Holy Angel University

School of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Civil Engineering

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
HDROLOGY
First Semester, AY 2020 - 2021

Name / Student No. : Cawit, Trizia J. / 20640060

RATING
Section and Schedule : CE-304, TTh 6:05pm-7:05pm
Date of Examination : October 26, 2020
Instructor : Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS (PART 1):

1. Fill out all the blank spaces above with correct details.

2. Research the importance of Watershed Delineation and the procedures of how to delineate a watershed
location using a contour map then apply and plot the delineation in an existing watershed anywhere the
Philippines. (Tip: You can find the contour map of the Philippines using Google Maps. Just enable Terrain
View and you will be able to view the contour map. Note also that contour lines are more visible and
apparent in areas with mountainous areas or high elevations.)

3. Anyone who directly copied contents from a classmate / author will be marked zero. Plagiarism will not be
tolerated and therefore, paraphrase if you must.

4. The research must contain the following:

a. Introduction
b. Body
c. Illustrations for Watershed delineation
d. References

5. The research must also follow this format:

a. Font style: Times New Roman
b. Font size: 12
c. Spacing: Double
d. Section titles must be centered and bold
e. Indent first line of each paragraph

6. Download this file and edit your output directly in this file then convert it to pdf.

7. Pass your papers in the submission page where you downloaded this file.

8. Rubric for assessment is available below. Kindly view it for you to know how your paper will be graded.

9. Sample format is provided after the rubric. (Edit in that section. DELETE THE SENTENCES COLORED IN
RED. All writings should be in black)

10. Submission File name: ME_HDROLOGY_SECTION_SURNAME_NAME INITIAL.pdf

(e.g. ME_HDROLOGY_CE307_LOZANO_A.pdf)

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 1 of 18

 Rubric for Assessment
(Score/100) *
Excellent Proficient Acceptable Needs Improvement
Category Weight Weight
100 75 50 25
• Exceptionally clear, • Clear research • Generalized • The research lacks
focused, and which maintains a supporting details clarity and focus
interesting paper. consistent focus
from beginning to • Conclusion tends • Conclusion is not
• Strong, rich end. to summarize the coherent and not
supporting details and research helpful
examples that prove • Specific
Content and
35% the research. supporting details
Focus
are present.
• A meaningful
conclusion explaining • A clear conclusion
the importance of the as to why the
research and how it research is
can be used. important.

• Diagrams and/or • Diagrams and/or • Diagrams and/or

sketches are clear sketches are sketches are
Diagram and greatly adds to clear and easy to difficult to
and 30% the reader’s understand. understand.
Sketches understanding of the
procedure(s).

• Strong introduction • Clear introduction • Introduction is • Unable to clearly

and conclusion and conclusion present but not identify introduction
clear and conclusion
• Consistent and • Uses clear
coherent logical transitions • Paper shows • Lack of
progression attempt of consistency and
Organization 15%
transition order
• Uses clear and skillful between
transitions paragraphs • Paper shows little
or no attempt of
transition

• Written in formal • Majority of paper • Most language is • Paper frequently

language (avoids written in formal appropriate to uses informal
slang completely if language (1-2 topic language
not needed) instances of use
of informal • Some parts of • Language is not
• Elaborate and colorful language is paper written in appropriate to topic
language detected) student’s own
words • Message is unclear
• Consistently strong • Language
and varied sentence appropriate to • Majority of paper is
Style 10%
structure topic plagiarized

• Written in student’s • Words convey

own words intended message

• Majority of paper
written in
student’s own
words

• Follows format • 3-5 errors found in • Inconsistent • Format is ignored

guidelines format format and 5-10 in most parts of the
Sources / errors are found paper
10%
Format in the format • 11 or more errors
are found.

SCORE PERCENTAGE

TOTAL SCORE (SCORE PERCENTAGE * 80)

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 2 of 18

 Introduction

Hydrology appertains to the properties, circulation, and distribution of water positioned in the

atmosphere, as well as on, and underneath the surface of the earth. It refers to the studies delineating how

water is brought into the land, then eventually flowing into streams. The concept of watershed is widely

used in the field of hydrology. A watershed, also known as a drainage basin, consists of a vicinity of land

that is bound by a boundary line, where the water is expected to be ducted into a particular stream. It must

also be highlighted that outlet points are notable in watersheds. Lag time, on the other hand, describes the

time it takes for the water to arrive at the exit point. This lag time is affected by numerous factors,

including the soil and land utilized. Having a thorough understanding of the lag time can help in analyzing

the peak flows or max flows.

The process by which the contributing boundary area of a specific river outlet is identified is

referred to as the watershed delineation. This is yet another vital factor for a reservoir, especially to

facilitate the identification of basic parameter, such as rainfall runoff relation and drainage features

(channel networks and surface drainage condition), as well as the quantification of sub catchment and

channel properties, namely size, shape, slope, and the like, which are essential for watershed management

in the subsequent time.

The essence of hydrology is also highlighted after taking into consideration its aid in TV and 3D

modelling. With it, there is an opportunity to accomplish what cannot be done before and during flood

events. Hydrology helps in pinpointing flood hotspots, with the end goal of giving warning about the

establishment of buildings and residential areas on such sites This field’s contribution in engineering can

be demonstrated by its capability to save cost, property, and lives.

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 3 of 18

 Body

Delineation sets a boundary that stands for the contributing area for a distinct control outlet or

point. It is a tool utilized to interpret the boundaries of the study area, along with its division into sub-

areas. The method frequently used to locate and define the boundaries of watersheds is through the use

of topographic maps that follow the fundamental principle of the downhill flow of water. The physical

features of the land, like the hills, valleys, basins, ridges, and channels, can be found in a topographic

map. In this case, the mapping technique employed is founded on elevation data and contour intervals,

normally in the range of ten feet. Civil engineers have been utilizing USGS paper maps in connection

with watershed delineation.

One cannot proceed to other steps without first acquiring an understanding of the basic unit, the

watershed delineation. It serves as a building block of various studies that are multidisciplinary in

nature. Some examples of valuable application in watershed include water harvesting studies,

watershed management studies, morphometric studies, land use and land cover change analyses, and

geomorphological analyses. Furthermore, Watershed Management entails conservation efforts, and

Watershed Delineation adds to this cause. Ergo, through specifying the local contaminations in the

watersheds or river flows, it proves to be an essential component in pollution control. This task extends

to the formulation of steps to combat the possible breeding grounds of diseases and impediments in

various fields where watersheds are regarded with distinctness and essentiality.

Watershed Delineation is important because first, delineated watersheds are required for HSPF

modeling and for BASINS watershed characterization reports. Second, we can characterize and

investigate what is going on in one portion of the study area versus another. Lastly, Delineation is part

of the process known as watershed segmentation, i.e., dividing the watershed into discrete land and

channel segments to analyze watershed behavior. Moreover, the method of watershed and drainage

network delineation are basically two types of manual delineation method using topographic map

sheets and automated delineation method using Digital Elevation Model. Remote sensing data & DEM

are useful for estimating streamflow response at the outlet of a watershed (Noto and Loggia, 2007).

Terrain analysis and watershed delineation from DEM are the primary steps for HMS modeling

(Olivera 2001). There are two methods for delineating catchment, one is traditional method in which

topographic map is used for delineating watershed by drawing lines to connect elevation points and

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 4 of 18

contour line, which may be a difficult task to define the watershed precisely and also the map is not

easily available and outdated. The following are the steps which would be followed in Water Shed

Delineation for manual illustrations:

1. Locate the waterbodies of a particular site with the use of a Topographic Map.

2. Identify the flow of water, inclusive of the tributaries, from the source to the mouth. It is

through this that the beginning and ending boundaries are identified.

3. Examine the topographic map.

a. Identify the highest elevations on the map which are indicated by the roundish shapes

which do not contain any more elevations within their illustrations. Then connect these

points to identify the Water Shed Boundaries.

b. Locate the Streamlines, lines connecting all areas of equal elevation. Note that lines

spaced far apart indicate that the landscape is more level and gently sloping (i.e., they

are flat areas) while lines spaced very close together indicate dramatic changes (rise or

fall) in elevation over a short distance (i.e., they are steep areas)

4. Determine the direction of water flow by drawing arrows perpendicular to streamlines which

are decreasing in elevation. Follow the shortest distance between these differences in elevations

for a realistic assumption.

5. Assume rainfall on the illustration and verify the Delineated Illustration in the field, if capable.

We must apply this procedure in delineating a watershed in the locality as a part of the study.

I’ve chosen the Chico River because has vast potentials for development. Being one of the major river

systems in CAR, it has potentials for electric power, irrigation and domestic purposes, recreation, and

other varied uses. The river harnesses the major irrigation systems to water its vast rice lands. As a

result, Kalinga has been promoted as a rice granary of the region on account of its fertile plains and

valleys. On the other hand, Mt. Province being the upper catchment area of the watershed, has become

the home to high value crops yielding legumes/beans, carrots, root crops and other cash crops. White

water rafting along the Chico River is another potential attracting local as well as foreign tourists. As

regards mineral resources, these are still untapped with prospects that include gold, sulfur, copper,

gypsum, clay and gravel and other quarry resources. While some of these have been extensively

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 5 of 18

assessed particularly in the Kalinga side, the volume of deposits cannot be quantified since no actual

drilling has ever been conducted.

Issues and concerns surrounding the watershed include: (i) land use conversion to inappropriate

uses such as the conversion of mossy forest in Mt. Data to vegetable gardens; (ii) decreasing water

discharge as a result of drying up of water sources; (iii) diminishing biodiversity that may be attributed

to anthropogenic activities of man such as kaingin making, illegal cutting, forest fires and chemical

pollution; (iv) river siltation due to soil erosion and landslides in upstream areas; (v) water pollution

attributed to household and industrial wastes from municipalities in Mt. Province dumped into the

main river or its main tributaries. The watershed is thus beset with various problems such as decreasing

water discharge, diminishing biodiversity, river siltation, and river pollution. Built-up areas lined along

headwaters increased solid waste concerns. Potability is highly reduced in some areas. Soil cover is

depleted which impacts on water-holding capacity.

There are issues and concerns surrounding the watershed including: (i) land use conversion to

inappropriate uses such as the conversion of mossy forest in Mt. Data to vegetable gardens; (ii)

decreasing water discharge as a result of drying up of water sources; (iii) diminishing biodiversity that

may be attributed to anthropogenic activities of man such as kaingin making, illegal cutting, forest

fires and chemical pollution; (iv) river siltation due to soil erosion and landslides in upstream areas; (v)

water pollution attributed to household and industrial wastes from municipalities in Mt Province

dumped into the main river or its main tributaries.

The watershed is thus beset with various problems such as decreasing water discharge,

diminishing biodiversity, river siltation, and river pollution. Built-up areas lined along headwaters

increased solid waste concerns. Potability is highly reduced in some areas. Soil cover is depleted which

impacts on water-holding capacity.

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 6 of 18

 Illustrations for Watershed Delineation

 Locate the waterbodies of a particular site with the use of a Topographic Map.

 Satellites View

Map View

Google Maps. (2020). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 7 of 18

 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kalinga/@17.4046069,121.297852,11z/data=!4m5!3m4!

1s0x338f98ef226ab115:0xf8595af958299ef2!8m2!3d17.4740422!4d121.3541631!5m1!1e4?

fbclid=IwAR23hVBZWYXKu-ToSxeS9E5UYmtalbmUmd6aUvC1UMF4eONQ54WzXgUU_r4

NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 8 of 18

 MAIN RIVER

ZOOM IN. NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 9 of 18

 MAIN RIVER

TRIBUTARY RIVER

ZOOM IN. NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 10 of 18

  Identify the flow of water, inclusive of the tributaries, from the source to the mouth. It is through

this that the beginning and ending boundaries are identified.

1735m

1629m

1859m

1849m

1422m 2119m

2194m

2211m

2148m

1670m 1850m

2090m

1925m
1835m
2229m

2210m
1662m
2365m

1611m
2445m

2035m 2512m
1835m

2389m

2290m 2709m

2666m
2306m

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 11 of 18

 MAIN RIVER

TRIBUTARY RIVER

1490m

ZOOM IN. NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

 Examine the topographic map: Identify the highest elevations on the map which are indicated by

the roundish shapes which do not contain any more elevations within their illustrations. Then

connect these points to identify the Water Shed Boundaries.

1735m

1629m
MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 12 of 18
1859m
 1849m

1422m 2119m

2194m

2211m

MAIN RIVER
2148m
TRIBUTARY RIVER

1670m 1850m

2090m

1925m
1835m
2229m

2210m
1662m
2365m

1611m
2445m

2512m

2389m

2290m 2709m

2666m
2306m

2035m
1835m

ZOOM IN. NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

 Examine the topographic map: Locate the Streamlines, lines connecting all areas of equal

elevation. Note that lines spaced far apart indicate that the landscape is more level and gently

sloping (i.e., they are flat areas) while lines spaced very close together indicate dramatic changes

(rise or fall) in elevation over a short distance (i.e., they are steep areas).

1735m

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 13 of 18

1629m
 1849m

1422m 2119m

2194m

2211m

2148m

1670m 1850m

2090m

1925m
1835m
2229m

MAIN RIVER
2210m
1662m TRIBUTARY RIVER
2365m
WATER FLOW

1611m
2445m

2512m

2389m

2290m 2709m

2666m
2306m

ZOOM IN. NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-

zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA

 Determine the direction of water flow by drawing arrows perpendicular to streamlines

which are decreasing in elevation. Follow the shortest distance between these differences

in elevations for a realistic assumption.

References

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 14 of 18

  NAMRIA. (1990). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from http://www.namria.gov.ph/7176-
IMankayan.html?fbclid=IwAR3jmBb-_Rp9vg69VIa7TOFydCM-
zcBBxpVY6jF_VjsK5sH2Bw_EsJ7qmRA
 Google Maps. (2020). Retrieved 23 October 2020, from

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kalinga/@17.4046069,121.297852,11z/data=!4m5!

3m4!1s0x338f98ef226ab115:0xf8595af958299ef2!8m2!3d17.4740422!4d121.3541631!

5m1!1e4?fbclid=IwAR23hVBZWYXKu-

ToSxeS9E5UYmtalbmUmd6aUvC1UMF4eONQ54WzXgUU_r4

 H. Sheak (2019). DELINEATION OF CATCHMENT AREA OF KANGSABATI

RESERVOIR USING ARCGIS FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS.

Retrieved 21st of October 2020, from:

http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=ef9d30c1-a478-

4037-8ab4-581f511f6d96%40pdc-v-sessmgr02

 Natural Resources Conservation Service Hampshire (1991). Retrieved 21st of October

2020, from: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/nh/technical/?

cid=nrcs144p2_015680

 Watershed Delineation (2020). Retrieved 21st of October 2020 from:

http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Hydrology/FTP_site_5099-

05/maine_appD_watershed-delineate.pdf

 West Virginia department of environmental protection (2020). Retrieved 21st of

October 2020, from:

https://dep.wv.gov/wwe/watershed/Pages/watershed_management.aspx#:~:text=Water

sheds%20are%20important%20because%20the,Everything%20upstream%20ends

%20up%20downstream.

 United States Environmental Protection Agency (2020). Retrieved 21st of October

2020, from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/lecture-3-

watershed-delineation.pdf

 Water Online (1998). Retrieved 21st October 2020, from:

https://www.wateronline.com/doc/delineating-watershedsa-first-step-toward-eff-0001

 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2020). Retrieved 21st of October

2020 from: http://forestry.denr.gov.ph/inremp/upper_chico.html

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 15 of 18

  Philippine Political Science Journal (2012). Retrieved 21st of October 2020 from:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01154451.1979.9754049?

journalCode=rpsj20

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS (PART 2):

1. All answers and solutions must be handwritten.

2. Answers required must be rounded off to 4th decimal place but their full value (not the rounded
off number) should be used to solve for other values if it is required.

3. No need to re-write the question

4. Write your answers in a piece of paper then take a picture of or scan your solution per situation
then put that picture in the box provided below.

5. Put your answers in this google form:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScprzd2_Um-
pNcMIImvhtVDTjrFon7ssk5hypEng8fMjmFcPA/viewform?usp=sf_link

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 16 of 18

 6. Note that submission in google form is only allowed ONCE, so check everything including your
email address carefully before submitting your answers. Wrong answers in google form will
render the item incorrect.

SITUATION: (20 points)

In this situation, the storm precipitation and normal annual precipitations at stations A,
B, and D are given and missing precipitation at station 'C' is to be calculated whose
normal annual precipitation is known.

Station A B C D

Storm precipitation
a b ---- d
(mm)

Normal Annual
e f g h
precipitation (mm)
Where:
a = sum of the numbers of your student number + 10
b = sum of the numbers of your student number + 21
d = sum of the numbers of your student number + 13
e = (sum of the numbers of your student number) * 25
f = (sum of the numbers of your student number) * 24.5
g = (sum of the numbers of your student number) * 13.5
h = (sum of the numbers of your student number) * 20

1. What is the value of a? (1 point)

2. What is the value of b? (1 point)
3. What is the value of d? (1 point)
4. What is the value of e? (1 point)
5. What is the value of f? (1 point)
6. What is the value of g? (1 point)
7. What is the value of h? (1 point)
8. What is the resulting upper range for checking of values of Normal Annual
Precipitations? (3 points)
9. What is the resulting lower range for checking of values of Normal Annual
Precipitations? (3 points)
10. What is the storm precipitation at C? (Check if you will use Arithmetic Mean Method or
Normal Ratio Method) (7 points)

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 17 of 18

Prepared by: Reviewed and Verified by:

Engr. Aline Benneth V. Jacobo Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo

Faculty OBE Coordinator, Civil Engineering Department
Approved by:

Engr. Angelito N. Angeles

Chairperson, Civil Engineering Department

MIDTERM EXAM / HDROLOGY Page 18 of 18