URBANISATION.

Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people

living in towns and cities.
Case study Mumbai rapidly growing area.
Mumbai is a mega city on the west coast of India
It’s the capital of India and the biggest city with
12million people.
In 1947 Mumbai population was 4 million
Mumbai serves as an important economic hub of India
contributing 10% of all factory employment and 40% of
India foreign trade.
Mumbai megacity
 Factors for the growth of Mumbai as a
megacity.
 High rates of natural increase due to high birth rates
which makes high proportion of population
productive and increasing life expectancy.
 Travelers from Europe used the ports that became
known as gateway to india.The became industrialized
as a result of importing and exporting goods.
 Various services such as banking, finance and
insurance grew around the port which enabled
Mumbai economy grow.
Cont;
 Green revolution a programme to improve agriculture
as farm work is now mechanized hence yielding seed
varieties.
 Better social services for instance education and
health have influenced the development of Mumbai.
 Job prospects in Mumbai with higher pay have
attracted people in the city.
 Investment by the Mumbai metropolitan Authority,
the Indian government and international agencies e.g.
UN in public works.
Problems caused by urban growth
 pollution inform of air,land,water pollution
which leads to poor health.
 Wide spread poverty due to high rate of
unemployment due to high population.
 Land value in Mumbai is expensive due to
competition brought about by high population.
 Asia second largest slum is Dharavi and is home
to 800000 people which has cheap, poorly made
housing.
cont;
 severe congestion brought about by over crowding .
 High crime rates brought about by unemployment
rates inform of robbery, defilement and theft.
 Flooding due to heavy rain causing contamination
from raw sewerage.
 Urban areas are associated with slums for example
Dharavi slum which is associated with many risks like
eviction, no proper electricity supply.
Pollution in Mumbai
Solutions to the urban growth problems

a. Monitoring fishing in lakes and dissecting pollution

content to help the people to stop consuming
contaminated and poisonous fish species.
b. Water quality monitoring has been implemented to
advocate for safe water.
c. Remaining areas are being protected from
development by the Indian government e.g. Sanjay
Gandhi national park.
d. National slum dwellers federation has advocated for
better housing facilities for better environment.
 Traffic congestion.
Case study London
• Probably most common problems is congestion.
• The problem of congestion is caused by multiple factors
like
• Increase in car ownership
• Limited amount of public transport or expensive public
transport or over crowded public transport.
• Roads not designed for cars but rather horses and people
• Population growth and rural urban migration.
• Movement of freight containers onto lorries.
Photography showing traffic congestion.
 Effects of traffic congestion.
 Increased amount of pollutants released by cars
causing diseases like asthma.
 Delays along the way.
 More cars on the roads increase the frequency of
accidents.
 More cars can increase frequency of road rage.
 Increased car ownership has increased road building
which often leads to the destruction of green field sites.
 Air pollution can cause acid rain and green house effect.
 Solution to traffic congestion in London.
o Congestion share that is to say drivers are now charged to
drive into the centre of London this encourages people onto
public cars.
o Barclays hire and bike lanes bike hire is a scheme in London
where people borrow bikes for a short period at minimal cost.
o Re introduction of trams Trams which are like buses that run
on train tracks in the road have been reintroduced to south
London.
o Extension of underground lines have recently been built or
upgraded. The jubilee line was the latest big extension which
goes from central London out to East London.
Cont;
o Introducing bus lanes and priority traffics.
o Working from home and flex time improved
technology has allowed more people to work
from home.
o Re urbanization this means the movement of
people back in the center of urban areas. By
encouraging people back into the center then
commuter times.
o Increase car tax and petrol duty.
 Squatter settlement.
These are any collection of buildings where the people have
no legal rights to the land they are built on. They provide
housing for many of the worlds poorest people and offer
basic shelter.
Characteristics of squatter settlement and living conditions.
 Homes are made of mud, plastered over boards, wood or
iron sheeting.
 The paths between are irregular, narrow and often have a
ditch running down the middle that has sewage in it.
 Rubbish litters the area and its not collected.
Photography showing squatter settlement in
Kenya.
 Case study kibera shanty town in a Nairobi
Kenya.
Kibera is the largest slum in the whole of Africa and its
situated on the outskirts of Kenya. It is home of 1million
people of which 100000 are orphaned children under age
of 18.
Characteristics of kibera
• Over 100000 children are believed to be orphans due to
high incidence of HIV/Aids.
• The flying toilet idea is also against the basic needs of
humans because you excrete in the carrier bag.
• Crime is the order of the day for protection you pay a price.
 Attempts that have been made to improve
kibera.
 Practical action from British charity has been
responsible for low cost roofing tiles made from
sand and clay.
United Nations Human Settlement Programme
has provided affordable electricity to some
parts of the slum at 300 Kenyan shillings per
shack.
Improving sanitation is being supported by Red
cross.
 URBAN sprawl
The area where the town and city ends and green field begin
is known as the rural-urban fringe. Here the town expands
and sprawls outwards the Greenfield sites are in great
demand forhousing,industry,shopping and recreation as well
as public utilities.
Case study Atlanta
• Atlanta is the largest metropolitan area in the south east of
USA.
• Atlanta urban land area expanded 47% between 1990 and
1996.
• Fastest growing metropolitan city in USA.
Problems created by urban sprawl
 Pollution inform of air and noise.
 Farmlands have been bought up and replaced
with shopping malls.
 Deforestation in the city due to high demand
of buildings.
 Flash floods which bring contamination of
water.
 Solutions.
Georgia regional transportation Authority in
1999 to over see transportation and land use
in the metropolitan Atlanta region.
Georgia community Green space program is
designed ultimately to protect 20% of
Georgia's land as green space.
 Glossary
Immigrants are people entering the country.
Emigrants are people living a country.
Squatter means a disorganization of order of living.
MEDCS Most economically Developed Country.
LEDCS Least economically Developed country.
High birth rate is the number of children born alive per
1000.
Death rate refers to the number of people dying per year.
Mortality rates refers to the number of people who die
before their life expectancy.
Cont;
Life expectancy refers to the average number of
years an individual is expected to live from the
time of death.
Fertility rate refers to the average number of
children an individual woman is capable of
producing during her reproductive period.
NB, Exercises will be availed at the end of every
sub topic.