Topic 4.

3 - Covalent Structures Short Answer Questions [157 marks]

1a. [1 mark]

Markscheme

 OR    ✔
Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.
1b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
bent/non-linear/angular/v-shaped✔
1c. [1  mark]

Markscheme
HS− ✔
1d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
weak AND strong acid of this concentration/[H+] = 0.1 mol dm−3 would have pH = 1
OR
weak AND [H+] = 10−4 < 0.1 «therefore only fraction of acid dissociated» ✔
1e. [1  mark]

Markscheme
10−10 «mol dm−3» ✔
1f. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Mole percentage H2S:
volume of H2S = «550 − 525 = » 25 «cm3» ✔
25 cm3
mol % H2S = « × 100 = » 4.5 «%» ✔
550 cm3
Award [2] for correct final answer of 4.5 «%»
 
Assumption:
«both» gases behave as ideal gases ✔

Accept “volume of gas α mol of gas”.

Accept “reaction goes to completion”.
Accept “nitrogen is insoluble/does not react with NaOH/only H2S reacts with NaOH”.
2a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓

same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓

2b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Na+ has one less energy level/shell
OR
Na+ has 2 energy levels/shells AND Na has 3 ✓
less shielding «in Na+ so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus»
OR
effective nuclear charge/Zeff greater «in Na+ so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus» ✓

Accept “more protons than electrons «in Na+»” OR “less electron-electron repulsion «in Na+»” for M2.
2c. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Cr:
[Ar] 4s13d5 ✓

Cr3+:
[Ar] 3d3 ✓

Accept “[Ar] 3d54s1”.

Accept “[Ar] 3d34s0”.
Award [1 max] for two correct full electron configurations “1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 AND 1s22s22p63s23p63d3”.
Award [1 max] for 4s13d5 AND 3d3.
2d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
electrostatic attraction ✓

between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions AND «a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓

mobile electrons responsible for conductivity

OR
electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓
 
Do not accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.
Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.
Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” OR “electrons move when connected
in a circuit” for M3.
2e. [2  marks]

Markscheme

2f. [3 marks]

Markscheme
H2O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl2 does not» ✓

SCl2 «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓

Alternative 1:
H2O less volatile AND hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓

Alternative 2:
SCl2 less volatile AND effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓\
 
Ignore reference to Van der Waals.
Accept “SCl2 has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.
2g. [3 marks]

Markscheme
pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓

reactant side has more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓

reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓

Award M3 only if M1 OR M2 is awarded.

3a. [1 mark]
Markscheme

✔
Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.
Do not accept structures that represent 1.5 bonds.
3b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
both equal ✔
delocalization/resonance ✔

Accept bond length between 121 and 148 pm/ that of single O−O bond and double O=O bond for M1.
3c. [2  marks]

Markscheme
bond in O3 is weaker
OR
O3 bond order 1.5/< 2 ✔

Do not accept bond in O3 is longer for M1.

lower frequency/longer wavelength «UV light» has enough energy to break the O–O bond in O3 «but not that in
O2» ✔

Accept “lower frequency/longer wavelength «UV light» has lower energy”.

3d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
CCl2 F 2 ( g)→ ∙ CClF 2 (g)Cl •(g) ✔

Cl •( g)+ O 3 (g)→O 2 (g)+ClO •(g)AND

ClO ∙( g)+O3 (g) →2 O2 ( g)+Cl •(g) ✔

Do not penalize missing radical.

Accept:for M2:
Cl ∙( g)+O3 (g)→ O 2 (g)+ClO •( g)AND
ClO ∙( g)+O(g)→O2 (g)+Cl •(g)

4a. [2 marks]
Markscheme
nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on the outer electrons» ✓

same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓

4b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
P has «three» unpaired electrons in 3p sub-level AND S has one full 3p orbital «and two 3p orbitals with
unpaired electrons»
OR
P: [Ne]3s23px13py13pz1 AND S: [Ne]3s23px23py13pz1 ✓

Accept orbital diagrams for 3p sub-level for M1. Ignore other orbitals or sub-levels.
 

repulsion between paired electrons in sulfur «and therefore easier to remove» ✓

Accept “removing electron from S gives more stable half-filled sub-level" for M2.
4c. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Cr:
[Ar] 4s13d5 ✓

Cr3+:
[Ar] 3d3 ✓
 
Accept “[Ar] 3d54s1”.
Accept “[Ar] 3d34s0”.
Award [1 max] for two correct full electron configurations “1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 AND 1s22s22p63s23p63d3”.
Award [1 max] for 4s13d5 AND 3d3.
4d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
electrostatic attraction ✓

between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions AND «a sea of» delocalized electrons ✓
mobile electrons responsible for conductivity
OR
electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓
 
Do not accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.
Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.
Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” OR “electrons move when connected
in a circuit” for M3.
4e. [1  mark]

Markscheme
[Cr(CN)6]3− AND CN−/ligand causes larger splitting «in d-orbitals compared to OH−»
OR
[Cr(CN)6]3− AND CN−/ligand associated with a higher Δ/«crystal field» splitting energy/energy difference «in
the spectrochemical series compared to OH− » ✓
 
Accept “[Cr(CN)6]3− AND «CN−» strong field ligand”.
4f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
any value or range between 647 and 700 nm ✓
4g. [4 marks]

Markscheme

 
SF4/SCl2 structure does not have to be 3-D for mark.

Penalize missing lone pairs of electrons on halogens once only.

Accept any combination of dots, lines or crosses for bonds/lone pairs.

Accept “non-linear” for SCl2 molecular geometry.

Award [1] for two correct electron domain geometries, e.g. trigonal bipyramidal for SF4 and tetrahedral for
SCl2.
4h. [3 marks]

Markscheme
H2O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl2 does not» ✓

SCl2 «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced dipole forces ✓

Alternative 1:
H2O less volatile AND hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion forces» ✓

Alternative 2:
SCl2 less volatile AND effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen bonding ✓

Ignore reference to Van der Waals.

Accept “SCl2 has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.
5a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Electron domain geometry: tetrahedral ✔
Molecular geometry: bent/V-shaped ✔
5b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND C=O absorption/1750≪cm−1 ≫¿  
OR
B AND absence of OH /3200−3600≪cm−1 absorption≫¿ ✔

Accept any value between 1700−1750 c m−1.

5c. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Accept any two  C 3 H 6 O isomers except for propanone and propen-2-ol:
 ✔✔
 
Penalize missing hydrogens in displayed structural formulas once only.
5d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND K c is greater than 1/large ✔
6a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Electron domain geometry: tetrahedral ✔
Molecular geometry: bent/V-shaped ✔
6b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
sp2 ✔
6c. [1  mark]

Markscheme
σ -bonds: 3
AND
π-bonds: 1 ✔
6d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND C=O absorption/1750≪cm−1 ≫¿  
OR
B AND absence of OH /3200−3600≪cm−1 absorption≫¿✔

Accept any value between 1700−1750 c m−1.

6e. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Accept any two  C 3 H 6 O isomers except for propanone and propen-2-ol:
 ✔✔
 
Penalize missing hydrogens in displayed structural formulas once only.
6f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND K c is greater than 1/large ✔
6g. [1 mark]

Markscheme
¿ Δ G Θ =−RT ln K=0.00831kJ mol−1 K−1 ( 298 K ) ( ln 1.0 × 108 )=¿−46 ≪kJ mol−1≫¿ ✔
6h. [3 marks]
Markscheme

H 2 O /water «and H +¿¿ » ✔

CH 3 CH (OH ) CH 3/propan-2-ol ✔

K 2 Cr2 O7/«potassium» dichromate(VI) AND H +¿¿

OR
KMnO 4 /«acidified potassium» manganate(VII) ✔
+ ¿¿
Accept H 3 O .
 
 
6i. [2  marks]

Markscheme
primary carbocation «intermediate forms»
OR
minor product «of the water addition would be» propan-1-ol
OR
anti-Markovnikov addition of water ✔
primary alcohol/propan-1-ol oxidizes to an aldehyde/propanal ✔
7a. [2 marks]

Markscheme

NOTES: Coordinate bond may be represented by an arrow.

Do not accept delocalized structure for ozone.
7b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
resonance «structures»
OR
delocalization of «the double/pi bond» electrons ✔
121 «pm» < length < 148 «pm» ✔
NOTE:  Accept any length between these two values.
7c. [1  mark]
Markscheme
«UV» shorter wavelength AND higher energy «than visible» ✔
7d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«bond» in O2 stronger than in O3 ✔

ozone absorbs lower frequency/energy «radiation than oxygen»

OR
ozone absorbs longer wavelength «radiation than oxygen» ✔
 
NOTE:  Accept ozone «layer» absorbs a range of frequencies.
8a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
partial dissociation «in aqueous solution»  [✔]
8b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOH  [✔]
moves equilibrium to left/reactant side [✔]
releases Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas
OR
Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas is toxic  [✔]
 
Note: Accept “ethanoic acid produces H+ ions”.
Accept “ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOCl”.
Do not accept “2CH3COOH + NaOCl + NaCl → 2CH3COONa + Cl2 + H2O” as it does not refer to
equilibrium.

Accept suitable molecular or ionic equations for M1 and M3.

8c. [1  mark]

Markscheme

 [✔]
 
Note: Accept any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.
8d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Molecular geometry:
«trigonal» pyramidal  [✔]
H–N–H bond angle:
107°  [✔]
 
Note: Accept angles in the range of 100–109.
9a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
OR
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)  [✔]
9b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
  [✔]
 
Note: Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.
9c. [1  mark]

Markscheme
«ethyne» shorter AND a greater number of shared/bonding electrons
OR
«ethyne» shorter AND stronger bond  [✔]
9d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces  [✔]
 
Note: Do not accept just “intermolecular forces” or “van der Waals’ forces”.
9e. [1  mark]

Markscheme
«electrophilic» addition/A«E»  [✔]
 
Note: Accept “polymerization”.
9f. [1 mark]
Markscheme
ethanal  [✔]
9g. [3 marks]

Markscheme
«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C–H) + C≡C + 2(O–H)
OR
2 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 839 «kJ mol–1» + 2 × 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2593 «kJ»  [✔]
«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C–H) + C=C + C–O + O–H
OR
3 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 614 «kJ mol–1» + 358 «kJ mol–1» + 463 «kJ mol–1»
OR
2677 «kJ»  [✔]
«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ»  [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
9h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy
OR
B AND more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point»  [✔]
9i. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Identity of product: «B»
IR spectrum:
1700–1750 «cm–1 band» AND carbonyl/CO group present
OR
no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm–1» AND absence of double bond/C=C
OR
no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm–1» AND absence of hydroxyl/OH group  [✔]
Note: Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.
1
H NMR spectrum:
«only» two signals AND A would have three
OR
«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» aldehyde/–CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» RCOCH2- present
OR
no «signal at» 4.5–6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H-atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C   [✔]
Note: Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.
9j. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Reagents:
acidified/H+ AND «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72–  [✔]
Conditions:
distil «the product before further oxidation»  [✔]
 
Note: Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO4/MnO4–/permanganate”.
Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.
Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.
9k. [1 mark]

Markscheme
–1  [✔]
9l. [3  marks]

Markscheme
Any three of:
has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair  [✔]
that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules» [✔]
hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules» [✔]
«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water [✔]
10a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
partial dissociation «in aqueous solution»    [✔]
10b. [3 marks]

Markscheme
ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOH    [✔]
moves equilibrium to left/reactant side    [✔]
releases Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas
OR
Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas is toxic    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “ethanoic acid produces H+ ions”
Accept “ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOCl”.
Do not accept “2CH3COOH + NaOCl + NaCl → 2CH3COONa + Cl2 + H2O” as it does not refer to
equilibrium.
Accept suitable molecular or ionic equations for M1 and M3.
10c. [1  mark]

Markscheme

    [✔]
 
Note: Accept any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.
10d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
sp3    [✔]
10e. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Molecular geometry:
«trigonal» pyramidal   [✔]

H–N–H bond angle:

107°    [✔]

 
Note: Accept angles in the range of 100–109.
10f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
covalent/dative/coordinate    [✔]
10g. [2 marks]
Markscheme

correct shape of graph AND vertical drop at Vn    [✔]

Vn
pKa = pH at /half neutralization/half equivalence    [✔]
2
 
Note: M1: must show buffer region at pH > 7 and equivalence point at pH < 7. Graph must start below pH =
14.
10h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
methyl orange
OR
bromophenol blue
OR
bromocresol green
OR
methyl red    [✔]
10i. [2  marks]

Markscheme
NH3 (aq) + H+ (aq) → NH4 + (aq)    [✔]
NH4 + (aq) + OH− (aq) → NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)    [✔]
 
Note: Accept reaction arrows or equilibrium signs in both equations.
Award [1 max], based on two correct reverse equations but not clearly showing reacting with acid or base but
rather dissociation.
11a. [1 mark]
Markscheme
C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
OR
2C2H2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)    [✔]
11b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
    [✔]
 
Note: Accept any valid combination of lines, dots and crosses.
11c. [1  mark]

Markscheme
«ethyne» shorter AND a greater number of shared/bonding electrons
OR
«ethyne» shorter AND stronger bond     [✔]
11d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces    [✔]
11e. [1  mark]

Markscheme
ethanal    [✔]
11f. [3 marks]

Markscheme
«sum of bond enthalpies of reactants =» 2(C—H)+C ≡ C + 2(O—H)
OR
2 × 414 «kJ mol-1» + 839 «kJ mol-1» + 2 × 463 «kJ mol-1»
OR
2593 «kJ»    [✔]
 
«sum of bond enthalpies of A =» 3(C—H) + C=C + C—O + O—H
OR
3 × 414 «kJ mol-1» + 614 «kJ mol-1» + 358 «kJ mol-1» + 463 «kJ mol-1»
OR
2677 «kJ»     [✔]
«enthalpy of reaction = 2593 kJ – 2677 kJ» = –84 «kJ»     [✔]
 
Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.
11g. [1 mark]

Markscheme
B AND it has a more negative/lower enthalpy/«potential» energy
OR
B AND more exothermic «enthalpy of reaction from same starting point»     [✔]
11h. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Identity of product: «B»
IR spectrum:
1700–1750 «cm–1 band» AND carbonyl/CO group present
OR
no «band at» 1620–1680 «cm–1» AND absence of double bond/C=C
OR
no «broad band at» 3200–3600 «cm–1 » AND absence of hydroxyl/OH group    [✔]

1
H NMR spectrum:
«only» two signals AND A would have three
OR
«signal at» 9.4–10.0 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» aldehyde/–CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of alkyl/CH next to» aldehyde/CHO present
OR
«signal at» 2.2–2.7 «ppm» AND «H atom/proton of» RCOCH2- present
OR
no «signal at» 4.5–6.0 «ppm» AND absence of «H atom/proton next to» double bond/C=C ✔
 
Note: Accept a specific value or range of wavenumbers and chemical shifts.
Accept “two signals with areas 1:3”.
11i. [2  marks]

Markscheme
2.3 ppm: doublet    [✔]
9.8 ppm: quartet    [✔]
11j. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Reagents:
acidified/H+ AND «potassium» dichromate«(VI)»/K2Cr2O7/Cr2O72-    [✔]
Conditions:
distil «the product before further oxidation»       [✔]
 
Note: Accept “«acidified potassium» manganate(VII)/KMnO4/MnO4-/permanganate”.
Accept “H2SO4” or “H3PO4” for “H+”.
Accept “more dilute dichromate(VI)/manganate(VII)” or “excess ethanol”.
Award M1 if correct reagents given under “Conditions”.
11k. [1 mark]

Markscheme
–1     [✔]
11l. [3  marks]

Markscheme
Any three of:
has an oxygen/O atom with a lone pair      [✔]
that can form hydrogen bonds/H-bonds «with water molecules»     [✔]
hydrocarbon chain is short «so does not disrupt many H-bonds with water molecules»     [✔]
«large permanent» dipole-dipole interactions with water      [✔]
12a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
absorbs UV/ultraviolet light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O2»     [✔]
12b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
NO (g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g)       [✔]
NO2 (g) + O3 (g) → NO (g) + 2O2 (g)     [✔]
 
Note: Ignore radical signs.
Accept equilibrium arrows.
Award [1 max] for NO2 (g) + O (g) → NO (g) + O2 (g).
12c. [1  mark]

Markscheme
mass spectrometry/MS     [✔]
12d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(98 ×14 )+(2 ×15)
«  =» 14.02    [✔]
100
«Mr = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04    [✔]
12e. [2  marks]

Markscheme
Any two:
same AND have same nuclear charge /number of protons/Zeff      [✔]
same AND neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Zeff
OR
same AND neutrons have no charge       [✔]
same AND same attraction for «outer» electrons     [✔]
same AND have same electronic configuration/shielding     [✔]
 
Note: Accept “almost the same”.
“Same” only needs to be stated once.
12f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Nitrogen and carbon:
N has greater nuclear charge/«one» more proton «and electrons both lost from singly filled p-orbitals»    [✔]

 
Nitrogen and oxygen:
O has a doubly filled «p-»orbital
OR
N has only singly occupied «p-»orbitals     [✔]
 
Note: Accept “greater e– - e- repulsion in O” or “lower e– - e- repulsion in N”.
Accept box annotation of electrons for M2.
12g. [1 mark]

Markscheme
delocalization
OR
delocalized π-electrons    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “resonance”.
12h. [1 mark]
Markscheme
linear AND 2 electron domains
OR
linear AND 2 regions of electron density    [✔]
 
Note: Accept “two bonds AND no lone pairs” for reason.
12i. [1  mark]

Markscheme
sp     [✔]
13a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
OR
[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5 ✔
 
Accept 3d before 4s.
13b. [1 mark]

Markscheme

Accept double-headed arrows.

13c. [1  mark]

Markscheme

Accept dots, crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.

13d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Geometry:
trigonal/pyramidal ✔
Reason:
three bonds AND one lone pair
OR
four electron domains ✔
O−Br−O angle:
107° ✔
 
Accept “charge centres” for “electron domains”.
Accept answers in the range 104–109°.
13e. [2  marks]

Markscheme
BrO3− (aq) + 6e− + 6H+ (aq) → Br− (aq) + 3H2O (l)
correct reactants and products ✔
balanced equation ✔
 
Accept reversible arrows.
13f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
BrO3− (aq) + 6Fe2+ (aq) + 6H+ (aq) → Br− (aq) + 3H2O (l) + 6Fe3+ (aq) ✔
 
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