RATING:

School of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering Department
Hydrology

Quiz 1: Hydrology
Phase1
Phase 2 (From “The Atmosphere” to “Earth’s Energy Balance”)

Name:Cawit, Trizia J. DateSubmitted:______________

understanding of the discussed topics.
To assess the student’s
Objective

Instructions ALL INSTRUCTIONS TO BE FOLLOWED STRICTLY.

Failure to comply in any of the instructions stated below will make
the item marked as incorrect.
Edit your name and date submitted in the header of this first page.

FOR PART I:
• All answers must be handwritten.
• No need to re-write the questions
• Write your answers in a piece of paper then take a picture of or scan
your solution per situation then put that picture in the box provided
below.

FOR PART II:

• Typewritten
• Font Style: Times New Roman; Font Size: 12; Double-Spacing
• Must be in ONE PDF file format (just input all answers and
pictures in this file then export it to pdf) when submitted with
filename in this format: HDROLOGY_SURNAME_QUIZ1.pdf

Hydrology

1
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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

PART I:
INSTRUCTIONS: Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, and if not,
write FALSE. If you answered FALSE., write the statement or word that makes the statement
incorrect then write the correct statement or word.
Example:
1. Absolute Humidity is the actual amount of precipitation per volume of air.

FALSE.
Wrong word / statement: precipitation
Correct word / statement: water vapor

2. Relative Humidity is the percentage of water vapor in the atmosphere compared

with the maximum amount of water vapor that the atmosphere could contain at
a temperature.

TRUE
1. Hydrology helps assess all possible conditions of a proposed development during multiple
environmental scenarios.
2. Hydraulics is used to design appropriate systems to record any changes from the site’s
predevelopment state.
3. The amount of rain is measured with a precipitation gauge.
4. Weight determines the density of an air parcel at a given pressure.
5. Adiabatic is a process where the parcel density changes due to an expansion or compression.
6. Greenhouse effect is the additional heating caused by the downward re-emission of infrared heat
from the sun.
7. Nucleation is the initial process that occurs in the formation of a cloud from a solution, a liquid,
or a vapor.
8. An object rises when it is lighter than its environment and it sinks when it is heavier than its
environment.
9. Meteorology is the science that deals with the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena
especially with climate.
10. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a long period of time in
terms of wind, sunshine, precipitation, temperature, visibility, clouds, pressure, and humidity.
11. Troposphere is the region of positively charged atoms and negatively charged electrons.
12. Nitrogen in atmosphere is found to be at about 78.064% by volume.
Hydrology

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

13. Atmospheric pressure is a measure of the force exerted by the mass of troposphere on the surface
at a given location.
14. The uptake of water at the roots, transport of water through plant tissues, and release of vapor by
leaves is known as transpiration.
15. Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transfiguration from
plants.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

PART II:
INSTRUCTIONS:

Search one research journal related to the chapters discussed.

**Make sure that none of you will have the same research journal used.
**The Research Part should be edited in here so that the submission file will only be one pdf file.

Content:

After being able to download, read and understand your selected journal, you are asked to write a short
summary of it. The summary contains the following

• Motivation of the study • Results and Discussion

• Introduction • Summary
• Background of the study • Future works
• Methodology • Learning and Application to my Research

a. A sample format is provided together with this document.

b. A rubric for assessment is also provided for you to be able to know how your submission will be
graded.

c. Guide Questions/Statements are also included in the sample format to help you in constructing
your summary. DO NOT FORGET TO DELETE THE GUIDE QUESTIONS WHEN
ACCOMPLISHING YOUR SUMMARY!

d. All files should be submitted through CANVAS submitting them through the proper submission
site.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Hydrology

Rubrics for Assessment:

Sample Rubric
Included in this page so students know how this activity will be graded.
Exemplary Competent Developing
Submitted on or almost
Submitted ahead of time Submitted late or more
Submission on time within an hour
or on time with at least than an hour after the
30% before or after the
one (1) hour allowance. deadline
deadline.
Submission has few (3-4) Submission has a lot of
lacking data or (4 or more) lacking data
Submission has no lacking
information of any kind. or information of any
data or information of any
This includes basic things kind.
kind. This includes basic
such as FBDs, given, This includes basic
things such as FBDs,
Completeness units, problem statement, things such as FBDs,
given,
60% emphasis on answers given,
units, problem statement,
(highlight, box or bold units, problem
emphasis on answers
font) statement, emphasis on
(highlight, box or bold answers
font) (highlight, box or bold
font)
Writing is clear, concise,
Writing has minimal Has a few minor errors,
and precise. Paraphrasing
Writing and/or format minor errors. Or may or 1-2 major errors with
and sentence structure are
10% have minor organization formatting, organization
coherent. Follows
or format errors. or writing
requested format.

See format next page.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Name: Cawit, Trizia Jimenez

Section: CE-304

Student Number: 20640060

Title: Utilization of the Distributed-Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation-Model (DHSVM) To Quantify

Streamflow Changes and Slope Failure Probability Following the Snow-Talon Fire Near Lincoln

Montana, USA

Author/s: Eric Lee Tangedahl

Motivation of the study

It has a lot of knowledge when it comes to my chosen career which is Civil Engineering. Some

interesting points are about vegetation, soils, topography, weather and fire or other disturbances can

influence the hydrology of a watershed. I discovered some models like DHSVM (Distributed Hydrology

Soil Vegetation Model) that was used to identify regions of higher soil failure probability and estimates

of pre- and post-disturbance stream flows. It also gave the opportunity to look at the effects of different

parameters at small spatial scales. The ability to run a simulation with weather data at shorter three-hour

increments, made it possible to look at the effects of short duration high intensity storms on both stream

flow and soil failures.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Introduction

Water is the most common and important abiotic element that affects the ecological processes and

the use of wildlife and has always been a part of everybody’s life. Every day, this solvent is ingested

from plants, animals, humans and even the non-living things in our society such as infrastructures and in

the field of construction. Water, in our world, is the inevitable and most valuable resource. Without its

life, survival will most likely be inevitable. Throughout our lives, water has not been a significant issue

and resource, some experts and individuals have done various studies and research on water. Because of

the overall significance of water in modern society, the hydrology field is of fundamental importance to

civil and environmental engineers, hydraulic engineers, hydrogeologists, and other earth scientist.

The study of water has been called hydrology. It handles our nature, the movement and distribution,

its chemical and physical properties, as well as its interaction among our environment (Ray 1975). Due

to the continuous innovation and development in our society, the demand for water is increasing directly

with the global change. Several experiments and/or studies have shown various Earth's dynamic water

systems, and others are plausible solutions to these hydrologic problems. In the hydrological and

environmental sciences, water resources management and catchment research are critical aspects of the

twenty-first century. Hydrological modeling has become a key focus in modern academic research goals,

connected directly with studies and analysis on the impact of climate change in global resources, as well

as increasing extreme natural events with disastrous consequences.

With the advancement that is currently evolving during the past decades, it has offered

opportunities in hydrological modeling. It includes the development of mathematical models to depict

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

hydrological processes such as precipitation, snowmelt, absorption, evapotranspiration, infiltration,

subsurface flow and surface flow, along with their interaction. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century,

the evolution of hydrological modeling progresses from lumped mathematical models to physically

based hierarchical models with the advancement of knowledge of physical systems, analytical activities

and facilities for data recovery.

Road and motorway construction development involves several impacts on the landscape features.

The way the hydrology is affected is central to a building's geomorphological impact.

Adjustments made to the landscape by road construction and use will impact on processes such as

infiltration, runoff, and erosion. Insights into the hydrological approach to construction demand

understanding of the hydrological processes that underlie it. Modeling them is a means of gaining a

deeper picture of these systems. Developing a protocol for connecting this type of model with a spatial

database will produce valuable knowledge about determining the environment's hydrological reaction to

road construction-imposed changes.

In this paper we will include details about a particular hydrologic model – the Distributed

Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). It specifically reflects the influence of topography and

vegetation throughout the landscape on water fluxes. DHSVM was implemented both operationally, for

estimation of stream flows and in a research capacity, to analyze, among other things, the impact of

forest management on peak streamflow. The effects of climate change, land use change, forest

management activities, erosion, temperature, and quality of streams are also explored in this model.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Background of the study

It was conducted and it was done in University of Montana. A public research university in

Missoula, Montana. It is a flagship institution of the Montana University System and its largest second

campus. The designated significant places is the estimation of stream flows and in a research capacity,

to analyze things, the impact of forest management on peak stream flow. The effects of climate change,

land use change, forest management activities, erosion, temperature, and quality of streams are also

explored in this model. This study almost reached 1 year to conduct some tests. The Distributed-

Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation-Model (DHSVM) was used to assess regions with a higher likelihood of soil

failure and pre- and post-disturbance stream flow estimates. Since DHSVM is a physically based

distributed parameter model, it made it possible to use high-resolution data that described landscape

parameters such as soils, vegetation, slope, and intensity of fire more accurately. It is improved study of

the changes in streamflow following fire can be difficult due to lack of data or models running at

inappropriate resolution. Specific stream reaches can be assessed for maximum expected stream flows.

The output resolution allows for improvements to be seen in the course of time. Potential applications

may look at geomorphological changes due to erosion following post-fire events or after-fire recovery of

vegetation and its impact on hydrological response. Applications such as these will assess DHSVM and

its ability to model landscape processes and help to better understand the diverse relationships with the

environment that fire has with the ecosystem.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Methodology

Obviously in this paper, the researchers present a literature review on driver behavior-based

applications, summarizing the state-of-the-art methodological approaches used in studies that

concentrate on driver behavior analysis. The researchers' study depends on three main segments I the

researchers consider the final objective of the reviewed study to be the first selection criterion. The

researchers will define the main fields involved in the study and modeling of driver behavior, and then

select the papers that are interested in the driver as the key subject. The researchers also find the factors

taken into account in the revised papers to be the key classification criteria. The form of input factors

shall decide the class to which the system is assigned. The researchers have also reviewed the structure

of the road environment, the boundaries set by the obstacles and their clearance lines, implying that

apart from the physical limit that an obstacle sets to the. Every obstacle has also a sort of halo of

avoidance, the so-called clearance lines, which differ from obstacle to obstacle according to their

negative valence for locomotion and the behavior of drivers in that environment. The research method is

new to me because most of its results are based on previous research, the researchers improve and

provide more detailed information on drivers' behavior in the field of safe travel in every possible

challenge that drivers may encounter when traveling. As the researchers dig, collect the previous

research that they really improve this topic and they got more accurate and a highly assurance of those

drivers’ behaviors that may affect their field of safe when travelling. The researcher way of methods to

gather their data is effective because after reading and comprehending in this research I learn new things

under hydrology that’s also is an important factor in my future work as a Civil Engineer.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Results and Discussion

The Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) is a physically dependent model,

which provides a complex representation of the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration, snow cover,

soil moisture and runoff on the spatial scale of digital elevation model data. Over the last few years, the

model has grown substantially to allow it to address a wide variety of applied and academic activities.

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Washington (UW) created it

in the early 1990s (Wigmosta et al., 1994) to numerically reflect the effects of local temperature,

topography , soil quality, and vegetation on hydrological processes within watersheds with high spatial

resolution.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

For distributed memory computers using the Global Arrays (GA) programming model, the code for

the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) was parallelized. To evaluate parallel

results, the model was used to simulate hydrology at 90~m resolution in two large river basins in the

northwest continental United States and southwest Canada: (1) Clearwater (25,000~km) and (2)

Columbia (668,000~km) River basins. Both basins were reduced dynamically due to the meteorological

applied force by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model from a regional reanalysis

and read in DHSVM as 2D maps for each time phase.

In this study, DHSVM was modified to run in parallel using GA to target large, distributed memory

structures for interprocess communication. Simulation run times for our test cases have been reduced

enough to make long-term (decades) simulations of high-spatial resolution of uniformly formed basins

manageable. Computational functions, namely EWB, SR, and SSR, controlled as planned the run times

with low process numbers. IO-intensive functions, namely SU and TSI, become dominant in higher core

numbers, suggesting more coordination between processes

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

DHSVM uses a network of stream channels to funnel surplus surface water and captured subsurface

flow to the source of the watercourse. A cascade of linear reservoirs is defined for the stream channel

network (Wigmosta et al., 2002).

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

The lake at the Columbia River was measured in two ways. DHSVM's "snow-only" mode was also

used in addition to overall simulation mode. DHSVM does not conduct runoff-related computations in

snow-only mode, but instead relies on accumulation and melting of snowpack.

The parallel performance of DHSVM declines with the use of more processors (Figure 19). That

suggests that it might not be optimal to run DHSVM at the point of maximum speed. Runtime has to be

balanced with computational resource availability and cost. The Columbia simulation, for example, had

a maximum speed-up with 480 processors with a simulation time of around 4 hours. If 120 processors

ran the same simulation, it will take 8 hours. Although run time would be doubled, the expense of the

calculation would be just one fifth. In comparison, a range of 480 processors is more likely to be less

usable than 120, which can lead to longer queue times for the job. Simulating a case such as the

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Columbia River basin in many broad sub-basins can also be more effective, especially for calibration

and validation. If the parameters were calibrated, they could be used in a simulation of the whole

Columbia Basin "development."

We stressed the preservation of current functionality in this initial parallel version of DHSVM and

the prevention of major systemic improvements to the language. The emphasis on restricting code

changes may have restricted the parallel output. This is especially valid when 2D maps are inputted.

Conclusion

With the help of this study and other related information regarding hydrology, I have learned the

importance of hydrology when it comes to my chosen career which is Civil Engineering. Civil engineers

use their expertise, experience, insight, and data that hydrologists have gathered to plan, build and

manage dams and reservoirs. It also involves the planning and maintenance of structures built for these

projects, such as the construction of irrigation channels and drainage sewers and the elimination of

waterlogging, as well as all other water use and regulation problems. Through continuous innovation, I

expect a lot of improvements with the hydrological model that would help in the development of our

water system and the betterment of our society.

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School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

Future works

The three scenarios modeled in this thesis were designed to create results that could be used in a

rapid post fire analysis. Currently the amount of time required to create the input layers and files would

most likely exceed the time necessary to get results to those doing postfire planning. If the results of a

DHSVM analysis on fire were deemed valuable to postfire planning, then much of the data would need

to be prepared prior to a fire. Layers such as vegetation, soils, and DEM would need to be prepared by

region or state. Preparing weather data can be quite lengthy depending on available data sources. With

many inputs available, DHSVM could potentially be adapted as a valuable tool in postfire assessment.

Longer term applications involving DHSVM and fire can certainly be looked at due to the per pixel

modeling framework by which DHSVM runs. The resolution of the output allows for changes to be seen

over time. Potential applications could look at changes in geomorphology due to erosion following post

fire events or recovery of vegetation following fire and its effects on hydrologic response. Applications

such as these will test DHSVM and its ability to model processes that occur within the landscape and

help to better understand the complex interactions fire has with the ecosystem.

Learning and Application to my career

With the help of this study and other related information regarding hydrology, I have learned the

importance of hydrology when it comes to my chosen career which is Civil Engineering. Civil engineers

use their expertise, experience, insight, and data that hydrologists have gathered to plan, build and

manage dams and reservoirs. It also involves the planning and maintenance of structures built for these

Created by: Engr. Neal Lorenzo P. Castillo 17

 Quiz 1
School of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

projects, such as the construction of irrigation channels and drainage sewers and the elimination of

waterlogging, as well as all other water use and regulation problems. Through continuous innovation, I

expect a lot of improvements with the hydrological model that would help in the development of our

water system and the betterment of our society.

Reference

 https://www.adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/distributed-hydrology-soil-vegetation-

modeldhsvm.html

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