Paper 2: Human Geography

Urban Issues & Challenges

The world’s
population has
grown rapidly since
1900’s.

Since 1900, the

total population has
risen to over 7
billion.
 What is Urbanisation?
URBANISATION: The proportion of the world’s population
who live in cities.

URBAN GROWTH: The increase in the area covered by cities.

Why do cities grow?
More than half the world’s population now live in urban areas and cities are
continuing to grow. There are TWO main reasons why;

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: The NATURAL INCREASE: Where

movement of people from the the birth rate is higher than the
countryside into towns & cities. death rate.

PUSH
FACTORS

PULL
FACTORS
LIC/NEE Case Study – Mumbai, India
Location & Importance
 Mumbai - wealthiest city in India.
 It’s seen rapid urban growth over the last 50 years.
 Why? Rural-urban migration
Causes of Growth in Mumbai
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION: The movement of people from the
countryside into towns & cities.

PULL FACTORS
PUSH FACTORS
 more jobs
 unemployment
 higher wages
 lower wages
 better living
 crop failure
conditions
 poor living conditions
 better education &
 poor health & education
health services
 natural disasters
 less chance of
 civil war
natural disasters
 Opportunities from Urban Growth
• Economic – high employment opportunities =
manufacturing industries Potential
(electronic items, jewellery & textiles) 6/9 marker
• Social – high community spirit = no crime
Everything is recycled!

Named example: Dharavi, India

• An estimated 16,000 factories
employing 250,000 people

• Recycling – everything is recycled

from soap to electrical & plastics.
 Challenges from Urban Growth
1. RAPID GROWTH Potential
• 2 million population increase from 2001-2001 6/9 marker
• Growth means poorest have to live in illegal squatter settlements
• Unplanned/overcrowded areas = hard to provide services e.g. schools, waste
collection.

2. PROVIDING CLEAN WATER & SANITATION

• 95% DO NOT have access to clean water
• Leads to risk to illnesses & diseases e.g. typhoid

3. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Large volumes of human & industrial waste = contaminated rivers = poor
sanitation
• Unregulated industry = more air & water pollution
• Older/poor quality vehicles = higher emissions
 Improving Quality of Life in Mumbai
MUMBAI SLUM RESETTLEMENT SCHEME
• A slum area along a railway line was cleared & residents moved to a new housing area in
a different part of the city.
• New apartments have proper water supplies & drains
• Reduced risk of typhoid/stomach problems/infections = children miss less school
INCREMENTAL HOUSING SCHEME
• Families given the right to the land for their home & grants given > used for
improvements.
• Community involved in the design & layout of the area > residents make own decisions
about their homes e.g. colour of outside walls = feeling included & respected

SANITATION PROJECT Choose 3 to

• 300+ community toilet blocks have been built housing more than 5,000 toilets support 6/9
• Separate toilets for men & women = improved QOL marker
ELECTRIFICATION STRATEGY
10,000 new or upgraded electricity connections = power in their homes = improved
cooking facilities
HIC Case Study – Birmingham, UK
Location & Importance
• Located in the centre of England in the West
Midlands.
• UK’s 2nd largest city, 5 major universities
• Home to around 31,000 companies
• More than £13 billion is to be invested in
infrastructure development over the next decade.
• Railway links – New Street
Station is the busiest
station outside of London.
• Birmingham Airport – over 9
million customers in 2014.
• Global communications hub
offering flights to a wide
range of business & leisure
destinations e.g. China,
South America & USA.
 Causes of Growth – National &
International Migration
National Migration International Migration
• Birmingham grew as a free- • Jewish people fled persecution in 1950’s
trade (less tax) city & creating the Jewellery Quarter
• More recently from Syria.
drew in people from
• Economic migrants from eastern
surrounding countryside,
European countries e.g. Poland
nearby cities.
• Migrants continue to come
to the city to work/study How has migration changed the character
@ university of Birmingham?
• Migration has given the city a rich
cultural heritage & has seen the
development of successful multi-cultural
communities.
• E.g. ethnic restaurants & cultural events
& skill-related businesses
 Opportunities from Urban Growth
1. ECONOMIC
Job opportunities including retail (Bullring), leisure, manufacturing & research and
development (University of B.Ham), Strong historical culture – museums, art gallery e.g.
Birmingham Hippodrome and canals have been regenerated = bars & restaurants.

ALL of these opportunities lead to MULTIPLIER EFFECT

2. TRANSPORT
City Council agreed to a 20 year plan to road, rail & bus links & better/more cycle
routes and walkways.
Potential
6/9 marker
3. BRIMINGHAM’S GREEN VISION
- Tree planting
- Development of green roofs
- Creating blue corridors alongside canals & rivers
- Creating parks & recreational spaces
- Encouraging walking & cycling.
 Challenges from Urban Growth 2018 – 9
MARKER
1) Deprivation
• DEINDUSTRILISATION= high unemployment = low income = deprivation
(Lower than expected standard of living) = SPIRAL OF DECLINE!

2) Waste Disposal
• Population increase = more waste.
• Only 30% of Birmingham’s waste was recycled – aim 40% by 2025.
Strategies to improve = household recycling schemes & turning rubbish into electrical
energy

3) Housing
• High population = housing pressures > insufficient quality & affordable housing
for everyone. 5000 houses needed in 2015
Strategies to improve = Building on GREENFIELD OR BROWNFIELD.
Greenfield = cheaper but destroys rural landscape.
Brownfield = expensive but close to city/infrastructure in place

4) Urban Sprawl (Growth of commuter settlements)

• City expanding into rural edges = Out of town shopping centres, golf courses,
large houses.
• Commuters live on rural urban fringe = traffic = air pollution.
 Sustainable Urban Living
Regeneration - improving social, economic & environmental conditions of a
previously run down area

The Longbridge Regeneration Plan

AIM: to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site in B’ham.

The plan will include:

• A technology park
• A £70 million town centre
• Hotel & leisure developments
• Bourneville College (£66 million learning
facility)
• Range of office accommodation to suit
different size businesses
• Residential developments to suit
different age ranges
• Large industrial & distribution centre
buildings
Named Example
CHOOSE 3!
 Sustainable Urban Development
Named
BED ZED is an environmentally friendly housing Example
development in London
Rainwater harvesting provides water for gardens and for flushing
toilets.

Zero non- renewable energy used

Only solar panels and tree waste is used to heat the homes and
produce electricity

Waste is recycled through a recycling

facility
South facing windows to
conserve heat in the winter
 Sustainable Transport Schemes
 Build ring roads and bypasses to keep traffic out of city centres.
 Introduce park and ride schemes to reduce car use.
 Encourage car-sharing schemes in work places
 Have public transport, cycle lanes & bike hire schemes.
Named Example
Boris Bikes Choose ONE!
Created in 2010, designed for people to hire a bike and travel
round London. 13mph speed. Can be dropped off at any point.
Easy and convenient.
- Only 16% use the bike
- 467 serious injuries reported from collisions with buses, cabs
& cars.
Congestion Charge
Aim is to reduce congestion. This reduces air pollution and reduce
costs for businesses who suffer as a result of traffic congestion.
+ Traffic fell 15% leading to a 30% improvement in journey time.
- Less people will go into town and city centres will eventually shut
down. Increase in illegal number plates trying to avoid the charge.
 Paper 2: Human Geography
The Changing Economic World
KEYWORD: Development – refers to how social & economic
conditions have improved over time & the typical quality of
life in that country.
 Measuring Development
GNI (Gross National Income) – total value of goods &
products, plus money earned from & paid to a country
per capita (person)

HDI (Human development Index) – Life expectancy,

literacy rate (how many people can read and write) &
GNI showing how economic growth and QOL link.

Birth rate, death rate & infant mortality rate

(numbers of babies who die under the age of 1) also
indicate development.
Limitations of Measuring Development

HOWEVER looking at ONE of these could show

a false representation of the whole country.
Also data could be outdated, unreliable (some
governments are corrupt) or inaccurate if
informal sector is not accounted for.

• Data could be out of date, unreliable or hard

to collect
• Data may not take into account informal
economies
 Stage 1 – High birth
rates and high death
rates cancel each other
out. Population remains
stable and low.
Stage 3 – Death rate Stage 5 – Birth rate
low, birth rate falls. drops below death
Population still rising. rate. ‘Greying
population’.

UK is in
stage HIGH FLUCTUATING EARLY EXPANDING LATE EXPANDING LOW FLUCTUATING DECLINING

four
BIRTH RATE

NATURAL
LIC are
DTM
INCREASE

likely to
be in
Stage 2
& 3

HICs
are
likely to
be in Stage 2 – Death rate Stage 4 – Low birth
stage 4 falls, birth rate and death rates cancel
& 5 remains high. each other out.
Population begins to Population high but
grow. stable.
 Human causes of uneven development
Why are HICs more developed than LICs?

Historical – Colonialism = conflict. HICS took over LICs and took

their raw materials = nothing to sell = no money = poorer QOL.

Example: Democratic Republic of Congo gained independence from

Belgium in 1960 but it only had 14 university graduates in its
population – Why would this prevent development?

Economic – TODAY TNCs buy raw materials from LICs for a LOW
PRICE = difficult to develop in LICs.
Food prices can also fluctuate due to competition = slowed down rate
of development in LICs.

NEEs have benefitted from global trade for example CHINA

 Physical causes of uneven
development
Natural Resources
• Lack of access to safe water =
strain on healthcare
• Fuel sources such as oil = profit
from exports
• Availability for timber = source
of income
Climate
• Must have rainfall to farm
(Drought = no farming)
• Extreme climates limit industry
and affects health.
• Climate can attract tourists.
Natural Hazards
• Frequent hazards means a
country struggles to develop =
constantly repairing itself
• Benefits from volcanoes =
agriculture/expensive minerals
i.e. diamonds.
Location
• Landlocked countries may find
trade difficult = no seas to
export/import.
• Mountainous areas = farming
difficult.
• Scenery attracts tourists.
 Consequences of uneven
development
People in HICS = higher incomes than LICs
Wealth = better QOL (Multiplier Effect)
LICs have lower incomes = DEPRIVATION.
Better healthcare in HICs = higher life
expectancy.
Health
Poor healthcare in LICs = lower life
expectancy.
If nearby countries have higher levels of
development, people will move to seek
Migration better opportunities and standard of living
= INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION.
(SYRIA REFUGEE CRISIS 2015)
 Reducing the development gap
Top down – Governments and organisations like World
Bank help LICs to develop through:

1. Large scale industrial investment

Governments, World Bank and TNCs invest in infrastructure &
industry = employment = higher income = tax = spending
disposal income in local businesses = development
(MULTIPLIER EFFECT)
2. Large Scale Aid
HICs or World Bank gift or loan LICS money = MULTIPLIER
EFFECT.
3. Debt relief
Debt is cancelled or HICs allow longer repayment time = lower
payments allowing LICs to invest in services to improve QOL.
4. Fairtrade
Farmers get fair price for crops & better working conditions
= improved QOL = MULTIPLIER EFFECT.
Part of the price is invested in local community development
projects too! Potential 6/9
MARKER
 Reducing the development gap
Bottom Up – Giving people in LICs support to help
themselves encouraging development.

1. Intermediate technology
Suitable technology that is appropriate for the
needs, skills & understanding of local people. Usually
support agriculture, water & health.
For example: A hand water pump

2. Microfinance
HICs give small loans (£200) to entrepreneurs in
LICs helping them to start a small business =
MULTIPLIER EFFECT.
 Named
Example
Tourism in Tanzania
How can tourism reduce the development gap?
• 11% of population work in tourism in 2013
• Worth $4.4billion in 2013
• Northern Safari Circuit & Climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro are
examples of tourist attractions in Tanzania.
2018 – 4
Tourism leads to: MARKER
Improvements in infrastructure
Creates employment
Builds sports & leisure facilities = better social life
Global cuisine (food)

MULTIPLIER EFFECT!
NEE Case Study – Development in
Nigeria, West Africa
Global importance:
 2.7% of world’s oil!!!
 21st largest economy including finance, telecommunications, media.
 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping

Regional importance (Why is it important in Africa):

 Fast growing economy in Africa
 Highest GDP in Africa
 Third largest manufacturing industry in Africa
 Largest farm output (most food grown and cattle reared) – Mostly
subsistence farmers.

HOWEVER has internal corruption and a lack of

infrastructure.
 Context of Nigeria
Political;
WAS a UK colony, became independent in 1960 had an unstable
government until 1999. China & USA now invest in Nigeria = multiplier
effect.
Social;
Multi-ethnic & multi- faith = conflict. Islamic North and Christian South
disagree over economic inequality (Difference between rich & poor)
Cultural;
Nollywood = 2nd largest film industry behind Bollywood
Environmental;
North: Semi-desert
Central:
Jos Plateau = upland region (wetter & colder) = densely populated with
farmland AND Tropical Grassland used for cattle (cows/goats) grazing.
Crops such as COTTON grown.
South:
High temps & high rainfall = forest & cocoa farming.
 Nigeria’s Political Links
Since it’s independence in 1960 Nigeria has become a
member of the British Commonwealth.
It is also a member of:
• UN (United Nations)
• OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) –
controls the price of oil.
• African Union – economic planning & peacekeeping group.

Imports; Petrol from EU, Cars from USA, Telephones from China
Exports; Crude & refined petrol, natural gas, rubber, cocoa.

Crude Oil – India is the biggest exporter = leads to industry =

MULTIPLIER EFFECT
Agriculture – Australia is biggest exporter = farming jobs = MULTIPLIER
EFFECT
 Nigeria’s Economy
Nigeria has a balanced economy (equal
employment in primary, secondary & tertiary)

• Decline in agriculture due to machinery &

better pay in secondary and tertiary sector.
• Industrialisation has increased employment in
secondary particularly oil production.
• Growth of communications, finance & retail in
tertiary sector.

Growth of manufacturing:
Slowed down by dependence of
export of oil HOWEVER increased:
Regular paid work = more
employment = taxes = local
products bought = attracts foreign
investment = MULTIPLIER EFFECT
2018 TNCs in Nigeria
Advantages Disadvantages
+ Employment gaining new skills - Poorly paid
+ Investment in infrastructure - Working conditions poor
+ Local businesses benefit from - Management jobs go to foreign
increase income (locals can buy more) workers
+ Economic growth - Profit go abroad
MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Examples:
1. UNILEVER – makes soap & food
Employs 1500 people and invested in improvements in healthcare, education &
water supply.

2. SHELL OIL – One of the world’s largest oil companies

+ Employs 65000 people
+ Contributed to tax = investment into HC and education.

- Oil spills = water pollution, loss of fishing industry & damaged agriculture.
- Oil flares = air pollution
 AID in Nigeria
World Bank loaned Nigeria $500M
to improve services (HC and
education)

Nets for life gave malaria

education and gifted malaria nets
to prevent spread.

USA gave aid to support people

against HIV/AIDS.

2018
 Effect of economic growth
on the environment
Industrial growth;
Pollutants from industry in Lagos = pollute
water = loss of habitats and air pollution

Deforestation;
70 – 80% of forests cut down due to
agriculture, urbanisation & industry
Loss of habitats (Giraffes & cheetahs) Example: BODO Oil
spill 2008
Urban growth; 11million gallons spilt
Waste disposal, traffic congestion & loss Led to a loss of
of habitats are all consequences of habitats, loss of
urbanisation. farmland which
affected farmers and
led to death of fish
Mining & oil extraction; which affected
fishermen. Cost £55
Oil spills cause fires, send CO2 into million.
atmosphere creating acid rain.
 QOL in Nigeria
+ Higher disposable income (Spare cash after bills)
+ Improvements to infrastructure
+ Better sanitation & access to clean water
+ Better HC
+ Reliable electricity
+ Better paid jobs particularly in manufacturing

HOWEVER:
- 60% people still live in poverty
- Gap between rich and poor widens
- Corruption threatens foreign investment
- Spread of disease due to oil spills & tsetse fly
- Boko Haram (Terrorist group) kidnap young girls =
threatened social happiness
 Changing UK economy
Causes of Economic Change
- De-industrialisation and the
decline of the UK’s industrial base.
E.g. Coal mines shut in North East,
Closure of MG Rover in Birmingham
- Globalisation has meant many
industries have moved overseas,
where labour costs are lower =
outsourcing.
+ Skilled migrants fill gaps in jobs in
UK.
+ Foreign companies invest in UK =
new technology & jobs
Causes of a Post-Industrial
economy
The quaternary industry has
increased, whilst secondary has
decreased.
Numbers in primary and tertiary
industry has stayed the steady.
Increase in finance, IT, research
based jobs.
Due to improvements in technology
and IT access allowing people to work
from home.
Science Parks & Business Parks
Science Parks are groups of scientific and technical knowledge
based businesses on a single site.
• Access to transport routes.
• Highly educated workers.
• Staff benefit from attractive working conditions.
• Attracts clusters of related high-tech businesses.

Business parks are areas of land occupied by a cluster of

businesses.

• Land is cheaper than in town centres

• Surrounding land allows to extend businesses
• Access is better for workers and distribution- A
roads/motorways/less congestion.
• Businesses benefit from working together.
 Named
Example

Sustainable Industries
Torr Quarry
• Quarry is being restored to create wildlife
habitats
• 200 acres already returned
• Monitoring of noise, vibrations, air and water
quality
• Rail transport of goods to avoid disruption
• Deepen quarry instead of widen
 Named Example – Potential 6/9 marker

Changing rural landscapes

Growing Population: Declining Population:
South Cambridgeshire, Bishop Stortford Outer Hebrides, Stornoway
Increasing population due to migration Population decline due to younger
(Counter urbanisation) Mainly over 65s population migrating out to the main land
(retirement & quieter life) = few opportunities.

Social:
- Commuters use Cambridge services =
local businesses suffer
- Commuters = traffic congestion = air
pollution.
- Young people cant afford houses.
Social:
- School closures = not enough children
- Declining working population =
economic decline
- Lack of young people to look after
ageing population.

Economic:
- Decline in agriculture due to farmers
selling land to housing developers.
- High petrol price due to commuters
- Migrants = pressure on services
Economic:
- Services close down
- Farms can only offer part time due to
declining industry
- Increase in tourism however
infrastructure cant cope
Named Example 2018 – 9
MARKER
Changes in Transport
1. Smart motorways – 4 lanes = less congestion =
improved business links between N & S = job
creation = economic growth
2. HS2 (High Speed Rail) – reduces commute time
between London and norther cities like Manchester
= business opportunities between N & S = economic
growth HOWEVER controversial due to destruction
of natural landscape.
3. Liverpool 2 Port Project – Double capacity (Over
1.5M containers) = job creation = economic growth =
reduces goods traffic on roads.
4. Proposed 3rd runway at Heathrow = job creation =
international links = economic growth HOWEVER
local opposition due to noise & cost is £18.6B
 North – South Divide
North: Mountainous = deindustrialisation
(Steel/mining) = high unemployment = lower
house prices

South: Flatter = fertile farmland = high

employment = higher house prices.
 How can we reduce North-
South divide?
1. HS2 (High Speed Rail) & Smart motorways
= quicker commute
2. LEP (Local enterprise partnerships) =
agreement between councils & business to
encourage employment into northern cities.
Example: Lancashire LEP – 50,000 jobs,
£62M BT investment to improve internet, 400
new businesses. Named Example
3. Enterprise Zones = Encourage businesses to
build in areas they have not previously used =
Cheaper, superfast internet, easier to build.
 More connections means more money!

UK in the wider world

Politically: Member of EU = belong to single market =
trade freely
TV & media: Peppa Pig screened in 170 countries =
£1.28B earned in 2013
Culture: Fashion (Naomi Campbell), Books (Harry
Potter) & historical (William Shakespeare)
Transport: Eurostar to France, Heathrow one of the
worlds largest international airports.
Internet: UK is hub for cables connecting USA to UK.
Commonwealth: 53 countries connected through
sport, trade & human rights.
Paper 2: Human Geography
Resource Management
 Essential Resources
Essential resources influence human well being, if
these essentials are met people have a good QOL.

1. Food – poorly balanced diet leads to

malnutrition or obesity
2. Water –
Used to drink, wash, irrigate crops & industrial use.
3. Energy –
Domestic (household), transport, industry &
processing food.
 Supply Vs. Consumption
Food: Correlation between areas of rapid
population growth and undernourishment
 Supply Vs. Consumption
Water: Water scarcity can be economic or
physical. A countries water footprint
identifies consumption. HIC have greater
consumption compared to LICs.
 Supply Vs. Consumption
Energy: Richest 1 billion consume 50% of
world’s energy resources, the poorest 4 billion
only consume 4%.
 Food Demand in UK
• The UK imports about 40% of its food.
This increases people’s carbon footprint.
• There is growing demand for greater choice of
exotic foods all year round.
• Foods from abroad are more affordable.
• Many food types are unsuitable to be grown in the
UK.
 Food miles
Demand for food increases the distance over which
we import food

+ Creates jobs = income = taxes = investment into

services = Multiplier effect
+ Supports families in LICs

- Less land for locals to grow their own food in LICs

- Farmers exposed to chemicals due to increasing
demand (Intensive agriculture)
 Alternative to importing food
- Trends in UK farming
Agribusiness 2018
Farming as a large industrial business leading to increasing food
production.
+ Intensive farming maximises amount of food produced.
+ Using machinery = increases farms efficiency.
Lynford House
- Employs a small number of workers.
Farm
- Chemicals = damages the habitats and wildlife.

Sustainable Food
Demand for organic food is rising, these have smaller impact on
natural environment. A third of people grow their own food.
+ Local food
+ Reduces emissions by only eating food from the UK.
+ Supports local shops and farms.
Riverford Organic
Farm
 Water demand in the UK
The average water used per household has
risen by 70%. This growing demand is
predicted to increase by 5% by 2020.
This is due to:
• A growing UK population.
• Water-intensive appliances.
• Showers and baths taken.
• Industrial and leisure use.
• Watering greenhouses
 Water deficit & surplus in UK
Water deficit – An area that does not have enough water.
Water surplus – An area with more water than they need
Water stress – Water available is not sufficient to meet the needs of
the population

South east = severe water stress.

Wales & North UK = low water stress
 Water Management and Transfer
Schemes
• UK has strict laws = limit on the amount of water used in factories
and farms.
• Education campaigns to explain what pollutes water systems e.g. oil
& baby wipes.
• Waste water treatment plants remove pollutants = safe drinking
water.
• Pollution traps catch and filter pollutants.
• Green roofs = filter water naturally using succulents = sustainable.

Water transfer involves moving water through pipes from areas of

surplus (Wales) to areas of deficit (London).
Opposition includes: Potential 6 marker
- Effects on land and wildlife.
- High maintenance costs.
- The amount of energy required to
move water over long distances.
 Energy demand in UK & Energy
MiX
The UK consumes less energy now than compared to the
1970s despite a smaller population. This is due to the
deindustrialisation.

The UKs energy mix is changing:

2009 2020

Significant increase in the

use of renewables by
2020, decline in coal, oil &
gas (fossil fuels)

WHY?
Oil Gas Renewable

Nuclear Coal Other

 Issues of renewables as UKs
energy mix changes
+ The UK government is investing more into
renewables (Wind, solar etc.)
+ UK government aims to meet targets for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
- Do not run out.
2018
- Renewables are expensive to install.

Fracking: A new energy in the UK

Shale gas deposits may be exploited in the near
future which can contaminate ground water,
consumer a lot of water resulting in water stress,
may lead to earthquakes & cause cancer.
 Issues of fossil fuels as UKs
energy mix changes
Fossil fuels:
+ Cheap and reliable
+ Still 2 to 3 hundreds years worth of coal in UK
- Increases greenhouse gas emissions = climate change

Nuclear:
+ New plants provide job opportunities.
- Risk of nuclear disaster poses harm to humans
wildlife
- Expensive
2018
 Global energy consumption &
supply
Access to a cheap & reliable energy source encourages economic
growth. HICs have a greater consumption = energy security.
LICs have low energy consumption = energy insecurity.

Some countries are experiencing an energy gap. They are

phasing out their use of fossil fuels but not replacing it with
enough alternatives = leading to energy insecurity.
2018 Factors affecting energy
consumption and supply
Physical
• Geology determines the availability
of fossil fuels.
• Climate variations will affect the
potential use of renewable energy
e.g. wind/solar
• Natural disasters can damage
energy infrastructure – LICs
struggle to repair
Technology
• New technology is making once
difficult energy sources now
reachable/exploitable e.g.
FRACKING
Economic
• Cost of extracting fossil fuels =
expensive
• Price of fossil fuels can change
due to political differences
(affects those countries who
import)
• Infrastructure for energy is costly,
especially for LICs.
Political
• Conflict and turmoil in energy rich
countries can affect exports.
• Stricter regulations over Nuclear.
Impacts of energy insecurity
Sensitive environments Food production

Exploration of new energy A rise in energy prices =

resources threatens to harm difficult for food production.
sensitive areas such as the oil
drilling for oil in Alaska or
clearing forests for biofuel.
Energy conflict Industry

Shortages of energy resources Decline in manufacturing and

can lead to tensions and services.
violence.
Increasing Energy Supply using
Renewables
Wind Solar

No emissions but not always No CO2 emissions but panels

windy. are expensive

HEP Geothermal

Produces a large amount of Reliable but not accessible

energy but destroys habitats everywhere.
through flooding and expensive
to build.
Increasing Energy Supply using
Non - Renewables
Fracking
Found in shale rock, accessed
by drilling down into the rock
and injecting high pressure mix
of water and chemicals to
release the gas.
- Causes earthquakes and
pollutes the water supply,
potential cause of cancer
- Creates jobs and cleaner
than coal
Potential 4/6 marker
Nuclear
Large amounts of energy
generated from these power
stations
- Will eventually run out.
- Fears of nuclear disaster
(Chernobyl & Fukushima)
- Creates jobs and cleaner
than coal
Potential 4 marker
 Energy Conservation
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present whilst
protecting it for future generations
 Energy Conservation
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present whilst
protecting it for future generations
• Hybrid and electric vehicles = less fossil fuels = less
CO2. Some vehicles now recharge when braking.
• Modern technology – new vehicles are fitted with
technology that reduces their CO2 emissions.
• Demand reduction – encouraging people to switch off
lights when not needed or boiling enough water through
education.
• Encouraging public transport – encourage the use of
public transport through car share/cycle schemes or
adding additional train/buses and using card such as
oyster cards or contactless payments = quicker and
easier to use.
 Chambamontera - HEP
Very poor area of northern Peru ($2 per day) Named Example
Low population means lack of investment in
electricity supplies from the government
Potential 6 marker = Assess
local energy scheme
What is the scheme and how does it help?
• Steep slopes and high rainfall make it ideal.
• Total cost = $51,000 – subsidised by the
government and Japan.
• Provides renewable energy
• Low maintenance
• Little environmental impact
• Local labour and materials used

Impacts
• Local population grown as no need to move
• Reduced risk of flooding
• Improved education as electricity allows for
homework
• Improves Health as refrigeration can keep
medicines cool
• Improved economy as businesses grow to sell
coffee instead of subsistence farming