[SH – PR2 / Practical Research 2]

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[Reporting and Sharing Findings]

Reporting and Sharing Findings, Data

Presentation, Data Analysis and Interpretation,
Synthesis of Findings and Interpretations

Research adheres to certain manner of making public its findings. It is

incapable of convincing any readers of the genuineness of the research
report unless it follows the academically and professionally accepted
standards of writing the report in terms of its language, structure or format,
and acknowledgement or recognition of the sources of knowledge
responsible for making the entire research study reputable, genuine, and
credible basis for effecting changes in this world.
At the end of the topic the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the techniques in listing references;
2. Discuss the process of report writing;
3. Discuss the selection criteria and process of best design;
4. Discuss the description of the respondents;
5. Discuss the sources of data;
6. Discuss the research instruments;
7. Discuss the data gathering procedures;
8. Discuss the data analysis and interpretation; and
9. Discuss the synthesis of findings and interpretations.

Techniques in Listing References

At the end of all pieces of academic writing, you need a list of materials that
you have used or referred to. This usually has a heading: references but may
be bibliography or works cited depending on the conventions of the system
you use.
The object of your writing is for you to say something for yourself using the
ideas of the subject, for you to present ideas you have learned in your own
way. The emphasis should be on working with other people’s ideas, rather
than reproducing their words. The ideas and people that you refer to need to
be made explicit by a system of referencing. This consists of a list of materials
that you have used at the end of the piece of writing and references to this
list at various points throughout the essay. The purpose of this is to supply
the information needed to allow a user to find a source.

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The Process of Report Writing
4 steps of academic report writing:
At it's simplest, there are 4 straightforward steps to academic report
writing: Plan, Write, Reference your sources, and Review.
Step 1. Plan
Before putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard!), it is important
to plan your approach to the assignment. This includes:
Define the purpose - Make sure you have carefully read and analysed the
assignment and have a clear idea of the exact purpose.
Gather information - Use a variety of sources in your research, and be aware
of the ABC's of each source:
Authorship (who has written this material?)
Bias (might the author be biased in any particular way)
Currency (how up-to-date or relevant is this source?)
Be sure to keep track of each source you use, so that you'll be able to
correctly reference each of your sources in the final essay.
Structure your material - Try not to impose a structure too early; gather your
ideas, assess them, then organise and evaluate them. Once this is done, you
can identify the 3 to 5 main ideas around which to structure the report or
essay. The overall structure of a report or essay should look something like
this:
Introduction - outlining your approach to the report or essay
Body - 3 to 5 main points; 1 or 2 paragraphs for each main point
Summary and/or conclusions - summarise/conclude your main message
List of references - list all sources used in preparing the report or essay
Step 2. Write
Many people mistakenly begin at this stage! You'll find it much easier to
write a good paper after you have clarified the purpose, gathered the
relevant information, assessed and evaluated the information, and planned
the structure (as described above).
Most writing advice suggests that you begin by writing a rough draft of each
of the main sections first. After this, you can more easily write the
introduction (outlining your approach) and the summary/conclusion
(summarising the key ideas of the report or essay).
The introduction is one of the most important paragraphs. An effective
introduction introduces the topic and purpose of the report or essay and
outlines your approach, i.e. the main ideas that will be developed within
it. After reading just the introduction, the reader should know (i)
the purpose of the paper and (ii) the main ideas which will be covered within
it.
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[Reporting and Sharing Findings]

Step 3. Reference your Sources

Refer to the Basics of Correct Referencing to find guidelines for citing and
referencing all of the sources you use in your report or essay.
Step 4. Review
Once your first draft is written, it's time to refine and revise, taking care to
use a clear writing style. Finally, proof-read from start to finish; it is often
useful to ask someone else to do this, as errors can go unnoticed when you
have worked on a piece of writing for some time.

Selection Criteria and Process of Best Design

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Best Design
1. The research design, methods or techniques used as defined from
different sources
2. A discussion of how this method/s was/were used in the present study.

The Description of the Respondents

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Respondents or Subject of
the Study
1. The first paragraph should discuss the topic or subject of the research
2. The size of population and its important characteristics in relation to
what is studied.
3. Include the sample size and the sampling technique used.
4. Include also the variables considered in case there are equating factors,
the strata in case of stratified sampling or percentages in case of
proportional sampling.
5. A distribution table for the sample size which is followed by a discussion.

The Sources of Data and the Research Instruments

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing the Sources of Data
1. The section deals with a detailed description of the research instruments
used in the research such as questionnaire, pre-test, post-test, structured
interview, observation, actual measurement using tools or equipment and
others. Response manner to the questionnaire or test should be
mentioned.
2. In case of researcher-made instruments, validation process should be
discussed and figures or results must be presented when statistical
measures were used.
Course Module
 3. If the instruments were adopted, the author should be recognized and
source should be documented.

The Data Gathering Procedure

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing Data Gathering Procedure
1. This section discusses in paragraph form the different activities
undertaken to complete the research which follows the general
procedure of the study. A Gantt Chart of Activities may guide the
discussion.
2. For experimental or scientific researches, an operational procedure of the
experiment should be presented in which can be supported by a flow
chart for clarity.

Data Analysis and Interpretation , Synthesis and Interpretations

General Guidelines in Reporting and Writing Data Analysis and
Interpretation
1. An introductory paragraph is provided at the start of the chapter
2. Subtitles of sections are based on the questions in the statement of the
problem, stated in declarative form, single-space bold.
3. Table and figure numbers and titles are written in capital lower case at
the center, single spaced. Title should come after the number, arranged in
inverted pyramid.
4. Tables and figures should be in continuous numbering. It should be
presented first before discussion. Enclosed tables with double line on top
should be used. Graphs should be colored.
5. Discussion should follow the format, presentation of the table, the table
itself, analysis and interpretation, then implications. Related literature
and studies may be used to support the findings.
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[Reporting and Sharing Findings]

Glossary
Finding - the act of a person or thing that finds
Reporting - means collecting and presenting data so that it can be analyzed.
Sharing - have a portion of (something) with another or others.

References
Baraceros, Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 2, Rex Book Store, Inc., First
Edition
Baraceros, Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 1, Rex Book Store, Inc., First
Edition
Sarno, Emerlita G. (2010), Tips and Techniques in Writing Research, Rex
Book Store, Inc.

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