Repellency Ability of Pandan Leaves Pandanus Amaryllifolius On Mosquitoes Aedes Aegypti

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers show extreme gratefulness to those people who gave them inspiration and
showed their support.
To our almighty God, who gives them strength, who give them desire to do this research.
To researchers' parents, who provided the place where they conducted the experiment and
supported them on their research.
To the researchers’ friends and classmates, who gave advices and moral support at all times
of hardship.
To Mr. Aldrin Christian S. Baradillo, our teacher in research who gave advice to the
researchers on how to construct and to make a good research in preparation to college.
To Ms. Elizabeth A Soraino, one of our teacher who gave advices also and matters on how
to conduct a manageable research.
To Mr. Norman C. Barroso, one of our teacher and the SHS Coordinator who gives us
permission and also advices regarding the research of the researchers.
Page 1|
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………… 1
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………… 2
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………… 6
1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………… 6
1.2 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 7
1.3 Research Objectives ……………………………………………….…… 8
1.4 Research Questions …………………………………………………… 8
1.5 Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………… 8
1.6 Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………...…… 8
1.7 Significance of the Study …………………………………………….… 9
1.8 Definition of Terms …………………………………………….…….… 9
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ….. 11
2.1 Conceptual Literature ………………………………………….…..…… 11
2.1.1 Pandan Leaves ………………………………………………...… 11
2.1.1.1 Definition of Pandan Leaves …………………………… 11
2.1.1.2 Characteristics of Pandan Leaves ……………………… 11
2.1.1.3 Classification of Pandan Leaves ………………………... 11

Page 2|
2.1.1.4 Uses of Pandan Leaves ………………………………….. 12
2.1.1.5 Benefits of using Pandan Leaves ………………………. 12
2.1.2 Mosquitoes …………………………………………….………… 13
2.1.2.1 Definition of Mosquitoes ………………………………... 13
2.1.2.2 Characteristics of Mosquitoes ………………………….. 13
2.1.2.3 Classification of Mosquitoes …………………………… 14
2.1.2.4 Harmful Effects of Mosquitoes ………………………… 14
2.2. Related Studies …………………………………………….……………. 15
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………… 19
3.1 Research Design …………………………………………….…………… 19
3.2 Research Locale …………………………………………….…………… 19
3.3 Materials …………………………………………….…………………... 19
3.4 Methods …………………………………………….…………………… 20
3.4.1 Gathering and Preparation of Pandan Leaves ……………….. 20
3.4.2 Identification of Clustered Mosquitoes Area …………………. 20
3.4.3 Mosquito Attractor ……………………………………………... 21
3.4.4 Repellency Testing ……………………………………………… 22
3.4.4.1 Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to
Mosquitoes ………………………………………………. 22
Page 3|
3.4.4.2 Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ……………………. 22
3.4.4.3 Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ……..………. 23
3.4.4.4 Extracted Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ……………… 23
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………..…. 26
4.1 Repellency Testing of Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to
Mosquitoes …………………………………………….………………. 26
4.2 Repellency Testing of Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ………….. 27
4.3 Repellency Testing of Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes …… 28
4.4 Repellency Testing of Extracted Juice Pandan Leaves
to Mosquitoes …………………………………………………………... 29
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATION ………………………………………. 32
5.1 Summary ………………………………………………………………. 32
5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….. 33
5.3 Recommendation ………………………………………………………. 34
References ……………………………………………………………………………… 35
Appendices …………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Page 4|
ABSTRACT
Mosquitoes brings different diseases since it was first discovered in the ancient times. This
study was mainly devised if Pandan leaves Pandanus amaryllifolius has repellent abilities from
mosquitoes. Gathering of Pandan leaves and cleaning is the first thing to do. Identifying the area
of clustered mosquitoes is the next for the researchers to conduct the study which is experimental
in nature and usage of sweat as an attractor of mosquitoes will be needed. Pandan leaves was
macerated using mortar and pestle, gets its juice and extracts it using an extractor device. The
extractor has a solution of ethanol to get the extract of it thoroughly. Raw Pandan leaves, macerated
Pandan leaves, extracted juice of Pandan leaves, and commercial mosquito repellent lotion was
used to the experiment for about 2 hours – which is from before sunset (5:00 PM) until evening
(7:00 PM) – to test if these things shows great repellency from mosquitoes within a series of trial.
It shows that the Pandan leaves extract – especially the extracted juice of it – have a significant
effect on the repellency of the mosquitoes and also in other various ways of repellency testing.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti, aroma, efficiency, extraction, insect repellent, Pandanus amaryllifolius
Page 5|
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Mosquitoes can transmit many infectious diseases that are caused by a variety of
microorganisms to people, but these diseases are mostly confined to certain geographical areas
(Gonzales 2016). In the Philippines, three common species of mosquito can be found such as:
Aedes eegypti – which has black and white markings. The bites from an Aedes mosquito peak at
the change of light intensity (after sunrise and before sunset). Second is Anopheles Mosquito
(Anopheles SPP) – which has pale and dark marks on its wings and resting 45 degree angle to the
surface. Lastly, the Culex Mosquito – which the thorax, legs and veins on the wings are always
covered with brown scales. Has dull color and the tip of the abdomen is always blunt (Rentokil
2016).
In the Philippines, the mosquito-borne diseases include dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese
encephalitis, malaria, and filariasis. Dengue, chikungunya, and Japanese encephalitis are caused
by viruses while malaria and filariasis are caused by parasites. Repeated mosquito bites over
several months to years are needed to get filariasis. Most people with filaria worms stay
asymptomatic, but a small percentage will develop a condition called elepanthiasis, in which the
limbs, genital organs, and the breasts swell to monstrous proportions (Gonzales 2016).
In southeast Asia, homeowners and business owners use bunches of pandan leaves to repel
cockroaches. For instances, according to a 2009 study by researchers at the National University of
Singapore, taxi drivers in Malaysia and Singapore hang these leaves in their vehicles to keep pest
insects from colonizing the warm, dark interior of the car. Fresh pandan leaves are preferred, since
Page 6|
dried leaves quickly lose their aromatic qualities. Wintergreen oil may be added to cut pandan
leaves to enhance their smell and assumed repellent activity, according to "Plant Resources of
South-East Asia" (National University of Singapore 2009).
Pandan leaves come from the Pandanus amaryllifolius shrub, also known as the dwarf or
fragrant screw pine. This sprawling perennial plant is native to Southeast Asia and has been
introduced in other tropical regions. It produces spirally arranged leaves about 1 to 1 1/2 inches
wide and up to 18 inches in length. They have a strong, sweet fragrance and are often used to scent
and flavor food. Many people in the pandan's native region use the leaves to repel insect pests
(Palmer, 2015). In the Philippines there are 48 species of Pandanus, many of them are endemic,
growing in various habitats, from sandy beaches, mangroves and primary forests. The fruit of some
species are edible, eaten by bats, rats, crabs, elephants and lizards. The majority of species are
dispersed primarily by water (Stuart Jr. 2015).
This study determines Pandan leaves as a repellant to mosquitos in order to prevent such
diseases caused by it especially those places that are prone in mosquitoes and to create a not-so-
costly natural repellant that everyone can do so.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Due to rapidly increasing population of mosquitos, the researchers conduct a study how to
at least lessen mosquitoes’ harmful impacts to humans. Rainy season brings a lot of disasters and
calamities to us. One of these is the stagnant water that filled the open canals and other things like
used tires and pail covers which increase the population of mosquitos. This resulted to a high rate
of dengue victims in our community. And due to this reason, the researchers came up with a study
to at least help avoid the disease by eliminating these pests using the scent of Pandan leaves that
Page 7|
can help us a lot for this will be cheaper than those low quality expensive repellants with chemicals
that is harmful for humans.
1.3 Research Objectives
This research will determine if Pandan Pandanus amaryllifolius is an effective repellent
against mosquitoes. The researchers are going to examine the effectiveness of Pandan Pandanus
amaryllifolius as a mosquito repellant in among the samples to be done on Pandan (to develop a
repellent product that is more effective, low cost). Furthermore, the researchers wants to determine
if Pandan leaves has a particular matter as a mosquito repellent.
1.4 Research Questions
In order to accomplish this research, researchers will take answers of the following:
 How effective is Pandan leaves as a mosquito repellent?
 What is the most effective mosquito repellent among the samples to be done on Pandan?
 Does Pandan leaves has a particular matter as a mosquito repellent?
1.5 Hypotheses
Ho: (Null) There is a significant repellent ability on Pandan leaves.
HA: (Alternative) There is no significant repellent ability on Pandan leaves. Mosquitoes are
immune to the phytochemical.
1.6 Scope and Limitation
This study will focus on determining if there is a repellency effect of Pandan leaves on
mosquitoes. Most of the mosquitoes generates diseases and predominantly, humans are the main
target of them. The Pandan leaves will be extracted to get the juice of it and make use as a repellent
Page 8|
to mosquitoes. This study limits the time – which will only be done before sunset and early
evening.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This study will help decrease of catching dengue by repelling mosquitoes using Pandan
leaves extract. This study also aims to benefit the people in the community where the houses are
near the mosquito areas like canals, creeks and sewages to prevent the spreading of diseases carried
by mosquitoes specially dengue and Japanese encephalitis. In addition, other living things such as
animals that live in land, water, and air will also benefited.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Aedes aegypti A mosquito that can spread dengue fever, chikungunya,
Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other
disease agents.
Aroma A distinctive, pervasive, and usually pleasant or savory
smell
Efficiency The quality or degree of being efficient.
Extraction The act or process of extracting something accompanied
by a force.
Insect repellant A substance applied to skin, clothing, or other surfaces
which discourages insects (and arthropods in general) from
landing or climbing on that surface.
Page 9|
Pandanus amaryllifolius A tropical plant in the Pandanus (screwpine) genus, which
is commonly known as pandan, and is found in South
Asian and Southeast Asian.
P a g e 10 |
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 Conceptual Literature
2.1.1 Pandan Leaves
2.1.1.1 Definition of Pandan Leaves
Pandan leaves come from the Pandanus amaryllifolius shrub, also known as the dwarf or
fragrant screw pine. This sprawling perennial plant is native to Southeast Asia and has been
introduced in other tropical regions. It produces spirally arranged leaves about 1 to 1 1/2 inches
wide and up to 18 inches in length. They have a strong, sweet fragrance and are often used to scent
and flavor food. Many people in the pandan's native region use the leaves to repel insect pests (G.
D. Palmer n. d.).
2.1.1.2 Characteristics of Pandan Leaves
The characteristic aroma of pandan is caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1pyrroline,
which may give white bread, jasmine rice, and basmati rice (as well as bread flowers Vallaris
glabra) their typical smell. The plant is rare in the wild, but is widely cultivated. It is an upright,
green plant with fan-shaped sprays of long, narrow, blade-like leaves and woody aerial roots. The
plant is sterile, with flowers only growing very rarely, and is propagated by cuttings (Viet Cuisine
Trading 2015).
2.1.1.3 Classification of Pandan Leaves
Pandan leaves is classified – in hierarchical order – in the Kingdom Plantae within the
Subkingdon Tracheobionata, Superdivision Spematophyta, Division Magnoliophyta, Subclass
P a g e 11 |
Arecidae, Order Pandanales, Family Pandanaceae, and Genus Pandanus. Within the genus of
Pandanus, there are some species of it including P. odoratissimus that is found in North India, P.
amaryllifolius in Southeast Asia, P. latifolius in Sri Lanka, and P. spiralis found in Australia
(United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conversation Service n. d.).
2.1.1.4 Uses of Pandan Leaves
Pandan leaves has a number of local medicinal uses. Leaf extracts have been used to
reduce fever, relieve indigestion and flatulence and as a cardio-tonic. The oil of the leaf is described
as stimulant and antispasmodic and is believed to be effective against headaches, rheumatism, and
epilepsy and as a cure for sore throats. Pandanus root is also used by traditional practitioners of
Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetic patients (Zamboanga.com 2017).
The leaf is used in curries of Sri Lanka and in Malaysian, Balinese, and Thai cooking. It is
commonly used as a flavoring and coloring in Malaysian and Singaporean cooking, especially in
Malay dishes. The screw-pine or pandan leaves are tied in a knot and placed in soups or stews that
are being cooked. The leaf is also bruised or raked with the tines of a fork to release its aroma,
pounded to release its aromatic juice, or even boiled to obtain its (The Epicenter n. d.).
2.1.5 Benefits of Using Pandan Leaves
Pandan leaves have amazing health benefits to the human body because it contains
numerous nutrients and vitamins that give us a healthy body. This tropical plant is cultivated
worldwide and commonly used for cooking food as a flavoring. These leaves have a powerful
aroma that can provide jasmine rice, white bread, and basmati rice their typical smell. Its aromatic
flavors can give dessert a unique smell and taste. Aside from being flavoring pandan leaves also
contains medicinal properties that can be used to treat some illnesses. It contains glycosides,
P a g e 12 |
alkaloids, and tannin that make this plant effective in treating various illnesses (Pandan – Pandan
amaryllifolius 2017).
2.1.2 Mosquitoes
2.1.2.1 Definition of Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are a group of about 3500 species of small insects that are a type of fly (order
Diptera). Within that order they constitute the family Culicidae. The word "mosquito" is Spanish
for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, a pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-
like legs, feathery antennae, and elongated mouthparts (Wikipedia n.d.).
Mosquitoes diverged from other insects about 226 million years ago. Fossils of primitive
mosquitoes have been found that are over 90 million years old; fossils similar to modern
mosquitoes, 79 million years old; fossils identical to modern mosquitoes, 46 million years old. The
life cycle consists of the egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch
into motile larvae which feed on aquatic algae and organic material; pupae are breathing non-flying
primitive adults (Tasty Planet Wiki n.d.).
2.1.2.2 Characteristics of Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are small insects equipped with a pair of wings and a mouthpiece transformed
into a kind of trunk, prepared for suction. The longevity of a mosquito last several weeks or
months, according to the species. Their habitat are usual in pools (or water-contained area), forests,
gardens, and human construction. The distribution is cosmopolitan in nature. Predators that ate
mosquitoes are bird, bats, fish, aquatic insects, and amphibians. Their source of food are plants,
animal, and matter in decomposition. There are other dipteran insects similar to mosquitoes but
P a g e 13 |
they do not sting, as is the case of chiromids, similar in size to the true mosquito but with very
hairy antennas or the typical one, much larger than mosquitoes (Botanical Online n.d.).
2.1.2.3 Classification of Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are classified – in hierarchical order – in the Kingdom Animalia within the
Phylum Arthopoda, Class Insecta, Order Diptera, Family Culcidae, and Genus Aedes.
Within the Genus Aedes, some species includes A. aegypti and A. albopictus (Asian Tiger
Mosquito n. d.). Mosquitoes, family Culicidae, belong to the order Diptera, the twowinged flies.
The family is a large and abundant group which occurs throughout temperate and tropical regions
of the world, and well beyond the Arctic Circle. The family includes 3,563 species classified in
two subfamilies and 113 genera. The subfamily Anophelinae has three genera and Culicinae has
110 genera segregated into 11 tribes. Many species traditionally included in genera Aedes and
Ochlerotatus are regarded as incertae sedis in 'Aedes' and 'Ochlerotatus' sensu auctorum (Harbach
2008).
2.1.2.4 Harmful Effects of Mosquitoes
Blood serves as a source of protein for their eggs. Male mosquitoes do not consume blood.
Mosquito bites pose a considerable health risk, with mosquito-borne diseases causing millions of
deaths a year worldwide. Malaria, one of the most commonly known diseases unique to mosquitos,
killed around 438,000 people globally in 2015 (Leonard 2018).
The risk of developing a serious disease is the most dangerous outcome of a mosquito bite.
There are several harmful infections that mosquitoes can carry and transmit, including: Malaria in
which parasites cause this life-threatening disease by infecting and destroying red blood cells. Zika
virus causes the disease to congenital anomalies if a woman becomes pregnant after receiving a
mosquito bite. Yellow fever that causes inflammation in the brain and spinal cord Dengue fever
P a g e 14 |
can trigger high fever, rash, muscle soreness, and joint pain and; Chikungunya in which joint pain,
headache, rash, and fever are common (Leonard 2018).
2.2 Related Studies
In the study of College of Medicine - Cebu Doctors’ University researchers C. R.
Castañeda et al (2008) the mean number of cockroaches killed in all 7 trials after spraying the
different interventions follows: 20 ± 00 cockroaches for the positive control group; 0.14 ± 0.37
cockroaches for negative control group; 17.71 ± 1.11 cockroaches for the experimental group.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the mean number of cockroaches killed after the
administration of different treatments in the different groups differs significantly from each other
at p-value <0.05. Bonferonni test showed a significant difference (at p-value <0.05) in the mean
number of cockroaches killed after the administration of different treatments between the
Experimental and Negative Control Group, the Experimental and Positive Control Group, and the
Positive Control Group and Negative Control Group.
However, in 2012, R. Marina, and E. P. Astuti presented the various effort have been done
to control the mosquitoes, including using plant extract as repellent. Pandanus amaryllifolius and
Notophanax scutellarium leaf were known to posses repellent activity for mosquito species. The
study aimed to examine efJectiveness of P. amaryllifolius and N. scutellarium leaves as repellent
for Ae. albopictus. The result study on 1 hr treatment showed that power protection of pandan
leaves (N. scutellarium) was 93.55%, while mangkokan leaves (P. amaryllifolius) was 87.5%.
Based on ANOVA analysis, there was not significantly different of power protection between N.
scutellarium leaves and P. amaryllifolius leaves extracts against Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Both
P a g e 15 |
of these test, plants has showed the potential to be a repellent and eliminate the emergence of Ae.
albopictus mosquitoes, so it may effectively reduce contact between host and dengue vector.
According to A. F. Faras et al. (2013), at the very beginning, it should be noted that it was
not possible to carry out soxhlet extraction using both the solvents. However, it was possible to
carry out extraction at steady state condition. It can be seen from Figure 1 and 2 that in case of E.
coli, stationary state extractions using ethanol and distilled water showed enhanced growth, and it
was very prominent with ethanolic extract. The soxhlet extract in distilled water did not have any
significant effect on growth. Figure 3 and 4 indicates that Micrococcus aureus showed significant
growth enhancement with ethanolic extracts prepared under stationary conditions at 25 oC to 28

o
C and soxhlet extract in distilled water. This is in agreement with the previous observation
(Dumaoal et al., 2010). The reducing sugar content of the extracts was 17 percent on an average
as glucose and total carbohydrate content was 22%. This was independent of the solvent used in
extraction procedures.
Furthermore, the study of S. Sittichok et al. (2013) states that the herbal essential oils, from
C. citratus oil, C. nardus oil and S. aromaticum oil in ethyl alcohol at 10% concentrations against
P. americana, were compared with naphthalene, as shown in Table 2. The optimal mean number
of cockroaches observed with C. citratus oil, showed 0.0±0.0 cockroaches per box. Followed by
S. aromaticum oil and C. nardus oil which showed 0.1±0.3 and 0.5±0.7 cockroaches per box,
respectively. The highest percentage of effective repellency (PC%) against cockroaches was C.
citratus oil, showing 100% repellency. Followed by S. aromaticum oil and C. nardus oil which
showed 90 and 81% repellency, respectively. The highest percentage of effective attractancy
(PS%) was C. nardus oil showing 19% attractancy towards cockroaches. The index of reaction (I)
P a g e 16 |
of herbal essential oils when being compared with the control, ranged from -1.00 for C. citratus
oil, -0.63 for C. nardus oil and -0.80 for S. aromaticum oil, respectively.
Lastly, the study of J. Li and S. H. So (2003) indicates that the undiluted crude aqueous
pandan extract was tested to establish whether our compound of interest was found in the aqueous
fraction. Data collected indicated 62 % attraction of the nymphs by the aqueous pandan extract,
thus confirming that repellent compounds, if any, were not present in appreciable amounts in the
aqueous fraction. Acetone-pandan (AP) extract also demonstrated considerable attractancy (PS >
60 %) at increasing concentrations. Practical applications of these observations might be to
enhance cockroach mortality by adding the scented attractants to insecticides.
Repellency against the B. germanica nymphs increased with increasing concentrations of
AP extract (PC = 65-93 %), whereas repellency increased with decreasing concentrations of
pandan essence (PC = 67-85 %) and hexane-pandan extract (PC = 6883 %). AP extract is a highly
effective repellent as its repellency is projected to increase until it tapers off at an optimum
efficiency level with higher concentrations, making it possible for its efficiency level to be
controlled. However, AP extract in any solvents in higher concentration (1-2 % dichloromethane)
will deteriorate by polymerisation. Thus the test stock solution (1%) was only diluted in this study,
not concentrated. Purification or synthesis of the chemical was also expensive and time-
consuming, hence making future prospects of exploiting AP extract commercially limited. The
trend for repellency of pandan essence and the hexane-pandan extract showed that their minimum
working concentrations corresponded to their optimum concentrations. It might thus be
worthwhile to investigate further into the effects of these chemicals as repellents to other species
of cockroaches. The artificial pandan flavouring emitted a similar scent to pure AP extract. As the
latter showed high repellency when dissolved in dichloromethane, we would expect both the
P a g e 17 |
artificial pandan flavoring and dichloromethane-pandan extract to exhibit similar properties.
However, no trend was found in the effects of the two test chemicals on the nymphs. The results
showed alternating attractancy and repellency, suggesting that AP extract might have been
degraded during the extraction process. Interestingly, AP extract is the characterizing flavor of
certain species of aromatic rice (e.g. Thai fragrant rice) with its nutty popcorn aroma. It is also
important to wheat bread crust aroma. Yet, cockroaches do not shun rice pails in households, and
bread is a well-known favourite with the insects. Hence, either certain synergists are present within
intact, mature pandan leaves, or only pure AP extract acts as a repellent. It could also be possible
that attractancy of the high carbohydrate (choice energy source of cockroaches) content and
perhaps other aromatic components of bread and rice effectively masked the repellent effects of
AP extract.
P a g e 18 |
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This study is under the experimental research design. The Pandan leaves extracts had
used as mosquito repellant and its effectiveness had observed to prove that it could be an
alternative repellant for insects like mosquitos.
3.2 Research Locale
This study has been conducted at a residential house at C.S Fojas Subdivision, Daang
Amaya 2, Tanza, Cavite 4108.
3.3 Materials
This study utilize Pandan leaves that has been gathered in a small barangay of Julugan I,
Tanza, Cavite 4108. Extractor device with 100mL solution of 70% ethanol and 30% water was
used to extract the macerated pandan leaves to get the extract. Other materials such as scissors,
plastic container, mortar and pestle, cloth, commercial mosquito repellent lotion, and sweat has
also used by the researchers in order to accomplish the study.
P a g e 19 |
Figure 1: Materials needed to use; Pandan leaves, macerated Pandan leaves, extracted
Pandan leaves, scissors, cloth, and plastic container
3.4 Methods
3.4.1 Gathering and Preparation of Pandan leaves
Pandan leaves has been gathered in a fresh Pandan plant. After it, cleaning of Pandan
leaves using a running water in a faucet will be the next and will placed in a clean cloth or towel
to let it dry.
After cleaning and drying, the pandan leaves have been macerated using mortar and
pestle properly. The macerated pandan leaves has been placed in a funnel connected to an
extractor device with an Erlenmeyer flask to put the extract in it and had put 100mL solution of
70% ethanol and 30% water to start extracting the juice of it by pumping manually the trigger
of the extractor device.
Figure 2: Cleaning the Pandan Leaves
P a g e 20 |
3.4.2 Identification of Clustered Mosquitoes in the Area
Mosquitoes are active before and after of sunrise and sunset. The researchers takes the
time before and after the sunset. At around 2 hours – that is from 5:00 PM till 7:00 PM, the
whole observation of repellency testing will be done and will take documentation by using a
hidden camera that is capturing the plastic container with various materials in it.
Figure 3: Designated area of doing the experiment proper.
3.4.3 Mosquito Attractor
The experiment needed a piece of cloth with sweat. The sweat was measure about 5mL.
Mosquitoes are attracted to water surfaced area and since sweat is a form of water produced by
body. One of the researchers goes jogging to produce sweat that have been used for the
experiment.
P a g e 21 |
Figure 4: Piece of cloth with sweat.
3.4.4 Repellency Testing
3.4.4.1 Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to Mosquitoes
A 6 mL commercial mosquito repellent lotion was spread on a container. Observation
of repellency of mosquito to the said commercial mosquito repellent lotion was done after
several minutes.
Figure 5: Commercial mosquito repellent lotion.
3.4.4.2 Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
Raw pandan leaves releases aroma and scent that is usable in many things. The
preparation of raw pandan leaves was used in the experiment must be clean and washed. First,
a 100 grams of raw pandan leaves will be placed in a container. The said container with raw
pandan leaves was placed in an area of clustered mosquitoes. The effectiveness of pandan leaves
as a repellent to mosquitoes was observed.
P a g e 22 |
Figure 6. Raw pandan leaves
3.4.4.3 Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
A 90 grams of macerated pandan leaves – which excludes its juice – was used in this
instance. Instead of using the extracted juice of pandan leaves, only the leaves of it from being
macerated was used. The macerated pandan leaves has placed in a clean container. These has been
placed in an area of clustered mosquitoes and will be observed after several minutes of exposure.
Figure 7. Macerated Pandan leaves
3.4.4.4 Extracted Juice of Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
P a g e 23 |
The 110 mL juice of an extracted pandan leaves was analyzed experimentally. With the
use of materials such as mortar and pestle and an extractor device for pandan leaves, it would
be easier to get the juice of it. The extracted juice of pandan leaves will be put in a container.
These things has also placed in an area of clustered mosquitoes. After 2 hours, it has been
observed and analyze if it is a good repellent against mosquitoes.
Figure 8. Extracted Juice of Pandan leaves
P a g e 24 |
P a g e 25 |
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Repellency Testing of Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to Mosquitoes
Table 1. Analyses of Repellency Testing of Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to Mosquitoes

Analyses
Time Interval
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
0 – 15 mins. Mosquitoes evading the Mosquitoes avoid Mosquitoes avoid
sample a little bit. flying near the flying near the
sample. This means sample. This means
that the sample is that the sample is
effective. effective.
15 – 30 mins. Mosquitoes avoid Mosquitoes repels Mosquitoes repels
flying near the sample. from the sample. from the sample.
This means that the Effective at all. Effective at all.
sample is effective.
30 – 45 mins. Mosquitoes repels Mosquitoes repels Mosquitoes repels
from the sample. from the sample. from the sample.
Effective at all. Effective at all. Effective at all.
A test of a commercial mosquito repellent lotion has indicated the effectiveness in
repelling mosquitoes. In the first 15 minutes of the first trial, mosquitoes are quite avoiding the
P a g e 26 |
sample. And at 30 minutes, mosquitoes avoid flying near the sample results in having effectiveness
of it. On the second trial at 15 minutes, the mosquitoes avoid flying near the sample. And at 30
minutes and onwards, the sample is effective at all. Last trial at 15 minutes, the mosquitoes also
avoid flying near the sample. And also at 30 minutes and onwards, the sample is effective at all
since mosquitoes are evading the sample more frequently. The range of time of observation reached
2 hours (the time of observance), the off lotion was effective in repelling mosquitoes. The
commercial mosquito repellent has said to be effective after the test has been observed.
4.2 Repellency Testing of Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
Table 2. Analyses of Repellency Testing of Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
Analyses
Time Interval
0 – 15 mins. Mosquitoes flying Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids
above the sample. Not flying near the flying near the
very effective. sample. The sample sample. The sample
implies a slight implies a slight
effectivity. effectivity.
15 – 30 mins. Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids
flying near the sample. flying near the flying near the
The sample implies a sample. The sample sample. The sample
slight effectivity. implies a slight implies a slight
30 – 45 mins. Mosquitoes repelling as Mosquitoes repelling Mosquitoes
it smells the surface of as it smells the repelling as it smells
the sample. The sample surface of the sample. the surface of the
becomes effective at all. The sample becomes sample. The sample
effective at all. becomes effective at
all.
P a g e 27 |
In the repellency test using raw Pandan leaves, it is not that effective to mosquito compare
to the commercial mosquito repellent lotion from 0 to 15 minutes. After 15 minutes from the first
trial, the raw Pandan leaves became slightly effective that the mosquitoes start to avoid the sample.
The effect is similar to the commercial product used in the experiment. An other 15 minutes had
past, the sample of raw Pandan leaves is now mostly effective as the mosquitoes started to fade
away. Then the sample became really effective since there is no mosquito observed near the sample
as the time goes by. The second trial indicates same things in the 15 minutes first interval that the
sample implies a slight effectivity. At the 30 minutes interval, mosquitoes avoids flying near the
sample which implies also slight effectivity. And the rest of the trial, mosquitoes repels from the
sample that reveals effectivity. The last trial, on the first 30 minutes, the sample also implies a slight
effectivity. And the rest of the interval indicates sample as an effective one against mosquito. This
test indicated that the raw Pandan leaves are less effective than commercial repellent product as it
takes more time to repel mosquitoes.
4.3 Repellency Testing of Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosqitoes
Table 3. Analyses of Repellency Testing of Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosqitoes

Analyses
Time Interval
P a g e 28 |
0 – 15 mins. Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids
flying near the sample. flying near the flying near the
Slight effectivity of the sample. The sample sample. The sample
sample possess. implies a slight implies a slight
15 – 30 mins. Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes avoids Mosquitoes repels
flying near the sample. flying near the from the sample.
The sample implies a sample. The sample Effective at all.
slight effectivity. implies a slight
effectivity.
A test of macerated Pandan leaves is said to be effective in repelling mosquitoes. In the first
15 minutes of first trial, macerated Pandan leaves is not very effective. As the time reached 30
minutes, the macerated Pandan leaves is slightly effective in repelling mosquitoes. Until the time
reached 2 hours (the time of observance), the macerated Pandan leaves becomes more effective in
repelling mosquitoes. The first 15 minutes of second trial implies slight effectivity and the 30
minutes range also possess the same matter. The interval from 30 - 45 minutes onwards reveals
effectivity at all of sample from mosquitoes. The last trial of 15 minutes implies slight effective and
P a g e 29 |
the rest of the time possess same matter from the Trial 2 which indicates effectivity at all. This
means that macerated Pandan leaves is more effective in repelling mosquitoes compared to
commercial mosquito repellent and raw Pandan leaves in repelling mosquitoes.
4.4 Repellency Testing of Extracted Juice of Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes
Table 4. Analyses of Repellency Testing of Extracted Juice of Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes

Analyses
Time Interval
0 – 15 mins. Some of the mosquitoes Mosquitoes evading Mosquitoes evading
does not fly near the at the sample. Mostly at the sample.
sample. Mostly effective. Mostly effective.
effective at all.
15 – 30 mins. Mosquitoes evading at Mosquitoes Mosquitoes
the sample. Mostly completely repels completely repels
effective. from the sample. from the sample.
Very effective at all. Very effective at all.
30 – 45 mins. Mosquitoes completely Mosquitoes Mosquitoes
repels from the sample. completely repels completely repels
Very effective at all. from the sample. from the sample.
Very effective at all. Very effective at all.
repels from the sample. completely repels completely repels
Very effective at all. from the sample. from the sample.
Very effective at all. Very effective at
all.
repels from the completely repels completely repels
sample. Very effective from the sample. from the sample.
at all. Very effective at all. Very effective at
all.
all.
P a g e 30 |
all.
Very effective at all. Very effective at
at all.
all.
The experiment with the extracted Pandan leaves indeed resulted that in the first trial of 15
minutes, it is observed that the mosquito did not fly near the said sample. In the next 15 minutes, it
seems that the smell is cracking and the mosquitoes are really avoiding it. It can said that the
extracted Pandan leaves are really effective as mosquito repellent since after the interval of time
from 30 minutes until 2 hours really signifies the repellency. At the second trial of 15 minutes, the
sample releases aromatic smell that makes mosquitoes repel and makes it effective. The trial from
30 minutes onwards justifies the high effectivity of the sample as repellent. On the last trial, same
things possess like in the second trial wherein at 15 minutes and 30 minutes, sample is effective
and very effective at all respectively.
P a g e 31 |
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
The commercial mosquito repellent lotion was spread on a container. In the interim, the
perception of repellency of mosquito to the said commercial mosquito repellent lotion was done after
a few minutes. And after, that the said container with crude or raw Pandan was set in an area of
clustered mosquitoes, and observed after. The macerated Pandan was set in a clean container and have
been set in an area of clustered mosquitoes. Just like the past tests, it was, moreover observed after
exposure. In conclusion, the extracted juice of Pandan was put in a container, and after 2 hours, it has
been observed and analyzed that the lotion that it could be a great repellent against mosquitoes.
A test of a commercial mosquito repellent lotion has demonstrated the viability in repulsing
mosquitoes. The range of time of perception came to 2 hours (the time of observance), The lotion was
compelling in repulsing mosquitoes. And after the test, the commercial mosquito repellent has said to
be viable after the test has been observed. Within the repellency test utilizing raw pandan leaves, it is
not that compelling to mosquitoes compared to the commercial mosquito repellent lotion from to 15
minutes. This test demonstrated that the raw pandan leaves are less viable than commercial repellent
lotion because it takes more time to repulse mosquitoes. The test got to be truly successful since there's
no mosquito observed near the sample as the time goes by. At that point, another 15 minutes had past,
the test of raw Pandan leaves is presently compelling as the mosquitoes begun to go away. Within the
repellency testing of macerated Pandan leaves, it was implied that macerated Pandan leaves is more
compelling in repulsing mosquitoes compared to commercial mosquito repellent lotion and raw
Pandan takes leaves in repulsing mosquitoes. Until the time came to 2 hours (the time of observance),
P a g e 32 |
the macerated Pandan leaves gets to be more viable in repulsing mosquitoes. As the time came to 30
minutes, the macerated Pandan leaves is compelling in repulsing mosquitoes. And, within the
repellency testing of extricated juice of Pandan leaves, it was demonstrated that the extricated Pandan
leaves are truly viable as mosquito repellent since after the interim of time from 30 minutes until 2
hours truly implies the repellency. The experiment with the extracted Pandan leaves indeed resulted
that within the first 15 minutes, it is observed that the mosquito did not fly close to the said sample.
5.2 Conclusion
At the end of the study, the researchers have concluded that Pandan leaves is an effective
repellent to mosquitoes based on observation and analyses. In the experimentation did by the
researchers on three (3) samples of Pandan leaves (raw, macerated, and extracted) and a commercial
mosquito repellent product as a basis to the repellency effect to mosquitoes.
As the result of the experiment, the repellency effect of Pandan leaves is similar to
commercial mosquito repellent product. The fastest and most effective to mosquitoes is the extracted
Pandan leaves. It is said that the aroma of Pandan leaves makes the much precise way on why
mosquitoes are repelling into it and phytochemical is not immune onto mosquitoes. Therefore, this
study conclude that Pandan leaves Pandanus amaryllifolius has proven to be effective to repel
mosquitoes Aedes aegypti.
5.3 Recommendation
The researchers recommend the Pandan leaves as mosquito repellent. Based on the results
in experiment, the Pandan leaves is more effective and it's better to the commercial products like off
lotion. Off Lotion is also a mosquito repellent but it is not too much effective than the natural plant
P a g e 33 |
the Pandan leaves. Pandan leaves is not too much expensive because it can be plant in the backyard.
Pandan leaves is natural plant that does not affect the health of humans compared to those commercial
products that has chemicals that affect the health of human.
P a g e 34 |
REFERENCES
CASTAÑEDA, C. R. et al (2008). “The insecticidal effect of Pandanus odoratissimus L. (Pandan)
leaf extract on Periplaneta americana (common household cockroaches)”. Available at
http://www.herdin.ph/index.php/component/herdin/?view=research&cid=52804.
BOTANICAL ONLINE (n.d). “Mosquito Characteristics: Mosquito description, feeding,
behavior, and reproduction”. Available at from https://www.botanicalonline.com/english/
mosquito.htm.
FARAS, A. F. et al. (2013). “Effect of leaf extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) on growth
of Escherichia coli and Micrococcus (Staphylococcus) aureus”. Available at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/eb72/59f02797d878f013f77c9620722f3c4b03e9.pdf.
HARBACH (2008). “Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory”. Available at http://mosquitotaxonomic
inventory.info/simpletaxonomy/term/6045.
LEONARD (2018). “Should I worry about mosquito bites?” Available at https://www.
medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311485.php.
LI, J. & SO, S. H. (2003). “Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) As A Natural
Cockroach Repellent”. Available at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8a43/9ca93bd060c638a076f0dc698d8db277e2ce.pdf
MARINA, R. & ASTUTI, E. P. (2012). “Potency of Pandanus amaryllifolius and Notophanax
scutellarium as Aedes albopictus Mosquito Repellent”. Available at
https://doaj.org/toc/23387343?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3
A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22t
erms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%2220854102%22%2C%222338
PALMER (n.d). “Pandan Leaves for Insect Repellent” Available at https://www.hunker.

P a g e 35 |
com/13428254/pandan-leaves-for-insect-repellent.
SITTICHOK, S. et al. (2013). “Repellency activity of essential oil on thai local plants against
american cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.; Blattidae: Blattodea)”. Available at
http://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/IJAT/10895705.pdf.
TASTY PLANET WIKI (n.d). “Mosquito”. Available at https://tastyplanet.fandom.com
/wiki/List_of_Insect.
THE EPICENTER (n.d). “Pandan Leaf”. Available at http://theepicentre.com/spice/pandan-
leaf/.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE – NATURAL RESOURCES
CONVERSATION SERVICE (n. d.). “Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to
Genus Pandanus L. f.”. Available at https://plants.usda.gov/java/Classification
Servlet?source=display&classid=PANDA
VIET CUISINE TRADING (2015). “Pandan Frozen”. Available at http://www.vietcuisine
trading.com/fruit-frozen
ZAMBOANGA.COM (2017). “Pandan – Pandanus amaryllifolius”. Available at
https://www.zamboanga.com/z/index.php?title=Pandan_-_Pandanus_amaryllifolius.
P a g e 36 |
APPENDIX A: TABLE OF FIGURES, TABLE, AND FLOWCHART
FIGURES
Figure 1 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 19
Figure 2 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 20
Figure 3 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 21
Figure 4 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 21
Figure 5 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 22
Figure 6 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 23
Figure 7 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 23
Figure 8 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 24
Figure 9 – Figure 13 ……………………………………………………………. 38
Figure 14 – Figure 17 ……………………………………………………………. 39
TABLES
Table 1 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 26
Table 2 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 27
Table 3 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 28
Table 4 ………………………………………………………………….…….… 29
FLOWCHART
Flowchart 1 ………………………………………………………………….….. 25
P a g e 37 |
APPENDIX B: DOCUMENTATION
Figure 9. Filtration funnel Figure 10. Extracting Pandan Figure 11. Pressure reader
Figure 11. Measuring ethanol Figure 12. Pouring Figure 13. Continuous
extracted Pandan extraction of Pandan
P a g e 38 |
Figure 14. Pouring extracted Figure 15. Filtering juice Figure 16. Stirring
juice of Pandan of Pandan Pandan leaves
Figure 17. Pandan leaves on mortar
P a g e 39 |
APPENDIX C: CURRICULUM VITAE
JAN WEXLER SAMBUANG DEJOSEP
B57 L7 Wellington Residences

Tres Cruses, Tanza, Cavite
Contact No.: 09508309532
E-mail Address: jan.wexler11@gmail.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : March 11, 2001
Place of Birth : Manila
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Jan Michael Fairfield
Mother’s Name : Gilda Maricristal Dejosep
Language/Dialect : English/Filipino
Educational Attainment
Secondary Primary
Tanza Senior High School (TNCHS – SHS) Lawa Elementary School
Daang Amaya 2, Tanza, Cavite Lawa, Obando, Bulacan
2018 – Present 2009 – 2014
Hondagua National High School Holy Child Jesus College
Hondagua, Lopez, Quezon Sandiego, Gumaca, Quezon
2016 – 2018 2008 – 2009
Obando National High School Sucat Elementary School
Obando, Bulacan Sucat, Muntinlupa City
2015 – 2016 2006 – 2007
Collegio de San Pascual Baylon
Obando, Bulacan
2014 – 2015
P a g e 40 |
ROME JILFRED CATANGAY LAGUIDAO
B2 L59 Vensdinville Residences,

Sanja Mayor, Tanza, Cavite
Contact No.: 09971013635
E-mail Address: romejilfred_laguidao@yahoo.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : May 27, 2002
Place of Birth : Manila
Gender : Male
Religion : Iglesia ng Diyos (Ang Dating Daan)
Father’s Name : Romualdo Laguidao
Mother’s Name : Erlie Laguidao
Secondary Tanza Senior High School (TNCHS – SHS)
Daang Amaya 2, Tanza, Cavite
2018 – Present
Tanza National Comprehensive High School
2017 - 2018
Langkaan II National High School
Langkaan II, Dasmariñas, Cavite
2014 - 2017
Primary Dasmariñas Elementary School

Don P. Campos Ave., Zone III, Dasmariñas, Cavite
2007 – 2008
P a g e 41 |
SHARMAINE ANN BONTO LEONES
B24 L28 P3 Carissa Homes,

Bagtas, Tanza, Cavite
Contact No.: 09473812141
E-mail Address: chihayaakemi15@gmail.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : October 15, 2001
Place of Birth : Las Piñas City
Gender : Female
Father’s Name : Joebert G. Leones
Mother’s Name : Alicia B. Leones
2018 – Present
De La Salle Santiago-Zobel School – Junior High School

Alabang, Muntinlupa City
2014 - 2018
Primary Almanza Elementary School – T.S. Cruz Annex

Las Piñas City
2008 - 2014
P a g e 42 |
CHRIS JAN ZENAROSA MACALDO
B19 L8 Hauskon Homes,

Julugan 6, Tanza, Cavite
Contact No.: 09676177388
E-mail Address: crisjanmacaldo151@gmail.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : January 4, 2002
Place of Birth : Muntinlupa City
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Bernardino B. Macaldo
Mother’s Name : Carmen Z. Macaldo
2018 – Present

2014 - 2018
Primary Julugan Elementary School

Julugan, Tanza, Cavite
2008 - 2014
P a g e 43 |
JOHN MARK PATARATA
B27 L31 Kaia Homes

Pasong Kawayan II, Gen. Trias, Cavite
Contact No.: 09551592484
E-mail Address: ataratapjm@gmail.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : December 28, 2001
Place of Birth : Sta. Maria, Bulacan
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Ambrosio A. Tejano
Mother’s Name : Myla L. Patarata
Secondary Primary
Tanza Senior High School (TNCHS – SHS) Anahawan Central School
Daang Amaya 2, Tanza, Cavite Anahawan, Southern Leyte
2018 – Present 2013 – 2014
Tanza National Comprehensive High School Sta. Cruz BBD Elementary School
Daang Amaya 2, Tanza, Cavite San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan
2017 – 2018 2008 - 2013
Sapang Palay National High School
San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan
2015 – 2017
Anahawan National Vocational High School
Anahawan, Southern Leyte
2014 – 2015
P a g e 44 |
LUCAS MALAYAW SIPAT
1309 Rubia St. Cuevas Subd.,

Tejeros Convention, Rosario, Cavite
Contact No.: 09156006247
E-mail Address: caslu22ms0112@gmail.com
Personal Data
Place of Birth : Cavite City, Cavite
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Chriseo C. Sipat
Mother’s Name : Emelie M. Sipat

2018 – Present

2014 - 2018
Primary Tejeros Convention Elementary School

Tejeros Convention, Rosario, Cavite
2008 - 2014
P a g e 45 |
KEITHLEENE GOZO TRINIDAD
514 Arvisu St.,

Biwas, Tanza, Cavite
Contact No.: 09352396466
E-mail Address: kltrinidad073417@gmail.com
Personal Data
Place of Birth : Tanza, Cavite
Gender : Female
Religion : Born Again
Father’s Name : Avelino Trinidad
Mother’s Name : Juanita A. Valderama
2018 – Present

2014 - 2018
Primary Felipe G. Calderon Elementary School

2008 - 2014
P a g e 46 |
JUSTINE JADE AMARILLO VALDERAMA
267 C.S. Fojas Subdivision Phase 2,

Contact No.: 09292703788
E-mail Address: jvalderama60@gmail.com
Personal Data
Date of Birth : November 3, 2002
Place of Birth : Noveleta, Cavite
Gender : Male
Father’s Name : Remigio A. Valderama, Jr.
Mother’s Name : Juanita A. Valderama
2018 – Present

2014 - 2018
Primary Felipe G. Calderon Elementary School

2008 - 2014
P a g e 47 |

Repellency Ability of Pandan Leaves Pandanus Amaryllifolius On Mosquitoes Aedes Aegypti

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Repellency Ability of Pandan Leaves Pandanus Amaryllifolius On Mosquitoes Aedes Aegypti

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

showed their support.

supported them on their research.

researchers on how to construct and to make a good research in preparation to college.

to conduct a manageable research.

permission and also advices regarding the research of the researchers.

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………… 2

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………… 6

1.1 Background of the Study ……………………………………………… 6

1.2 Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………… 7

1.3 Research Objectives ……………………………………………….…… 8

1.4 Research Questions …………………………………………………… 8

1.5 Hypotheses ……………………………………………………………… 8

1.6 Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………...…… 8

1.7 Significance of the Study …………………………………………….… 9

1.8 Definition of Terms …………………………………………….…….… 9

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ….. 11

2.1 Conceptual Literature ………………………………………….…..…… 11

2.1.1 Pandan Leaves ………………………………………………...… 11

2.1.1.1 Definition of Pandan Leaves …………………………… 11

2.1.1.2 Characteristics of Pandan Leaves ……………………… 11

2.1.1.3 Classification of Pandan Leaves ………………………... 11

2.1.1.5 Benefits of using Pandan Leaves ………………………. 12

2.1.2 Mosquitoes …………………………………………….………… 13

2.1.2.1 Definition of Mosquitoes ………………………………... 13

2.1.2.2 Characteristics of Mosquitoes ………………………….. 13

2.1.2.3 Classification of Mosquitoes …………………………… 14

2.1.2.4 Harmful Effects of Mosquitoes ………………………… 14

2.2. Related Studies …………………………………………….……………. 15

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………… 19

3.1 Research Design …………………………………………….…………… 19

3.2 Research Locale …………………………………………….…………… 19

3.3 Materials …………………………………………….…………………... 19

3.4 Methods …………………………………………….…………………… 20

3.4.1 Gathering and Preparation of Pandan Leaves ……………….. 20

3.4.2 Identification of Clustered Mosquitoes Area …………………. 20

3.4.3 Mosquito Attractor ……………………………………………... 21

3.4.4 Repellency Testing ……………………………………………… 22

3.4.4.1 Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to

3.4.4.3 Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ……..………. 23

3.4.4.4 Extracted Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ……………… 23

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………..…. 26

4.1 Repellency Testing of Commercial Mosquito Repellent Lotion to

4.2 Repellency Testing of Raw Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes ………….. 27

4.3 Repellency Testing of Macerated Pandan Leaves to Mosquitoes …… 28

4.4 Repellency Testing of Extracted Juice Pandan Leaves

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND

5.1 Summary ………………………………………………………………. 32

5.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………….. 33

5.3 Recommendation ………………………………………………………. 34

1.1 Background of the Study

In the Philippines, the mosquito-borne diseases include dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese

South-East Asia" (National University of Singapore 2009).

dispersed primarily by water (Stuart Jr. 2015).

costly natural repellant that everyone can do so.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

that is harmful for humans.

1.3 Research Objectives

This research will determine if Pandan Pandanus amaryllifolius is an effective repellent

if Pandan leaves has a particular matter as a mosquito repellent.

1.4 Research Questions

 How effective is Pandan leaves as a mosquito repellent?

 Does Pandan leaves has a particular matter as a mosquito repellent?