GROUP 8

-Sahnaz Aqila Syafni Hassanah (J1A121188)

-Saniyah F. Dundu (J1A121190)
-Silvia Anastasya Kia (J1A121196)
-Sitti Azizah Fatimatul Zahra Rangkuti (J1A121200)
-Talita Al Fitrah (J1A121210)
-Waode Ariqah Nabilah Sofyan (J1A121226)

English Task

Lesson 7 Activity 1 - Symptom Scenarios STUDENT WORKSHEET 1

1. Explain how much air we breathe every minute !

Answer : Every minute of everyday, we breathe six to ten liters of air.

2. What fraction of the American people live where the air is often unhealthy to breathe?
Answer : The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that four out of ten
Americans live where the air is often unhealthy to breathe.

3. Which body system is most likely to be affected by air pollutants?

Answer : The respiratory system comes in direct contact with the air we breathe is the
body sistem most likely to be affected by air pollutants.

4. Who is affected by air pollution?

Answer : People who already have asthma, emphysema, or other respiratory
conditions, people with heart or circulatory problems, and cigarette smokers are
especially susceptible to the effects of air pollution. People who are young and
healthy can be affected by pollution too. Air pollution can affect anyone. Even
healthy teenagers, young adults, and strong athletes can suffer negative effects from
high pollution levels, especially when exercising outdoors.

5. Why is it difficult to determine the health effects of different air pollutants?

Answer : Because it wouldn’t be ethical for researchers to just put people in a lab and
expose them to high levels of a pollutant. Outside the lab, people who live in heavily
 polluted areas are exposed to not just one pollutant but to many pollutants. Also, the
concentration of each pollutant is changing all the time, in some cases independently
of other pollutants.

6. Briefly explain how researchers study the health impacts of air pollution!
Answer : One way the researchers study the relationship between air pollution and
health is to compare hospital records and death records to pollutant levels.
Researchers have found that during extreme air pollution events, hospital admittances
for respiratory problems increase. Death rates also increase, especially among the
elderly and those who already have respiratory problems.

7. Which system, besides the respiratory system, can be affected by air pollution?
Answer : Beside the respiratory system, circulatory system works in close relationship
with the respiratory system, so it can be affected by air pollutin, too. If the respiratory
system is damaged or diseased, then it will not be as effective at exchanging gases
with the blood.

8. Describe the health effects of particulate matter !

Answer : When we inhale particulate matter (PM10), these tiny bits of foreign matter
travel deep into the lungs where they become lodged in the alveoli. They can irritate
the alveoli, reducing their ability to work properly, and cause long-term chemical and
structural damage to the lungs.

9. Describe the health effects of carbon monoxide !

Answer : Carbon monoxide has no direct effect on the lungs but is absorbed by the
blood. Carbon monoxide readily combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells, taking
the place of some of the oxygen that should be entering the bloodstream.
Merangkum Bacaan
Air Pollution and Everyone
Air pollution is something we can’t escape. Enough people are affected, and affected
badly enough, that just in Delaware, the health impacts of air pollution costs us millions of
dollars every year. Air pollution is especially harmful to the very young and old. So people
who already have asthma, emphysema, or other respiratory conditions, people with heart or
circulatory problems, and cigarette smokers are especially susceptible to the effects of air
pollution.
People who are young and healthy can be affected by pollution too. Air pollution can
affect anyone. Even healthy teenagers, young adults, and strong athletes can suffer negative
effects from high pollution levels, especially when exercising outdoors.
A Tricky Question
It’s a real challenge for scientists to study the health effects of different air pollutants.
How susceptible people are to the effects of air pollutants can vary widely. Finally, there are
always many influences on our health. Just as with other health problems, there are likely to
be several factors affecting your health.
How Much Do We Know?
Researchers have found that during extreme air pollution events, hospital admittances
for respiratory problems increase. Death rates also increase, especially among the elderly and
those who already have respiratory problems. Finally, being affected by air pollutants is not
just an «either/or» question. Although they may not be diagnosed with a specific
disease, their health may be affected on a long-term basis in a way that reduces their quality
of life.
The cilia move mucous, along with germs and dirt caught in the mucous, out of the
respiratory tract. Air pollutants can irritate the cilia, so that their protective action slows down
or even stops.
Although the part of our bodies most affected by air pollutants is the respiratory
system, the circulatory system works in close relationship with the respiratory system, so it
can be affected too. If the respiratory system is damaged or diseased, then it will not be as
effective at exchanging gases with the blood. With less oxygen in the blood, the heart must
work harder, pumping more blood to deliver the same amount of oxygen to the body.
The Criteria Pollutants chart summarizes the health effects of the criteria
pollutants. For example, when we inhale particulate matter (PM10), these tiny bits of foreign
matter travel deep into the lungs where they become lodged in the alveoli. These
small, balloon-like sacs are the point in our bodies at which oxygen exchange occurs. This is
where the lung removes carbon dioxide from the blood and replaces it with oxygen from the
air. They can irritate the alveoli, reducing their ability to work properly, and cause long-term
chemical and structural damage to the lungs.
 In contrast, carbon monoxide is unusual in that it has no direct effect on the lungs but
is absorbed by the blood. Carbon monoxide readily combines with hemoglobin in red blood
cells, taking the place of some of the oxygen that should be entering the bloodstream.
Just as breath is essential to life, so too is the quality of the air we breathe essential to
good health and the quality of our lives.

Polusi Udara dan Semua Orang

Polusi udara adalah sesuatu yang tidak bisa kita hindari. Cukup banyak orang yang
terpengaruh, dan terkena dampak yang cukup parah, sehingga hanya di Delaware, dampak
kesehatan dari polusi udara merugikan kita jutaan dolar setiap tahun. Polusi udara sangat
berbahaya bagi orang yang sangat muda dan tua. Jadi orang yang sudah menderita asma,
emfisema, atau kondisi pernapasan lainnya, orang dengan masalah jantung atau peredaran
darah, dan perokok sangat rentan terhadap efek polusi udara.
Orang yang masih muda dan sehat juga bisa terkena polusi. Polusi udara bisa
menyerang siapa saja. Bahkan remaja yang sehat, dewasa muda, dan atlet yang kuat dapat
menderita efek negatif dari tingkat polusi yang tinggi, terutama saat berolahraga di luar
ruangan.
Pertanyaan Rumit
Merupakan tantangan nyata bagi para ilmuwan untuk mempelajari efek kesehatan dari
berbagai polutan udara. Seberapa rentan orang terhadap efek polusi udara dapat sangat
bervariasi. Akhirnya, selalu ada banyak pengaruh pada kesehatan kita. Seperti halnya
masalah kesehatan lainnya, kemungkinan ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan
Anda.
Berapa Banyak yang Kita Ketahui?
Para peneliti telah menemukan bahwa selama peristiwa polusi udara yang ekstrim,
masuk rumah sakit untuk masalah pernapasan meningkat. Angka kematian juga meningkat,
terutama di kalangan orang tua dan mereka yang sudah memiliki masalah pernapasan.
Akhirnya, terkena polusi udara bukan hanya pertanyaan «salah satu/atau». Meskipun mereka
mungkin tidak didiagnosis dengan penyakit tertentu, kesehatan mereka mungkin terpengaruh
dalam jangka panjang dengan cara yang mengurangi kualitas hidup mereka.
Silia memindahkan lendir, bersama dengan kuman dan kotoran yang terperangkap
dalam lendir, keluar dari saluran pernapasan. Polutan udara dapat mengiritasi silia, sehingga
tindakan perlindungannya melambat atau bahkan berhenti.
Meskipun bagian tubuh kita yang paling terpengaruh oleh polusi udara adalah sistem
pernapasan, sistem peredaran darah bekerja erat dengan sistem pernapasan, sehingga dapat
terpengaruh juga. Jika sistem pernapasan rusak atau sakit, maka pertukaran gas dengan darah
tidak akan efektif. Dengan lebih sedikit oksigen dalam darah, jantung harus bekerja lebih
keras, memompa lebih banyak darah untuk memberikan jumlah oksigen yang sama ke tubuh.
Bagan Polutan Kriteria merangkum efek kesehatan dari polutan kriteria. Misalnya,
ketika kita menghirup partikulat (PM10), potongan-potongan kecil benda asing ini berjalan
jauh ke dalam paru-paru di mana mereka bersarang di alveoli. Kantung kecil seperti balon ini
adalah titik di tubuh kita di mana pertukaran oksigen terjadi. Di sinilah paru-paru
menghilangkan karbon dioksida dari darah dan menggantikannya dengan oksigen dari udara.
Mereka dapat mengiritasi alveoli, mengurangi kemampuannya untuk bekerja dengan baik,
dan menyebabkan kerusakan kimia dan struktural jangka panjang pada paru-paru.
Sebaliknya, karbon monoksida tidak biasa karena tidak memiliki efek langsung pada
paru-paru tetapi diserap oleh darah. Karbon monoksida mudah bergabung dengan
hemoglobin dalam sel darah merah, menggantikan sebagian oksigen yang seharusnya masuk
ke aliran darah.
Sama seperti nafas sangat penting untuk kehidupan, demikian juga kualitas udara
yang kita hirup penting untuk kesehatan yang baik dan kualitas hidup kita.