Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Paragraphs: Satellite and Terrestrial Radio
Paragraphs: Satellite and Terrestrial Radio
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Ahmed This is Missaha Electronics. Ahmed speaking. How can I help you?
Customer My name is Mustafa Waleed. I want to complain about a TV which I bought from you yesterday.
Ahmed I'm sorry to hear that, Mr Waleed. What is the problem?
Customer When I switch it on, there's no sound!
Ahmed I think the speaker must be faulty. I apologies for this, Mr Waleed. Customer That's OK. What
should I do now?
Ahmed Please bring the TV in to our shop. We will give you another TV of the same model.
Customer That's fine. I'll bring it in this evening.
Ahmed Good. I'll see you then. Goodbye, Mr Waleed.
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Ahmed Can a laser beam detect the distance of the car from the gun?
Engineer Yes, it can.
Ahmed Can the laser beam detect how fast the car is travelling?
Engineer No, it can't. The laser beam only detects how far away the car is,
Ahmed So how does a laser speed gun work?
Engineer The gun sends out hundreds of laser beams in half a second. The moving car reflects the beams
back to die sensor. Each beam shows a different location for the car.
Ahmed So the computer can calculate how fast the car is moving?
Engineer That's right. It can work out the speed of the car.
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Manager : What was the aim of your investigation?
Maged : To find out why the radio satellite was not launched on schedule.
Manager : Who asked you to do so ?
Maged : I was asked to do it by the Managing Director.
Manager : How did you carry out your investigation?
Maged : I interviewed all staff, and I examined all the technical reports.
Manager : What were your main findings?
Maged : I discovered that the transmission dishes were not completed in time for the launch.
Manager :What did you concluded?
Maged : I concluded that there were not enough engineers working on the transmission dishes. We
needed eight, but there were only five.
Manager : What were your main recommendations?
Maged : I recommend that all the parts should be tested.
********************************************
Cialal is a salesman at Nile Electronics. A customer phones him to make a complaint . Galal This is Nile Electronics.
Galal speaking, How can I help you?
Customer My name is Hamad Ahmcd. I want to complain about a radio-CD player that I bought from you
yesterday,
Gala I’m sorry to hear that. What's the problem?
Customer When I switch it on, I can't hear any music from the CD.
Galal I think the speaker must be broken.
Customer No, 1 don't think it's the speaker, because 1 can hear the radio all right,
Galal In that case, the laser may be broken, I do apologise for that.
Customer No need to apologise, What should I do now ?
Galal Please bring the player to our shop. We'll give you another one.
Customer That's fine. I'll bring it in this evening.
Galal Good. I’ll see you then.
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Galal is the manager of the design department in a factory which manufactures' portable radios. He has called a meeting of his
senior staff to decide which material to use for a new radio.
Galal OK, thank you for coming, everyone. The first item on the agenda is to decide which material, to
use for the body of the radio. Could you give your suggestion , please?
Aref Let's use a strong plastic, such as polycarbonate. It would look good, and it would with stand impact.
Ahmed No, I disagree. I think we should use aluminium for the body. It would also look good, because it
has excellent refletivity And it would be even stronger than plastic.
Wafaa I disagree with both of you. Why don't we use stainless steel? It would have even more impact
resistance than aluminium.
Galal No, I don't agree with you, Wafaa. Steel would be too heavy. I agree with Ahmed. Let's use
aluminium. It's strong, it's lightweight and it looks good.
All OK, agreed.
Galal Ahmed, could you please write the specifications for the aluminium?
Ahmed Certainly, Galal.
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Waleed is a manager. He has called a meeting with Heba, Ali and Hanan to discuss a problem with their office
computers.
Heba Hi, Waleed. What’s the meeting about ?
Waleed I've called the meeting to discuss our computers. They are very old now, and they often break
down . Do you have any suggestions?
Heba Yes, 1 have one. Let's replace all the computers with new ones.
Waleed Ali, What do you think about that suggestion?
Ali Yes, I agree with it. If we replace all the computers with new ones, they won't break down for
some years.
Waleed Hanan, what do you think?
Hanan I’m afraid I don’t agree with her suggestion.
Waleed Why not? What's wrong with her suggestion?
Hanan It's too expensive to replace all the computers with new ones.
Waleed So what's your suggestion?
Hanan Why don’t we all learn how to maintain our own computer?
Waleed That's a good idea. If we all learn how to maintain our computers, perhaps we won't need to buy
new computers, and then we can save money.
*****************************************
Heba has worked in an oil company for three years, but has applied for a new job A in a company which produces
natural gas.
Interviewer Good morning, Heba. Thank you for coming to this job interview. I'd like to ask you some
questions about your CV. Here is my first question: How long have you been working in the oil company ?
Heba I've been working there for 3 years
Interviewer Did you enjoy working there?
Heba Yes, I did, I enjoyed it very much.
Interviewer So why did you decide to leave ?
Heba I decided to leave because I wanted to learn some new skills.
Interviewer Which skills did you want to learn?
Heba Well, one was computer skills. Another one was communication skills.
Interviewer What was the most useful skill you learn in the company ?
Heba I think the most useful skill I learned there was how to deal with an accident on the oil rig.
Interviewer What would you do if there was an accident on the rig ?
Heba If that happened, I think I would immediately call an ambulance and then try to give the
worker first aid.
Interviewer Why would you like to work in our company?
Heba Well, I would like to work in your company because I think it is one of the leading companies in
the field of natural gas production.
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(Mona is visiting a dairy factory, and asking an engineer about the process of homogcnisation of milk
Mona What is the purpose of homogenization?
Engineer Its purpose is to distribute fat evenly throughout milk.
Mona Why does milk have to be homogenized?
Engineer Milk has to be homogenized in order to prevent the fat from rising to the surface of the milk and
forming a thick layer.
Mona What does a homogenizing machine consist of ?
Engineer It consists of a piston pump and a valve of very small diameter.
Mona What is the function of the small valve?
Engineer Its job is to break up each ball of fat and make it smaller.
Mona How is homogenization done?
Engineer It's done by pumping the milk under high pressure through the valve.
Mona What is the advantage of drinking homogenized milk?
Engineer It has the advantage that every mouthful of milk contains the same proportion of fat.
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A TV reporter is asking a pipeline safety engineer about his job.
Reporter what’s the purpose of aerial patrols?
Pilot The purpose of aerial patrols is to check that the pipelines are safe.
Reporter how are they done ?
Pilot They're done by observing the pipeline and taking photographs of it.
Reporter what ther advantage over land patrols ?
Pilot Their advantage over land patrols is that staff in an aeroplane can observe a complete 250 km
pipeline in a few hours.
Reporter On yesterday's aerial patrol, did you see any damage to the pipeline?
Pilot No, I didn't. The whole pipeline was in good condition.
Reporter what would you do if you had seen any damage ?
Pilot If I had seen any damage, I would have reported it to my manager.
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The manager of a wind farm project is asking his chief engineer for a progress report.
Manager Please give me an update on the new 50-turbine wind farm project. What’s been achieved so far?
Engineer The site for the farm has been cleared, and the ground has been leveled.
Manager Have the first thirty wind turbines been assembled yet?
Engineer No, the first thirty wind turbines have not been assembled yet.
Manager Have the pylons for the electricity power lines been constructed ?
Engineer Yes, the pylons for the electricity power lines have been constructed.
Manager When was the construction of the pylons completed?
Engineer The construction of the pylons was completed at the end of last month.
Manager What’s being done at the moment ?
Engineer The first thirty turbines are currently being assembled and tested.
Manager What’s are the long term plans?
Engineer It's planned that the assembly and testing of the remaining 20 turbines will be completed by the
end of this year.
Match parts with definitions
A B
Wet end The part of the machine which the pulp enters.
wire mesh the collection of wood fibres in a thin layer
Wire section A conveyor belt consisting of a length of wire screen.
wet end the extraction of water from the pulp solution
workability use of extrusion for manufacturing components
wearable able to be worn as clothing
wind load a horizontal push caused by strong movements of air
workable capable of being bent, squeezed and stretched
calendar the smoothing and polishing of the paper
Calendar Pairs of heavy rollers which smooth and flatten the paper
corrosive able to make something rusty
capacitor Its function is to store electrical energy and discharge it.
corrosive causing something to be rusted or corroded
control it maintains the correct temperature in a heating appliance
construct to build
centrifugal force force pushing outwards
convert to change from one state to another
portable able to be carried around
oscillator This makes an electric current change continuously between positive and negative.
non-combustible unable to be set on fire
abrasive able to scrape or scratch
indestructibl unable to be destroyed
Shape-retentive able to keep or retain its form
inaudible incapable of being heard
shape-retentive capable of keeping (or retaining) its shape
corrodible able to be rusted or corroded
destructive causing things to be destroyed
Dry end The part of the machine from which the dry paper emerges.
indestructible unable to be destroyed by anything
emission to allow a fluid to flow out
extraction to pull something out
extrusion to squeeze or push something out
provision to give
reduction to make something less
production to manufacture
injection to saueeze or push something in
Announcing who you are Good morning. Thank you for calling Missaha Electronics. My name is Ahmed.
Asking how you can help What can I do for you?
Showing sympathy I'm sorry to hear about your problem.
Asking what the problem is What exactly is the problem?
Apologising for the fault (if any) I would like to apologise for .this problem
Telling the customer what to do Would you please bring the radio to our workshop today?
Telling the customer what you will do We will give you a new model, or refund your money.
Ending the call Thank you for calling. Goodbye.
system it carries all passenger and goods trains throughout Egypt
device it starts and stops the flow of water into a sink or other container
facility it generates electricity using water and gravity
structure it is used for transmitting and receiving signals
inductor This is a coil of wire which acts as an electromagnet.
organisation its purpose is to increase cooperation between Arab countries
retain keep
to build construct
The altitude of the satellite how high the satellite is
The material can be re-processed and re-used it is recyclable
If you see an accident call an ambulance and give first aid
High – capacity thank you for calling, good bye
The force of the wind makes the blades rotate
seventy million the approximate population of Egypt
radar is a device that detects the location and speed of objects
a water tower is a tall structure on high ground
the speed of the satellite how fast the satellite is moving
44. Cooks use a special appliance which cuts and grinds raw vegetables and turns them quickly into liquid.
The machine is called a ......... liquidiz............... .
45. During the economic ...........downturn............. in the early 2000s, many companies lot of money.
46. Dottles have to be ........................................... before they are filled.
47. Electricity is produced in a fuel cell by ... the... process of combining oxygen with hydrogen.
48. Egypt needs an increase in the …………..extraction............. of oil from below the sea.
49. Electricity is produced in a turbine ........by........ rotating an electromagnet inside coils of copper wire.
50. First the milk ......is....... heat-treated in the UHT plant; then it ……is... homogenized.
51. Food can be preserved by having the water removed from it using the ........ dehydration........ process. If
the food is frozen before it is dried, the process is called ............ freeze-drying............ .
52. Fat floats to the surface of cold milk, unless you use the process of .... Homogenization ... , which
distributes the fat evenly throughout the milk.
53. Fortunately the shelves in the warehouse are made of steel instead of wood, which means that they are
incapable of ...... being burnt......... if there is a fire.
54. The dish on a satellite earth station is considerably larger than the satellite dish on a car or house.
55. The Suez Canal is an important waterway........ connecting ....... the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
56. The Aswan High Dam has controlled the flow of the River Nile since 1970, when its construction was completed.
57. The pulp is pumped into a large headbox or vat....... which........ acts as a storage container for the pulp
before it is poured onto the wire screen.
58. The sail should not be made of a material which has good water ....... absorption .........because we don't
want the sail to become too heavy in a storm.
59. Terrestrial radio covers Cairo, but satellite radio has ... considerably ... wider coverage, because it can
cover the whole of Africa.
60. The ... outcome ... of the football match was a 3-1 win for the Port Said team.
61. The gas pipe is checked carefully ... in order that..... any damage can be discovered .
62. The high Dam has controlled the flow of the River Nile ..... since .... 1970 .
63. The strong wind was responsible ... for ..... the collapse of the bridge.
64. The cost of cotton clothes will be lowered by the .... production.... of more raw cotton fibre.
65. The function of a turbine in a hydro- electric power is the … generation …..of electrical power.
66. The ... fastest.... Land vehicle in the world is a jet - powered car.
67. The paper machine has two ends. Wet wood pulp is fed into the .......... of the machine, and dry paper
emerges from the dry end
68. The paper making process is usually carried out on a paper machine
69. The farmers in that region cut down all the trees, which ........ caused....... the soil to be eroded by the
wind and turned the region into desert.
70. The flavour of the milk is changed ... owing to... the high temperature of UHT.
71. The wind blows on the blades at high speed, which ... causes ... their rotation.
72. The pumping station .. was .... built five years ago.
73. The wire screen on a paper machine is used .. for... drying the wood pulp.
74. The process by which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current is called electrolysis
75. The process by which hydrogen and oxygen are combined in order to produce an electric current is
electrolysis in ......... reverse .....
76. The main purpose of an oil rig is the extraction of oil from below the ground or from below the sea bed.
77. The most important process in the operation of a diescl engine is the ....... injection......... of diesel oil
directly into the combustion chamber.
78. The main reason why I'm applying for a job with your company is your excellent ....... provision ......... of
training opportunities .
79. The function of the …. detector....... in a digital radio system is to extract the sound wave from a
modulated sine wave.
80. The aeroplane moved faster and faster along the runway and then……… take off ……...
81. The secretary .......... take down........ everything that the managers said at the meeting.
82. The first stage in producing pure alumina is the ..... mining..... process, in which raw bauxite is extracted
from the ground.
83. The bauxite solution is passed through the .. filters.... in order to remove any impurities or large pieces.
84. The particles are removed from the tank and sent to the .... rotary kiln ....... which is a kind of oven where
the particles are heated and dried to form a white powder called alumina.
85. The process described above is the .. refining. process, in which raw bauxite is refined into pure alumina.
86. The fine white powder which is fed into the aluminium smelting pot is called pure…… alumina …….
87. The process by which alumina powder is changed into the metal aluminium is called ..... smelting..... .
88. The cables of suspension bridges must be strong but flexible, to resist the horizontal .... wind..... load
caused by strong air currents.
89. The piers of a bridge need to be made of concrete with great compressive strength to protect them from
the ..... dynamic..... load when a boat crashes into them.
90. The special coating on gas pipes ............ prevent............... moisture from corroding the pipe metal.
91. The milk …is….... homogenized before ……being…....... transferred to the bottling plant.
92. The annual …………turnover………..of the dairy company is more than LE 50 million.
93. The teacher gives us a very clear ...........handout................ which explains every lesson
94. The ............handover............. of the company from Mr Wassef Hussein to his son was
95. The function ........of...... the blow-out preventer on the surface of an oil rig is ...to... prevent burning oil
escaping from the borehole.
96. The hole in a spinneret allows molten plastic ....to.. be extruded, and also forces the plastic ..to.... take the
shape ...of... a long thin filament.
97. The tarmac layer cannot poured until after several layers of aggregate have been laid and compressed.
98. The aeroplane made a safe ........................................ and flew smoothly into the air.
99. The annual ......................................... of the cotton mill is ten thousand bales of cotton.
100. The main ......................................... to the aluminium smelting process is bauxite.
101. The .........excavation............... of the Sheikh Zayed Canal was completed last year.
102. The ................conversion............... of low to high-voltage electricity is done by a transformer.
103. There was a ...........fluctuation................... in the lake water level between 147 m and 182 m.
104. The electrical ...............installation................ must be completed before the wall is painted.
105. The strong wind was responsible .........for....... the collapse of the Tacoma bridge.
106. The movement of the blades leads .........to....... the rotation of the shaft.
107. The disc brake inside the nacelle of the wind turbine prevents the shaft .from.. moving in an emergency.
108. The River Nile flows from south to north. This means that Cairo is ...... upstream........ of Banha, but
Tanta is ........ downstream....... of Banha.
109. The .. output.. of water pumped out from the Mubarak Pumping Station is 334 cubic metres per
second.
110. The ............... of a bridge is the weight of the bridge alone, excluding all the vehicles and other things
which the bridge carries.
111. The ............... is used for carrying objects from one part of a factory to another. It consists of a long,
moving stip of rubber or plastic.
112. The most important part of a centrifugal pump is the ................................ This is a set of vanes which
rotate at high speed and push the water through the pump.
113. The replacement of the old dairy farm by a new automated dairy has resulted ..... in.... the
production ....of..... milk which is 100% uncontaminated.
114. The new canal ……has…..... not ......been... excavated yet, so I think that the excavation will
not ....be........... completed next month.
115. The new pumping station ....was..... installed in 2004, but the electrical cables ....have..... not ....been.....
connected yet. They will .....be.... connected next year.
116. The .... Nacelle..... is a housing on a wind turbine. It is located behind the hub and the blades, and
contains the turbine.
117. The ..... anemometer.... on a wind turbine measures the wind speed.
118. The bauxite solution is passed through the .....……..... in order to remove any impurities or large
pieces.
119. The .......................................... of two roads is the point where the two roads cross each other.
120. Toxic gases are released from the drainage system by means of the ….... vent..... system, which consists
of a set of pipes connected to the waste system.
121. The fine white powder which is fed into the aluminium smelting pot is called ... ……………….....
122. Nylon is a ........ A water-resistant ....... fabric, which is why it is used for making raincoats.
123. Natural gas has the disadvantage ...that... it has no smell, and so it cannot be detected.by.. human senses.
124. Next, the filtered solution is fed into the ...... precipitator..... where particles of alumina are separated
from the solution.
125. Molten iron is heated to a high temperature ... By.. blowing oxygen into it.
126. Molten plastic is extruded through a device called a ....... Spinneret......... , which looks like a shower
head and contains many small holes.
127. Many scientists believe that the increase in global warming is the result of the ..... reduction........... in
tropical rain forests around the world.
128. My friend has ..... take over............. from Mr Waheed as the new supervisor.
129. Milk can be stored on a shelf in a shop for many weeks if it has been given ........ UHT ...... treatment.
130. Many dairy farms in Egypt today are completely ........... automat.............. which means that the milk is
processed by machines, not humans.
131. Many people prefer to drink ........... homogeniz............. milk because they don't like a thick layer of fat
on the surface of the milk.
132. More wind turbines were built, which resulted ………in….an increase in electricity production.
133. Metal containers are used in the ........... canning............. process for sealing boiled food, but plastic and
glass can also be used.
134. My uncle's company is very successful. It has an annual .... turnover .. of LE 1 million.
135. Hydrogen-fuelled cars produce water vapour as an exhaust, and of course water has the advantage
of ....... being ........ non-toxic.
136. Hydrogen is turned into liquid form .. by cooling.... the gas to minus 253 C.
137. How often do the brakes .. to be... tested?
138. How .... many ... nails do you need?
139. Hydrogen is one of the gases found in ....... air ...... .
140. Hydrogen fuel cells use the principle that the ....... combination......... of hydrogen and oxygen will
produce electricity and water.
141. Hanan has many ........... achievements.......... to write in her CV. For example she won three prizes at
school for being the top science student of the year.
142. Hydrogen is incapable of ....being.... used as a fuel until it has ...been. cooled to a very low temperature.
143. In order to decide how strong a pump is, we need to calculate the .... head..... of the pump, which is the
total distance between the surface of the water and the outlet.
144. In a turbine, the part which rotates is called a .... rotor..... , and the fixed part which does not move is
called a ..... stator... .
145. In raw milk, most of the fat floats to the surface. But if the milk is ................ all the fat is split up and
spread throughout the whole milk. know that three automated dairy farms .... have been..... set up in the
last five years, but I don't know exactly when they ..... were.... set up.
146. In a hydro-electric system, water flows into the dam through the ........ inflow........ tunnel, and then flows
quickly down to the turbines.
147. In a hydro-electric system, after the water has powered the turbine, it flows out of the dam and into the
river via the ........ outflow........ pipe.
148. In a hydro-electric turbine, a rotating magnet (called the rotor) moves inside a non-moving copper coil
149. In an air conditioner, the refrigerant fluid passes into the evaporator where it is ........ vaporiz................
(in other words, changed from liquid to gaseous form).
150. In the process of"......... pasteurization................ the milk is heated, but not boiled.
151. In the ....... qualifications........ section of your CV, you should write down all the certificates, diplomas
152. In the . education.. section of his CV, Mahmoud wrote the years he spent at school and technical college.
153. In the Western Desert, roads expand in the heat of the day, and contract at night. They must be made
from materials which can resist this ..... thermal..... load.
154. Iron ore is made into steel ........ by....... the process of smelting.
155. I recommend that the deck of the new bridge should .. be constructed.... using the most hi-tech materials.
156. If the supervisor ...... had checked......... the safety equipment, the accident would not have happened.
157. If the driver had looked at his mirror before turning left, he ....... would have avoided........ the accident.
158. If the warehouse had been guarded by a policeman, the boxes ... would not have... been stolen,
159. If you want to make milk safe without spoiling its flavour you need to .... sterilize.. it.
160. If a single polyester filament is used, it is called a ... mono-filament... thread. When two or more
filaments are twisted together to form a stronger thread, this is called a multi filament thread.
161. If the majority of vehicles in a city use hydrogen fuel cells, this will greatly reduce the ..... Emission.......
of greenhouse gases in the city.
162. Inside the smelting pot the electric current flows from a positive .... anode... to a negative ... cathode.......
through the electrolyte.
163. If the special coating is destroyed, this … Let ... the moisture corrode the metal.
164. If a valve is broken, it will …… prevent .... the engineers from switching off the gas.
165. I like the ...setup... of your new computer equipment on your desk or degrees which you have received.
166. If you completed a course in industrial safety while you worked in that factory, you can include this in
the .......... training........... section of your CV.
167. If you want to slow down the growth of bacteria in food by cooling it, use the ..... refrigeration..... method
of preservation.
168. If holes ……... drilled in the sides of the Tacoma deck, the wind ....................... able to flow through the
holes, and the deck ………... resisted the wind. Then the deck …………..... twisted by the wind.
169. If the engineers……had…... attached a curved shield to the deck, the winds deflected by it, and then the
winds …….….... able to move the deck.
170. If the deck and the suspenders ……..... thicker, and if they…..... made of stronger materials, the force
of the wind ……... able to break the bridge.
171. If bridge engineers in the 1940s .................... understood more about forces, materials, loads and
shapes, they …………..... built such a weak bridge.
172. If you hold a bucket of water and rotate it around your head, the water will be pushed to the bottom of
the bucket. This is caused by ..... centrifugal.... force.
173. Speeding cars are detected by laser beams ... emitted ... by a speed gun.
174. Spandex is capable .. of being stretched.... to 500% of its original size, without breaking, and returning
to its original size and shape.
175. Should the deck of the new bridge ... be.. made of fibreglass?
176. Since the equipment is new, it does not .. need to be... checked for the first year.
177. Since leaving school, Waleed has had about five years of .......... experience........... working in electronics
shops and factories.
178. Sterilizing the bottles and other equipment in a dairy results .... in..... the production ......of..... a high-
quality and hygienic milk product.
179. Some bridges have hinges between the deck and the piers. This allows the deck ..... to.... move slightly,
and prevents the deck ....from..... breaking under pressure.
180. Several million tons of aluminium ....have been..... produced since 2002, but the government hopes that
much more will ....be..... produced in the future.
181. We need to use aerial photography to calculate ... the length of ... that pipeline.
182. When the wood pulp is dried on the wire mesh, the fibres of pulp begin to …..adhere ….together and
form a thin layer of paper.
183. When the surface of the sea is heated by the sun, this causes ... vaporization... to happen.
184. When you twist the handle of a screwdriver, this puts a ... compressive ... force on the screw.
185. Water is pushed outwards from the centre of a rotating impeller by ... centrifugal ... force.
186. What are your main .................?
187. What were your ...... recommendations........?
188. When you apple for a new job, you should ask what your[ come – income – welcome – coming ] will be.
189. What are your …….. interests – Hany ? Do you play any sports or musical instruments?
190. Wood pulp can be made into paper at home by ... using... a wire screen and two presses.
191. Water can be split into hydrogen and oxygen using the principle ... of... electrolysis.
192. Water flows down from the dam to the hydro-electric turbine ... via... tunnels.
193. When you invent a new device or machine, you build a ....... prototype… , which is a single model of the
machine. If this ........... works well, you can then manufacture thousands of copies of the machine.
194. When clothes have been cleaned in a laundry, they are usually pressed and smoothed in the …......
calendar.... which consists of a pair of hot, smooth iron rollers.
195. When Cairo was struck by an earthquake in 1992, many buildings collapsed because the ..... seismic.....
load of the earthquake was too great for them.
196. We need to calculate the total weight resting on the piers of the bridge. In order to do this, we add
together the ...... Dead.... load (the weight of the bridge itself) and the .......... load
197. When you start a new job, you should work hard from the …………outset………………..
198. What are your ....... interests.............. Hamid? Do you play any sports or musical instruments?
199. Water and electricity are produced in the fuel cell by the process of combining hydrogen with oxygen. ?
200. When the raw cotton ...has... been picked and ginned, it can ……be……….. taken to the spinning mill.
201. When you apply for a new job, you should ask what your ……….……will be.
202. What was the ............ of the Tacoma Bridge collapse? Was anyone injured? Were any cars destroyed?
203. What brings ........about........ the generation of electricity in a wind turbine?
204. What's the purpose of the wind vane? It's ......for.......... detecting the direction of the wind.
205. Water is taken (or pulled) into a lift pump via the .......... Intake ...... pipe.
206. What's the purpose ....of..... the nacelle on a wind turbine? It's used ....for..... containing the turbine
and the main shaft.
207. Water must be filtered and cleaned in water ................ before it can be stored in a water tower and used
for drinking.
208. Long, thin filaments of plastic fibre can be extruded through the holes of the …. spinneret ......... which
looks like a shower head in a bathroom.
209. Large valves on the pipeline …… allow ….... the engineers to switch off the gas in an emergency.
210. Radar is used for detecting the .... distance.. of an object from the radar.
211. Raw bauxite is taken by conveyor belt to the crusher, .... where it is broken.. into small pieces .
212. Radar is a system which is used for detecting the .... motion ....of an object from the radar. reduction
means to make something less.
213. Raw cotton is cleaned and seeds taken out of it by ...means... of a ginning machine.
214. Raw milk is changed into pasteurized milk ...by...... heating it ....to... about 63°C ...for... half an hour.
215. Oil reserves can be increased by the .... extraction ........ of more oil from the seabed.
216. On the other hand, a ....... Synthetic......... fibre is one which has been manufactured by humans using
technology. For example, nylon and polyester are .... Synthetic..... fibres.
217. Once the milk ……has been …..…... pasteurized, flavours can .........be............ added to it.
218. Glass has ..... strong..... shatter - resistant properties.
219. Petrol has been used as a motor fuel.... at ...... the beginning of the 20 century.
220. incapable of being burnt if there is a fire .
221. Pieces of bauxite are carried to the crusher by means of a long moving belt called a … conveyor belt …
222. Polyester is a good material for making sails, because it can ... withstand ... abrasion.
223. Vent pipes are added to a water pipe system in order to allow harmful gases to escape from the system.
224. Velocity is converted into water pressure by a ..... pump .
225. ......................... is a force that squeezes a material together.
8) The final result of the refining process is a white powder called alumina. This product is then taken to
the smelting plant [which]
The final result of the refining process is a white powder called alumina, which is then taken to the
smelting plant.
9) The electro-magnet rotates inside coils of copper wire. As a result, electricity is generated. [which ]
The electro-magnet rotates inside coils of copper wire, which leads to the generation of electricity.
10) The wind suddenly blew at 100 kph. As a result, the turbine broke down. [which]
The wind subbenly blew at 100 kph, which was responsible for the break down of the turbine .
11) More raw cotton was picked this year. As a result, more cotton yarn was produced [which]
More raw cotton was picked this year, which resulted in the production of more cotton yarn was
produced.
12) A strong wind blew around the Tacoma bridge. As a result, the bridge twisted suddenly [which; cause]
A strong wind blew around the Tacoma bridge, which caused the sudden tarsion of the bridge.
13) Very little rain fell last year. As a result, the water level was reduced [which]
Very little rain fell last year, which brought about the reduction in the water level .
14) It rained very little last year. As a result, the water level was reduced [which]
15) The satellite receives digital signals ,these signals are then transmitted to radio receivers on earth( which
The satellite receive digital signals which are transmitted to radio receivers on earth.
16) Music and sports programmes are sent by fibre-optic cable to the earth station Hero they are mixed and
transmitted to the satellite. [where]
Music and sports programmes are sent by fibre-optic cable to the earth station, where they are mixed
and transmitted to the satellite.
17) Terrestrial radio signals are sent by fibre-optic cable to an antenna tower, From this tower the signals
are transmitted to all radios within a 65 km radius. [from where]
Terrestrial radio signals are sent by fibre-optic cable to an antenna tower, from where the signals are
transmitted to all radios within a 65 km radius.
18) The small pieces of bauxite are dissolved in the digester. The solution flows from this digester into the
filter [from where]
The small pieces of bauxite are dissolved in the digester, from where the solution flows into the filter.
19) Alumina is taken by a conveyor belt to a large hopper. The alumina is poured from this hopper into a
large steel pot. [from where]
Alumina is taken by a conveyor belt to a large hopper, from where it is poured into a large steel pot.
20) Polyester filament is capable of being used in many different ways. [able]
Polyster filament is able to be used in many different ways.
21) Copper is able to conduct electricity well. [ability]
Copper has the ablity to conduct electricity well.
20 Solar panels are made of a plastic which is able to resist scratches. [capability]
Solar panels are made of a plastic which has capability to resists scratches.
21 Spandex is capable of being stretched 500% without breaking. [able]
Spandex is able to be stretched 500 % with out breaking.
22 Spandex has the ability to return to its original size after stretching. [capable]
Spandex is capable of returing to its original size after stretching.
23 Most thermoplastics can be recycled easily. [capable]
Most thermoplastic are capable of being recycled easily.
24 Lead is not used in making aeroplane parts because it is very heavy in relation to its size [due]
Lead is not used in making aeroplane parts due to its high density.
25 Polycarbonate is often used for making sunglasses because it does not scratch easily and does not break
when it is dropped [due; resistance]
Polycarbonate is often used for making sunglasses due to its scratch resistance and impact resistance
26 The Tacoma bridge collapsed because the wind twisted the deck [due; torsional force]
The tocoma bridge collapsed due to the torsional force of the wind on the deck.
27 Crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used in cars, because impurities arc present in the crude
oil. [due]
Crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used in cars, due to the presence of impurities in the crude oil.
28 HDPE plastic is used for making the milk bottles, due to its impermeability and resistance to impact
]because[
HDPE plastic is used for making the milk bottles, because it is impermeable and impact-resistant.
29 Fresh unpasteurized milk must be boiled before drinking, owing to the presence of bacteria in the milk
]because[
Fresh unpasteurized milk must be boiled before drinking, because bacteria are present in the milk.
30 Plastic foil is used for sealing the milk bottles, due to its chemical resistance and tensile strength[because]
Plastic foil is used for sealing the milk bottles, because it resists chemicals and is strong.
31 Aluminium is used for making lids for milk bottles, due to its lightness and corrosion-resistance [because]
Aluminium is used for making lids for milk bottles, because it is light and resists corrosion.
32 Bridge suspender cables are made of this special steel owing to its ability to resist stretching [because]
Bridge suspender cables are made of this special steel because it is incapable of being stretched.
33 21) A special thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of the room, [how; hot]
A special thermometer is used for measuring how hot the room is
34 The paper machine has two ends. (How many ......?)
How many ends does the paper machine have.
35 Please calculate the depth of the water under the bridge. [ how deep ]
Please calculate how deep the water under the bridge is
36 Tell me the quantity of nails you need. [ How many…………..?]
How many nails do you need?
37 Astronomers can calculate the temperature of the sun. [ how hot ]
Astronomers can calculate how hot the tempreture of the sun is.
38 Plastic cling wrap is used for wrapping meats because liquids and gases cannot pass through this
material easily [owing]
Plastic cling wrap is used for wrapping meats owing to its impermeability to liquids and gases.
39 Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in cooler boxes because it does not allow heat to pass through it
easily [owing]
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in cooler boxes owing to its good thermal in sulation.
40 Satellite radio produces CD-quality music because the signal does not have interference or fading[owing]
Satellite radio produces CD quality music owing to the absence of interference or feding.
41 The hull of the Titanic was punctured by an iceberg because it was not impact-resistant [owing]
The hull of the titanic was punctured by an icleberg, owing to its lack of impact-resistant.
42 Meat is often wrapped in PVC cling film because it is transparent and impermeable to gases and liquids
]owing to[
Meat is often wrapped in PVC cling film owing to its transparency and impermeability to gases and liquids.
43 Gas is sampled with the aim of discovering corrosion in the pipe. [in order that]
Gas is sampled in order that any corrosion in the pipe can be discovered.
44 Markers are used so that the location of the pipeline can be seen. [in order to]
Markers are used in order to see the location of the pipeline.
45 Aerial patrols are carried out so that people can discover damaged pipe sections.
[in order]
Aerial patrols are carried out in order that damaged pipe sections can be discovered.
46 Red-light cameras are located at road intersections with the purpose of detecting dangerous drivers
]in order[
Red-light cameras are located at road intersections in order to detect dangerous drivers.
47 Emergency staff are trained with the aim of responding quickly to a fire. [so that]
Emergency staff are trained so that they can respond quickly to afire.
48 Engineers fly aeroplanes over the pipeline to see if anyone is digging near the pipeline. [so that]
Engineers fly aeroplanes over the pipeline so that they can see if anyone is digging near the pipeline.
49 The drain pipes are connected to the vent system in order to remove dangerous gases from the house
]so; removed[
The drain pipes are cannocted to the vent system so that dangerous gases are removed.
50 These days people normally pasteurize milk in order to sterilize it. (so that)
These day people normally pasteurize milk so that it can be sterilized.
51 The water entering a house is controlled by a stop valve. [ that ]
The water that enters a house is controlled by a stop valve.
52 Hydrogen has the disadvantage of having to be kept at a very low temperature. [that; you; must]
Hydrogen has the disadvantage that you must keep it at a very low temperature.
53 Electric kettles are made of thermoset plastics because they can resist heat. [thermal; resistance
Electric kettles are made of thermoset plastics because they have good thermal resistance.
54 When cotton is blended with polyester, the fabric has excellent crease resistance. [resistant]
When cotton is blended with polyester, the fabric is very resistant to creases.
55 Pure polyester fabric withstands rubbing and resists water, [abrasion; resistance]
Pure polyester fabric has good abrasion resistance and is water proof.
56 Polycarbonate is able to withstand scratches, and resists impact when it is dropped, [capable; resistance]
Polycarbonate is capable of withstand scrtches and has good impact resistance.
57 Aluminium is highly resistant to corrosion [resists; well]
Aluminium resists corrosion very well.
58 Hydrogen can be burnt when it is in a liquid form. [combustible]
Hydrogen is combustible when it is in a liquid form.
59 Pure cotton fabric without polyester is very moisture-absorbent, [absorption]
Pure cotton fabric without polyester has excellent moisture absorption.
60 Cotton absorbs moisture very well [excellent; absorption]
Cotton has excellent absorption of moisture.
61 Some kinds of plastic can be recycled very easily [recyclable]
Some kinds of plastic are very easily recyclable.
62 High-carbon steel has excellent resistance to impact [withstands]
High- carbon steel with stand impact very well.
63 Aluminium is a useful material for making some aeroplane body parts because it does not corrode easily
]withstand[
Aluminium is a useful material for making some aeroplane body parts because it is able to withstand
corrosion.
64 Stainless steel is used for making knives, because it is corrosion-resistant. [withstand]
Stainless steel is used for making knives, because it iscapable of withstand corrosion.
65 Pipes are tested in order that any leaks can be discovered. [with the purpose of]
Pipes are tested with the purpose of discovering any leaks.
66 The gas company is building the pipeline through Sinai to transport gas to Lebanon. [ with the aim of ]
The gas company is building the pipeline through Sinai with the aim of transporting gas to Lebanon.
67 Suspension bridge cables are checked before use in order to test their tensile strength,
[with; purpose; of]
Suspension bridge cables are checked before use with the purpose of testing their tensile strength.
68 Raw bauxite is sent to the crusher to break it into very small particles [with; aim]
Raw bauxite is sent to the crusher with the aim of breaking it into very small particle.
69 Aluminium is not able to be magnetized [incapable]
Molten aluminum is taken to a furnace, where it is mixed with another metal in this furnace to form an
alloy
70 Hydrogen is an important fuel for the future of motor cars because its exhaust is not poisonous. [toxicity]
Hydrogen is an important fuel for the future of motor cars because its exhaust lacks toxicity.
71 Milk is usually pasteurised in order that the bacteria in the milk are destroyed, [to; destroy]
Milk is usually pasteurised to destroy the bacteria in the milk.
72 The wind causes the blades to turn, which causes the shaft to rotate, [make]
The wind makes the blades turn, which makes the shaft rotate.
73 The wind vane and the controller make the blades face towards the wind [cause]
The wind vane and the controlle cause the blades face towards the wind .
74 The rotation of the shaft makes the magnet in the generator spin inside the copper coils [force]
The rotation of the shaft forces the magnetin in the generator spin inside the copper.
75 The cables permit the electric current to flow from the wind turbine to the substation [let]
The cables let the electric flow the wind turbine to the sub-station.
76 When there is too much water for a city, a water tank lets the extra water be stored until later [allow]
When there is too much water for a city, a water tank allows the extra water be stored until later.
77 Once the bauxite has been extracted from the mine, it is taken to the crusher. [After]
Once the bauxite has been extracted from the mine, it I taken to the crusher.
78 The government lent 20 million pounds to the building company, which led to the construction of a huge
road network, [construct]
The government tent 20 million pounds to the building company. As a result, a huge road network was
constructed.
79 The untreated milk was contaminated by toxic bacteria, which was responsible for the transmission of
diseases to thousands of people. [transmit]
The untreated milk was contaminated by toxic bacteria. As aresult, diseases were transmitted to
thousands of people.
80 Bauxite was discovered in this area two years ago, which resulted in the excavation of several mines.
]excavate[
Bauxite was discovered in this area two years ago. As a result, several mines were excavated.
81 The Sheikh Zayed Canal needed huge amounts of water, which was the reason for the installation of 24
centrifugal pumps [install]
The sheikh Zayed cannal needed huge amounts of water. As a result, 24 centrifugal pumps were
installed.
82 Oil was discovered under the sea bed last year, which led to the extraction of 20 million barrels of oil and
natural gas. [extract]
Oil was discovered under the sea bed last year. As aresult, 20 million barrels of oil and natural gas were
83 During the last five years the amount of rainfall in Ethiopia changed, which brought about fluctuations
in the water levels in Lake Nasser. [fluctuate]
During the last five years the amount of rainfall in Ethiopia changed. As aresult the water levels in lake
Nasser fluctuated.
84 If I (see) any damage. I would have reported it to the manager. (correct)
If had seen any damage. I would have reported it to the manager.
85 The fire burnt the warehouse. (Begin with: The warehouse)
The warehouse was burnt.
86 Aluminium (resist) corrosion very well. (correct)
Aluminium resists corrosion very well.
87 Men bring bauxite from the mine. [ Bauxite ]
Bauxite is brought from the mine.
88 How many countries does the satellite cove? [ I'd like to know ]
I’d like to know how many countries the satellite coveres.
89 Spandex has the ability to return to its original size after stretching. [ capable ]
Spandex is capable of returning to its original size after stretching.
90 Fresh milk has to processed before we can drink it. [ why ]
Why milk has to be processed before we drink it?
91 You can combine aluminium with other materials. [ Aluminium ]
Aluminium can be combined.
92 Most thermoplastics can be recycled easily. [ capable ]
Most thermoplastics are being recycled easily.
93 Do all bottles have to be sterilized before they are used? [ must ]
Do all bottles must be seterillized before they are used.
94 Milk is usually pasterurized in order that the bacteria in the milk are destroyed. [ to destroy ]
Milk is usually pasterurized in order to destroy the bacteria in the milk.
95 How many panes of glass do you need? (I would like to know)
I would like to know how many panes of glass you need.
Read this, and complete the sentences below with words from the text:
Radar speed guns
Radar is a device which uses radio waves to detect and monitor the location and speed of various
objects. The simplest function of radar is to tell you how far away an object is. To do this, the radar device
sends out a radio wave and listens for any echo. If there is an object in the path of the radio wave, it will
reflect the radio wave back to the radar device. Radio waves move through the air at a constant speed (the
speed of light), so the radar device can calculate how far away the object is, based on how long it takes the
radio signal to return. ' traveling Radar can also be used to measure the speed of an object, due to the
Doppler shift. Radio waves have a certain frequency. This is the number of oscillations per second. When the
radar gun and the car are both standing still, the echo will have the same wave frequency as the original
signal. Each part of the signal is reflected when it reaches the car, mirroring the original signal exactly.
But when the car is moving, each part of the radio signal is reflected at a different point in space, which
changes the wave pattern. When the car is moving away from the radar gun, the second segment of the
signal has to travel a greater distance to reach the car than the first segment of the signal. As the diagram
shows, this has the effect of "stretching out" the wave, or lowering its frequency. If the car is moving toward
the radar gun, the second segment of the wave travels a shorter distance than the first segment before being
reflected. As a result, the peaks and valleys of the wave are squeezed together and so the frequency
increases. Based on how much the frequency changes, a radar gun can calculate how quickly a car is moving
towards it or away from it.
(a) A device which emits radio waves to detect an object's location and speed is called…………………
b)The number of oscillations of a radio wave per second is called the .............................. of the wave.
(c)When the object is moving, it reflects radio waves which change in frequency according to the speed of the
object. This is called the ........................................................... .
•• Choose the correct answer from A, B or C
(a) If a car sounds its horn as it approaches you and passes you, how does the frequency change after it
passes you?
A from higher to lower B from lower to higher C no change
(b)If Car X is travelling towards the radar gun at 50 kph and Car Y is travelling towards the gun at 100 kph,
the frequency of the wave reflected from Car X will be .............. the frequency from Car Y.
A higher than B lower than C the same as
natural gas. Unfortunately, natural gas leaks can lead to serious accidents, due to its inability to be
detected by human senses. Potentially explosive leaks can only be detected by means of special equipment.
Despite this disadvantage, natural gas is a major'Egyptian industry. Today, 90 per cent of the Egyptian
power industry uses natural gas, which allows us to save more of our oil for export.
A Choose the correct answer:
a) The volume of natural gas is ........ than the volume of LNG.
A slightly greater B slightly smaller C much greater D much smaller ?
(b) Which one of the following is a property of natural gas but not of coal?
A visibility B combustibility C clean emissions D transportability
(c) What does the word This [line 2] refer to?
A industry B property C smell D natural gas
(d) What does the word one [line 4] refer to?
A oil B coal C natural gas D fossil fuel
B Answer the questions:
(e) What are the two main advantages of pure natural gas compared with oil?
(f) Which properties of natural gas make it impossible for humans to detect a natural gas leak without
special equipment? Why is this a disadvantage?
(g) If natural gas was incapable of being changed into liquid form, what effect would this have on the
natural gas industry?
(h) If natural gas had not been discovered in Egypt, how would this have changed Egypt's oil industry?