Nursing Pharmacology Position: Side-lying, sitting, or semi-Fowler’s position

For adults: pull auricle of ear up and back

The seven rights of medication administration For children: down and back (<3 years)
RIGHT DRUG Instruct client to remain in position for 3-5 minutes
RIGHT CLIENT For nasal instillation
RIGHT DOSE Cleanse nares
RIGHT TIME Position: Sitting with head tilted slightly backwards, or supine with head tilted back
RIGHT ROUTE in hyperextended position
RIGHT REASON Hold dropper ¼ to ½ inch above nares
RIGHT DOCUMENTATION Instruct client to take one short deep breath after each instillation and to remain
General Principles in Drug Administration position for 3-5 minutes.
Whoever prepares the medication, administers and charts it For oral medication:
For elderly clients: use devices like calendars, daily pill dispensers Do not crush or chew enteric coated tablets.
For pediatric clients, use syringe Many oral medications require administration with milk or food
Obtain assistance of parents to hold child in position Schedule first doses of new medications on different hours from other medications
Assess client’s allergy For Pediatric Patients
Check drug’s expiry date If drugs are being mixed with food or liquid, use only small amount
Read labels three times before administration Medicine can also be given through nipples or droppers
Wash hands before and after administration Toddlers: allow to choose on method of delivery- spoon, dropper, syringe, and allow
Do not let the tip of the tube/dropper touch the client to help
Document administration on medication record and client’s response to medication. Position: Semi-Fowler’s or sitting
For eye medication: Instruct client to place tablets/ capsules at the back of the throat and to follow with
Position: supine or sitting position with forehead tilted back slightly enough liquid
Medication is administered into the conjunctival sac Administer liquid medications after pills
For ointments, apply from inner to outer canthus ending it with a twisting motion Remain with the client until all the medications are taken. Check the client’s mouth
Let the client close his eyes Check client 30-60 minutes later for effects of medication.
For liquid medications, press firmly nasolacrimal duct for at least 30 seconds
If medication temporarily affects vision, instruct client not to move until vision is For buccal and sublingual medication
clearer Place under the tongue (sublinggual) and between cheek and gum (buccal)
Lift side rails and place call light within reach If client’s mucous membranes are dry, offer a sip of water
For ear (otic) instillation: DRUGS
Wash ear if excess wax in noted 1.Local anesthetics:
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 -blocks nerve conduction Take with food or fluids.
-metabolized by hepatic enzymes Never given with children/adolescents with flu/ chicken pox
-produces temporary loss of sensation and motion in a limited area of the Don’t crush enteric-coated tablets.
body. Avoid intake of alcohol
E.g: Procaine (novocain),Benzocaine (americaine),mepivacaine (carbocaine) stop therapy one week before surgery
Nursing implications: 3. Narcotic analgesics
a. force fluids Codeine
b. keep side rail-up hydromorphone (dilaudid), meperidine (demerol), methadone,
LIDOCAINE TOXICITY oxycodone HCL
SLURRED SPEECH -induces sedation, analgesia and euphoria.
ALTERED CNS -relief of moderate to severe pain in MI.
MUSCLE TWITCHING - relief of dyspnea in Pulmonary edema or Left ventricular failure.
SEIZURES Nursing Implications:
2. Non narcotic analgesics and antipyretics -assess pain before giving
Aspirin -monitor RR
-analgesia -change position slowly
-antipyretic -check urinary retention
-anti-inflammatory -nalaxone (narcan) available
-anti-platelet 4.Sedative and Hypnotics
Acetaminophen/Tylenol Eg. Phenobarbital-luminal
-Analgesic,antipyretic Diazepam-Valium
-Antidote: acetylcysteine (mucomyst) Hinders movement of impulses from thalamus of the brain cortex.
-monitor liver/kidney function and CBC. Creates depression in the CNS
SALICYLATE POISONING Nursing Implications:
TINNITUS LETHARGY/EXCITABILITY, Deep IM
HYPERVENTILATION HYPERTHERMIA IV adm. monitor insertion sites for extravasation
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS Tablet can be crushed and mixed with food/fluids
NONNARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS Teratogenic
Nursing Implications 5. Anticonvulsants
Monitor CBC, PT, kidney and liver function studies Barbiturates (phenobarbital)
Additive effects if with use with anticoagulants -for gen. and absence seizures
Drink plenty of fluids Benzodiazepines (valium)
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-drug of choice for status epilepticus First-Generation Agents:
Hydantoins (dilantin) Tolbutamide, Acetohexamide, Tolazamide, Chlorpropamide
-prevents dissemination of electrical discharges in motor cortex area of the brain Second-Generation Agents
Succinimides (zarontin)/valporic acid (delpakene) Glypizide, Glyburide
-absence seizures b. Biguanides
Acetazolamine (diamox)/ Tegretol reduces hepatic production of glucose by inhibiting glycogenolysis
-diuretics,absence,tonic-clonic or myoclonic seizures. decrease the intestinal absorption of glucose and improving lipid profile
Nursing Implications Agents
-7-10 days therapeutic level Phenformin , Metformin , Buformin
-turn urine pink, red or red-brown. c. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
-not given IM Inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine and alpha amylase in the
-gingival hyperplasia pancreas
-caution use in pregnancy Decrease rate of complex carbohydrate metabolism resulting to a reduced rate
ENDOCRINE DRUGS postprandially.
1. ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS Agents
Insulin Acarbose (precose), Miglitol (glyset)
Adverse Effects: Nursing implications:
Allergy Tablets should not be crushed
Hypoglycemia Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia
Lipodystrophy Use other forms of contraception aside from OCPs
Nursing Implications: Alcohol can trigger a hypoglycemic effect.
Do not inject cold insulin. Cover body is sunshine. Use of sunscreen.
Discard discolored solutions or those with precipitates. Do not shake vial. Sulfonylureas are best taken before meals
Draw up clear insulin first. Monitor for drug to drug interactions.
Rotate injection sites CORTICOSTEROIDS
Monitor blood glucose levels regularly. Cortisol, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisone,
Inform patients regarding signs of hypoglycemia and appropriate treatment. triamcinolone, dexamethasone
If ill continue taking insulin and drink freely nancaloric liquids. Mineralocorticoid (fludrocortisone)
Inform regarding avoidance of smoking. Uses:
Oral Hypoglycemic agents Replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency
a. Sulfonylureas Anti-inflammatory agent
promotes inc. insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells Adverse effects:
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1. Altered protein metabolism Propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole
Muscle wasting Mechanism of action
Osteoporosis Blocks thyroid hormone synthesis
Easy bruisability Adverse effects:
2. Altered fat metabolism Skin rash
Moon facies Urticaria
Buffalo hump Agranulocytosis
Truncal obesity Hepatitis
hyperlipidemia Myalgia
3. Altered carbohydrate metabolism Headcahe
Hyperglycemia Hypoprothrombinemia
Altered immune response hypothyroidism
Sodium and water retention Nursing considerations
Hypertension Give the drug with meals to reduce GI effects
7. Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis Watch for signs of hypothyroidism
8. Emotional instability WOF: Agranulocytosis
9. Excessive androgen activity Instruct patient to report for skin eruptions
10. Gastric irritation The drug should be stopped if severe rash develops or cervical lymph nodes
Nursing Implications: become enlarged
Review patient’s medical history prior to giving the drug Advise patient to avoid foods high in iodine or potassium
Administer in light-resistant containers Warn the patient against the use of the over-the-counter medication
Observe for mental changes. Store the drug in a light-resistant container
Monitor for BP, weight, I and O, glucose, electrolytes. Monitor for weight and PR regularly.
Take with food or milk. SSKI/Lugol’s solution
Take drug before 9 AM. Potassium or sodium iodide (potassium iodide SSKI), strong iodine solution
Never abruptly stop taking the drug (Lugol’s solution)
Teach patient ways to prevent infection. Treatment for thyrotoxic crisis
Restrict sodium, alcohol and caffeine intake.
Increase intake of foods high in potassium. Mechanism of action:
Rinse mouth after using inhaled steroids Inhibits the release and synthesis of thyroid hormones
Teach patient to avoid strenuous activities and falls Decreases the vascularity of the thyroid gland
ANTITHYROID DRUGS
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Decreases thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine following radiation emergencies or Oxtocin-related drugs:
administration of radioactive isotopes of iodine Methergine
Adverse Effects: Ergonovine
Unpleasant tase Adverse Effects:
Hypersalivation Tachycardia
Acne Water intoxication
Rashes Uterine rupture
angioedema Nausea and vomiting
Burning sensation Cardiovascular collapse
THYROID HORMONES Anaphylaxis
Levothyroxine Hypertension (oxytocin-related drugs)
Liothyronine Nursing Implications:
Thyroglobulin (Proloid) Use infusion pump for administration. Never give IM
Adverse Effects: Monitor BP, heart rate and I and O.
Signs of hyperthyroidism Regularly monitor for uterine contractions and FHR.
Nursing Implications: Discontinue if:
Different brands of levothyroxine may not be bioequivalent With note of tetanic uterine contractions.
Warn the patient (especially the elderly) to tell the doctor if with signs of Signs of fetal distress
hyperthyroidism Urinary flow is less than 30 ml/hour
Instruct the patient to take thyroid hormones at the same time each day to maintain Signs of abruptio placenta and uterine rupture
constant hormone levels. For ergonovine/methergine- C/I for patients with vascular, renal and hepatic
Nursing Implications: problems
Medications taken in the morning Ophthalmic Drugs
Monitor apical pulse and blood pressure. If pulse is >100 bpm, withhold the drug A. Mydriatics and Cycloplegics
Store in air-tight and light-resistant containers -Atropine, Cyclogyl
Monitor prothrombin time; a patient taking these hormones usually requires less -causes mydriasis (dilatation) and cyloplegia, w/c paralyzes the lens and eye
anticoagulant muscles.
OXYTOCIN Nursing Implications:
Uses: -sunglasses
Promotion of uterine contractions -artificial tears
Control of bleeding -elderly caution to atropine-IOP
Release of milk from breast B. Miotics
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Acetylcholine (miochol) -takes 2-5 days –effect
Carbachol (isopto carbachol) Thrombolytic Drugs
Pilocarpine Streptokinase
-causes miosis (contraction) of pupils and ciliary muscles Activase, urokinase
-decreases IOP -when use in treatment of MI, start therapy within 6 hours of attack.
Cardiovascular Drugs - corticosteriods -given to decrease allergic reaction
Cardiac Glycosides -Reconstitute it with normal saline or 5% dextrose solution
Digoxin (Lanoxin) -Avoid IM route
-increases force of myocardial contraction (+ inotropic effect -Antidote: Aminocaproic acid
- improves blood supply to vital organs and kidneys, providing a diuretic effect. Antihypertensives
-decreases rate of contraction (- chronotropic effect) ACE INHIBITORS - CAPOTEN/CAPTOPRIL, VASOTEC/ENALAPRIL,
-CHF,Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter,paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. LOTENSIN/BENZAPRIL
Cardiovascular Drugs BETA – BLOCKERS- INDERAL/PROPANOLOL, TENORMIN/ATENOLOL
Nursing Implications: CALCIUM ANTAGONIST- CALAN ISOPTIN/VERAPAMIL, CARDIZEM/DIALTIZEM,
-avoid high Na, increase K PROCARDIA/ NIFEDIPINE
-Antidote: digoxin immune Fab (digi-bind) Nursing Implications
Hold if apical pulse: -avoid alcohol & hot showers
-infants: below 90 beats -low Na diet
-children/adolescence: below 70 -change position gradually
-adults: below 60 or above 120. -monitor CBC,E+,urinalysis
Monitor serum digoxin levels: 0-5 to 2.0ng/ml. Diuretics
Anti anginal Drugs Thiazides: hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)
Nitrites & Nitroglycerin Chlorathiazide (Diuril)
-dilates the peripheral vascular smooth muscles of small vessels. - Blocks Na reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule,which prevents H20
-decreases cardiac pre load and after load.- decreased myocardial oxygen needs reabsorption
-dilates large coronary arteries,which helps decrease anginal pain & hypoxia of the -increases urine output
myocardium -decrease blood volume
Anticoagulants -K excretion
Heparin -use in HPN, edema with CHF
-blocks conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin Nursing Implication:
Warfarin (coumarin) -take early am & after meals
-blocks prothrombin synthesis -agranulocytosis
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 -take high K diet -used IV filters
-change position gradually -I&O q 30 minutes
-daily weights -Signs of E-
Loop Diuretics Respiratory Drugs
Furosemide ( lasix ) A. Antiasthmatic Drugs
-Acts by inhibiting reabsorption of Na and CL at the proximal portion of the Theophylline,Aminophylline
ascending loop of Henle,increasing H2O excretion. -relaxes bronchial smooth muscles cells
-use in HPN, Pulmonary edema, cirrhosis, renal disease -increases renal blood flow, producing diuretic effects and acts as CNS
Nursing Implications stimulant.
-take with meals Respiratory Drugs
-monitor for hearing loss Nursing Implications
-use with 5 % dextrose in water, NaCL & LR -theophylline level: 10-20 mcg/ml
-incorporated lasix should be use in 24 hours -with milk or meals:GI upset present
-take dose in am -not present give 1-2 hours before meals with water
-diet high in K -avoid excessive caffeine
-stay out of sun, use sunscreen
B. Cromolyn sodium
K-sparing diureticss -acts on lung mucosa to prevent histamine release
spironolactone ( aldactone )
-blocks aldosterone receptors in the kidney tubules,thus causing excretion of C. Mucolytics
water & sodium & K retention -reduces the viscosity of mucus in the bronchial tree
Nursing Implications: GIT Drugs
- may last 2-3 days after drug is stopped A.Histamine (H2) antagonists
-avoid high K diet Cimetidine (Tagamet)
-Decreases stomach acidity by impending the action of histamine
Osmotic Diuretics (mannitol) -Competes with Histamine for occupancy of H2 receptors site on the parietal
-acts by increasing osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate inside the renal cells in the stomach
tubules -Suppresses the release of gastric acid
-this causes less reabsorption of F & E+ by tubules & increase loss of
Fluid,CL & Na. Nursing Implications:
Nursing Implications: -antacids decreases absorption
-warm solution to dissolve crystal -4-6 weeks treatment ,ulcer disease.
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 -toxic effect: confusion Allopurinol (Zyloprim) - prevents production of uric acid
Nursing Implications:
B. Antidiarrheals agents -force fluid:2-3 liters
Absorbent -take after meals
-Pepto-bismol -monitor Liver function test/CBC
-kaopectate
Opiate Colchicine (Novocolchine)
-Imodium -drug of choice for acute gouty attacks
-Lomotil -decreases the inflammatory response to deposits of monosodium urate
-Paregoric crystals
Nursing Implications: Nursing Implications:
-acute attack: given 1-2 hrs until pain ceases
-not taken with CNS depressants Antimicrobials
- A. Aminoglycosides:
C. Laxatives Gentamicin (Garamycin)
-use to promote movement of feces -bactericidal
Ex. Dulcolax, Lactulose, Metamucil Nursing Implications:
Nursing Implications: -caution with decreased renal function, reduced hearing,
-not given with nausea, vomiting, abd’l pain, s/s appendicitis or intestinal dehydration,neuromuscular disorders
obstruction -adequate hydration
B.Penicillin G Potassium (Pentids)
D. Ipecac Syrup -Bactericidal
-irritates the GIT to induce vomiting / delaying the absorption time of toxic Nursing Implication:
substances -check allergic reactions
-Skin test
Nursing Implications: -give oral tablet empty stomach,
-emesis should occur w/in 20-30 min with full glass of water
-repeat dose -monitor CBC, BUN, Creatinine
-less than 10 yrs old,one dose only C. Cephalosporins:
-not given: corrosive,petroleum based or cyanide -Bactericidal
Nursing Implications:
E. Anti gout -IM: rotate sites
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-Assess for hx.of penicillin allergy: cross allergy between cephalosporin & penicillin -Exhibit bactericidal & Bacteriostatic effect.
-reduce dose with renal/liver problems. Nursing Implications:
-Thrombophlebitis: long IV administration. -monitor renal/auditory function test
Report diarrhea,rash,hives,dyspnea, bleeding -adm.IV slow 60 minutes: prevent phlebitis, extravasation, red-neck syndrome
D. Erythromycin: ( fever, hives, rash & redness of the face)
-Bacteriostatic
Nursing Implications: H. ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
-do not crush enteric coated tablet -Bactericidal
-take in empty stomach ,full glass of water Nursing Implications:
-do not give w/ antacids -adm. with large glass of water
-GI s/s are dose related -do not give with antacids
E. Tetracyclines -give 2 hours after meals
-Bactericidal I. Antitubercular Drugs
Nursing Implications: Isoniazid (INH)
-avoid with pregnant women -Bacteriostatic, If high concentration becomes Bactericidal
Nursing mothers, Children under 8 y/o as drug binds to calcium in teeth & Nursing Implications:
new bone growth -assess neuromuscular function
-lead to tooth discoloration of permanent teeth & retarded bone growth. -give B6 pyridoxine
-Avoid taking w/ dairy products, antacids, vitamins, minerals. -empty stomach-single daily dose
-take 1 hr before meals,2 hrs after meals. -with meals & divide daily dose into 3 equal parts: GI upset.
-report diarrhea episodes Ethambutol (Myambutol
F. Urinary-Anti-infectives -report any s/s blurring of vision
Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) (unable to see red or green)
-Bacteriostatic -Caution with renal impairment
Nursing Implications:
-monitor pulmonary ,neurologic status .Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
-give w/ milk or meals -expect orange tinged body fluids
-avoid crushing tablet: tooth staining -report anorexia,nausea/vomiting, jaundice, malaise,dark urine
-dilute suspension Computations
-rinse mouth Preparing Solutions
-nausea/vomiting common effect 1. Liquid to Drug Solutions
G.Vancomycin HCL (Vancocin)
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Determine the strength of the solution, the strength of the drug on hand and the Formula:
quantity of the solution required vol in ml x gtts (ugtts)/ml = drops/min
Formula time in minutes
Dose = Amount of Solution Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution over 10 hour to a 40 year old male.
Strength on hand 1000ml x 15 gtts/min = 25 gtts/min
Example 10 hrs x 60 min/hr
You have a 100% solution of hydrogen peroxide on hand. You need a liter of 50% Infuse 1 liter of 0.9 NACl over 8 hours using 10 gtt factor.
solution. Infuse 500ml of .45 NaCl over 12 hours to a 3-year-old child.
Milliliters per Hour (ml/hr)
50 X 1000 ml = 500ml Formula: Volume in ml
100 Total # of hours= ml/hr
Solid Dose of Oral Administration Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution over 10 hour.
Physician orders patient to have 1.0 g of ampicillin. The ampicillin bottle states that 1000 ml  10 hour = 100 ml/hr
each tablet in the bottle contains 0.5 g.
2 Methods Drugs ordered in Units per Hour or Milligrams per Hour
dosage desired = 1.0 g =2 Doctor’s order: mix 10,000 U heparin in 1000 ml D5W; infuse 80 units per hour
dosage on hand 0.5 g 1000 ml : 10,000 units :x ml : 80 U/hr
Exercise 10,000 units x =80,000 ml-U/hr
The physician order 1000 mg of ampicillin. On hand: 0.25 grams per tablet. 10,000 U 10,000 U
X= x= 8 ml/hr
Liquid Dose of Oral Administration milliliters per hour
30 ml = 1 oz Mix 10,000 U heparin in 1000 ml D5 W; infuse at 15 ml/hr. How many units of
Physician orders 60 ml of a liquid medication. How many ounces will be given? heparin are being delivered per hour?
Physician orders 45 ml. How many ounces will be given? 1000 ml : 10,000 U : : 15 ml : x U
Liquid Dose of Oral Administration 1000 ml X = 150,000 U-ml
Order: 500 mg;Dose at hand: 250mg/5 ml. How many ml will be given? 1000 ml 1000 ml
Formula: D/H x Q x= 150 U
500/250 x 5 ml= 10 ml Calculation of Flow Rates
Order: 250 mg; dose at hand: 125 mg/ml Milliliters per Hour (ml/hr)
Order: 500 mg; dose at hand: 125 mg/ml Formula: Volume in ml
Calculation of Flow Rates Total # of hours= ml/hr
Drops/ min Infuse 1000 ml Lactated Ringer’s (LR) solution over 10 hour.
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 1000 ml  10 hour = 100 ml/hr Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis
NUTRITION Niacin (B3)
Food Pyramid Active vitamin percursor
Bread, cereal, rice, pasta- 6-11 Sources: meat, poultry. Fish, legumes. Milk, coffee ands tea
Fruit- 2-4 Def: Pellagra ( diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
Vegetable- 3-5 servings Pyridoxine (B6)
Milk- 2-3 servings deficiency causes blood, skin, and nerve changes. This vitamin is unique in that both
Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, deficiency and excess can cause peripheral neuropathy
nuts- 2-3 servings Biotin (B7)
Fats- use sparingly Assist in transfer of carbohydrate from one a compound to another
K Caloric Values Deficiency: dry scaly rash, hair loss, loss of appetite, depression, glossitis
Carbohydrates 4 Sources: liver, kidney, peanut, egg yolk
Protein 4 Folic Acid (B9)
Lipids (Fats) 9 Coenzyme
Vitamin B1, (Thiamine) Sources: green leafy vegs, fruits, juice, legumes
Vitamin B2, (Riboflavin) deficiency: in pregnant women, can lead to neural tube defects
Vitamin B3, also Vitamin P (Niacin) Cyanobalamin B12
Vitamin B5, (Pantothenic acid) Coenzyme
Vitamin B6, (Pyridoxine) Sources: meat, chicken, fish, pork,
Vitamin B7, also Vitamin H (Biotin) eggs, dairy products
Vitamin B9, (Folic acid) Deficiency: Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12, (Cyanocobalamin) Vitamin C
Thiamine (B1) Anti oxidant; collagen formation
A coenzyme Enhances absorption of iron
Need increases as metabolism increases RDA 90-125mg/day
Sources: lean pork, whole grains, legumes, seeds, nuts Deficiency: scurvy
Deficiency: Beri-beri Vitamin A
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Maintains skin and mucous membranes throughout the body
Riboflavin (B2) Vision, immune system, bone growth
Coenzyme Sources:
Sources: enriched grain, broccoli, asparagus, dark leafy vegs, milk, meat, fish, Whole milk, butter, liver, egg yolks, fatty fish
poultry Carotenoids: deep green, yellow, orange fruits
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Deficiency: Xeropthalmia Sources:
night blindness Milk and milk products
keratomalacia except cream cheese and butter
Toxicity: Hypervitaminosis A Broccoli
Vitamin D Small fish with bones
Enhance absorption of calcium +Tea and tannins reduce absorption of calcium+
Deficiency: Deficiency: osteoporosis
Rickets Toxicity: urinary stone
Osteomalacia iron
Osteoporosis Responsible to distribute oxygen throughout our body
Toxicity: hypercalcemia Found in RBC, muscles
Vitamin E Spleen and liver
Anti oxidant Deficiency: anemia
aphrodisiac Toxicity: hemosiderosis
Sources: zinc
vegetable oil; margarine Growth processes, taste, smell, healing process, immune system, carbohydrate
Whole grains, seeds, nuts, wheat germ, green leafy vegetable metabolism by assisting insulin function
May interfere with Coumadin Found in: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, legumes, eggs
Primary deficiency: rare Deficiency: related to function
Vitamin K Dwarfism, hypogonadism, hypogeusia, hyposmia
Cofactor in synthesis of blood clotting poor wound healing, reduce immunity
Sources: toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, exhaustion
bacteria in GIT iodine
Liver production Part of thyroxine
Sources: green, leafy vegetable Increase in hypothyroidism
Lesser amt in cereals, dairy products, meats and fruits Decrease in hyperthyroidism
Water
Calcium Fluid in which the substances can be use by the body
Nerve impulse Provides a means of transportation for nutrients to and from cells
Muscle contraction and relaxation 8 glasses of water/day
Blood clot Clear liquid diet
Blood pressure regulation
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Illness or surgery, acute inflammatory conditions of the GIT, for conditions requiring High caloric
decreased fecal material Underweight, protein energy malnutrition, fevers and infections, hyperthyroidism,
Inadequate in nutritional essentials burns, growth pregnancy and lactation
liquid at room temperature; Use for 1 -2 days only 3 meals with in between feeding – gradual rather than drastic. Vitamins and minerals
Clear fat free broths , strained juices, tea and coffee , salabat, plain gelatin , sugar at or above RDA. Contains greater amount of total energy
plain, hard candies Cereals, bread, butter , cream and other fats and sugar
Full liquid diet Low caloric
Post –op , acute infection, acute inflammatory conditions of the G.I.T. for patients too Obesity and those cases where excess weight is a complicating factor as DM, CVD,
ill to eat solid or semi solid foods, impaired chewing and swallowing ability renal, HPN, gout, gall bladder and preceding surgery
Liquid at room temp. and free from cellulose and irritating spices and condiments. 6- Contains reduced amount of energy to effect a negative energy balance
8 small feedings recommended Sufficient bulk , low in calories . Avoid high fat foods and high CHO foods
Strained cream or soups, pureed strained meat and fish, strained fruit juices ,plain
ice cream and custard, cornstarch pudding and milk and cocoa
Soft Diet
Patients who are unable to chew, swallow or digest foods
Modification in consistency and texture
Foods low in cellulose content, low in fiber free from connective tissues and strong
flavors, simple and easily digested
Low residue diet
Dysentery , diarrheas , pre-op and post –op when it is desired to reduce fecal
residue, as in colostomy, ileostomy , and bowel resection
foods which form least amount of fecal matter; may require supplementation
Cereals strained soups, chicken
Bland diet
Gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis , ulcerative colitis
Foods are non irritating
Mildly flavored foods without fiber, connective tissue
avoid – alcohol , coffee black pepper and chili powder
High fiber diet
Atonic constipation, Atherosclerosis, diverticulosis, DM
Full diet with emphasis on long fibered vegetables , raw fruits and vegetables,
whole grain cereals and coarse breads
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