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CEN498 Embedded Systems

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kamil Dimililer

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Memory Organization
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Directives
• Commands that are recognized and
acted upon by the assembler
– Not part of the instruction set
– Used to inform assembler (declare ).
• Different assemblers have different
directives. For Example,
• KEYDATA EQU 0x21 ; Declares that
KEYDATA is used instead of 0x21

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Instructions
• Assembled into machine code by
assembler
• Executed at runtime by the CPU
• Member of the instruction set the
selected processor
• Parts
– Label
– Mnemonic
– Operand
– Comment

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Labels
• Act as place markers
– marks the address (offset) of code and data
• Follow identifer rules
• Data label
– must be unique
– example: KEYDATA Address of data memory

• Code label
– target of jump and loop instructions
– example: L1: Address of code memory

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Mnemonics and Operands

• Instruction Mnemonics
– "reminder"
– examples: MOVF, ADDWf, BTSSZ etc.
• Operands
– constant (literal value – k in the table above)
– constant expression
– Register (in general- we use only f or w in
mid-range pic model )
– memory (data label)

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Comments
• Comments are useful
–explain the program's purpose
–when it was written, and by whom
–revision information
–tricky coding techniques
–application-specific explanations
–begin with semicolon (;)

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A program communicates to:

• Programmer

• Compiler/assembler

• Processor

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• ; ########## EXP1.ASM ############################

• ; WRITTEN BY
• ; DATE REV 1
• ; FILE SAVED AS EXP1.ASM
• ; FOR PIC 16F877 40 PIN DEVICE
• ; RESONATOR 10MHz
• ; WATCHDOG DISABLED
• ; CODE PROTECTION OFF

• TITLE "Write to port D"

• list p = 16f877
• include <p16f877.inc>

• ORG 0 ;START ADDRESS

• GOTO START ;START OF PROGRAM

Example •
•
•
; ********** THE ROUTINES START HERE *********
ORG 20H
START CALL INITP ;INITIALISE PORTS

• REPEAT MOVLW D'55' ;SET OUTPUT TO 55H

• MOVWF PORTD ;WRITE TO PORT C
• GOTO REPEAT ;REPEAT FOREVER

• INITP BSF STATUS,RP0 ;PAGE 1

• MOVLW 0 ;MAKE PORT D OUTPUT
• MOVWF TRISD ;DO IT
• BCF STATUS,RP0
• RETURN ;RETURN

• END
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Initialization of the processor

If the conditions are not changed, the processors
operate with their (power on) default values . The
most important default values and the related
registers for mid-range pic models:
• If you do not adjust banks (STATUS register), all
direct adresses are in bank 0.
• If you do not change ADCON1 register, All ports
are analog inputs
• When you adjust ports/pins to be digital, If you
do not adjust related TRIS register that ports/pins
are digital inputs
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Status Register

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Status Register

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ADCON1 Register

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Digital Port: Input or Output?

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