational exponents. Rational
exponent has something to do with radicals.
Suppose that

1
a = 42 equation (1)

Squaring both sides of the equation

1
a2 = (4 2 )2

or a2 = (11 ) (2)
4

a2 = 41

a2 = 4 equation (2)
From equation (2) we see that a is the number whose square is 4; that is, a is the principal
square root of 4. Using our earlier notation, we can write

a = √4
1
But from equation (1) a = 42
1
and to be consistent, we must have 4 = √4
2

Example: Write each expression in radical form and then simplify.

1 1 1 1 1
1. 25 2 2. 27 3 3. 81 4 4. 36 2 5. 8 3
Solution:

1. √ 25 = 5 2. √
3
27 = 3 3. √
4
81 = 3 4. √ 36 = 6 5. √
3
8=2

ACTIVITY 1: Write each expression in radical form and then simplify.

1. √ 121 2. √
4
16 3. √
3
125 4. √ 81 5. √
5
32

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

Operations Involving Radicals

Addition and Subtraction of radicals
Radicals that have the same index and the same radicand are called like radicals.

For example, 5 √ 2 and 3√ 2 are like radicals, 5√

3
7 and √ 7 are also like radicals.
3

To add or subtract radicals, add or subtract like radicals.

Example. Add or subtract radicals.

1. 5√ 2 + 3√ 2 3. 7 √ 3 - 4√ 3

2. 10√ 5 + 6√ 5 + √5 4. 6√ 3 - 4√ 2

Solution:

1. 5√ 2 + 3√ 2 = (5 + 3)√ 2 = 8√ 2

2. 10√ 5 + 6√ 5 + √5 = (10 + 6 + 1) √ 5 = 17√ 5

3. 7√ 3 - 4√ 3 = (7 – 4)√ 3 = 3√ 3

4. 6√ 3 - 4√ 2 Cannot be added since expressions are unlike terms. Radicand is not the
same. √ 3 and √ 2 .
ACTIVITY 2. Simplify each radicals and perform the indicated operations.

1. 2√ 2 + √ 2 4. 12√ 5 - 2√ 5
2. - 3√ 5 + 2√ 5 5. 10√ 3 - 12√ 3
3. - 4√ 7 - 10√ 7 + 6√ 3 6. 9 √ 3 + 3√ 3 - 18√ 3
Operations Involving Radicals
Multiplication of Radicals:
The product of the square root of two numbers is equal to the square root of the
product of those numbers. Similarly, the product of the cube root of two numbers is equal to
the cube root of the product of those numbers.
The product of the nth root of two numbers is equal to the nth root of the product of
those numbers. In symbol,

√n a ∙ √n b = √n ab
Example:
1. √ 3 ∙ √ 27 2. √ 6 (√ 3 + 2√ 15) 3. √ 2 (√ 6 + √ 8)
Solution:

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

1. √ 3 ∙ √ 27 = √ 3 ∙27 Use the Product Property of Square Roots.

= √ 81 Multiply the radicands

=9 Simplify

2. √ 6 (√ 3 + 2√ 15) = √ 6 ∙ √3 + √ 6 ∙ 2√ 15 Use Distributive Property

= √ 18 + 2√ 90

= √ 9 ∙2 + 2 √ 9 ∙10 Factor the radicand

= 3√ 2 + (2 ∙ 3)√ 10 Simplify

= 3√ 2 + 6√ 10

3.√ 2 (√ 6 + √ 8) = √ 2 ∙ √ 6 + √2 ∙ √8 Use Distributive Property

= √ 12 + √ 16 Multiply the radicand

= √4 ∙ 3 + √ 16 Factor the radicand 12

= 2√ 3 + 4 Simplify

ACTIVITY 3. Do as indicated and simplify the result whenever possible.

1. √3 ∙ √6 4. √ 3 ∙ √ 12
2. √ 50 ∙ √ 2 5. √ 6 (√ 2 + √ 3)
3. √ 3 (2√ 3 - 3√ 6 6. 2 √ 50 ∙ 3√ 2
Operations Involving Radicals
Division of Radicals
Consider the quotient that follows:

√
√ a = a , where a and b are both not negative, b≠ 0.
√b b
If the square root of a number is divided by the square root of a second
number, the
result is the square root of the quotient of those numbers

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 K to 12 BEC

Competency: EXPONENTS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, RADICALS Code:

=
√3 b b √
√3 a 3 a ≠ 0
,b

Similarly, if the cube roots of a number is divided by the cube root of a second
number, the result is the cube root of those numbers.

Examples:

A. Divide and express each result in simplest form: √ 63 ÷ √ 7

√63 = 63
√7 7 √
= √9

=3

B. Divide and simplify the result: 10√

3
16 ÷ 5√3 2

10 √16 10 3 16
√
3
=
5 √2
3
5 2

=2√
3
8

= 2 (2)

=4

C. Divide and simplify the result: √ 25 ÷ √ 5

√25 = 25
√5 5 √
= √5

ACTIVITY 3. Do as indicated and simplify the result whenever possible.

1. √ 128 ÷ √ 32 4. √ 75 ÷ √ 3

2. 6√ 15 ÷ 2√ 5 5. 3 √
3
4 ÷ √3 2

3.
√3 54 7 √ 21
6. 4
4

√3 2 7 √7

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