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Topic:1 Particulate nature of Matter(IGCSE)

PROPERTIES SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

1. Distance between close together and arranged in a Little apart, irregular Far apart, irregular
particles (Separation) regular pattern called lattice arrangement or arrangement or
and arrangement randomly arranged randomly arranged

2. Movement of the only vibrate Slow and random, Fast and random
particles sliding past over each
other

3. Forces of Strong Weaker than solids Very weak

attraction between
particles

4. can particles move

apart to fill any
volume -------------- No Yes

5. Shape Have their own (definite) shape Take the shape of their Take the shape of
container whole container

6. Volume Definite(fixed) volume definite volume No definite volume;

take the volume of
whole container

Kinetic Theory of Matter

1. All matter is made up of very small particles (atoms, molecules and ions).
2. These particles possess kinetic energy, due to which they are in state of motion.
3. The freedom of movement and the arrangement of movement of the particles is different for the three
states of matter.
4. The pressure of a gas is due its collisions with the walls of the container.
Practice questions

Q.1) Explain the arrangement and movement of particles in solid Sodium chloride? (2)

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Q.2) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of Nitrogen differ from those in gaseous
Nitrogen? (4)

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Q.3) Explain the arrangement and movement of particles in gaseous Oxygen? (2)

Q.4)

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Changes of States
Melting:- The change of state of matter from solid to liquid is called melting e.g., melting of ice. The temperature
remains constant during melting and heat energy is used to change state from solid to liquid.

Freezing:- The change of state of matter from liquid to solid is called freezing e.g., freezing of water. The temperature
remains constant during freezing and heat energy is used to change state from liquid to solid. Evaporation:- The change
of state of matter from liquid to gas at any temperature below boiling is called evaporation e.g., evaporation of ethanol.
Evaporation takes place from surface of water and rate of evaporation increases with the increase of temperature.

Boiling:- The change of state of matter from liquid to gas at fixed temperature when bubbles start coming out is called
boiling. It takes place from centre of liquid e.g., boiling temperature of ethanol is 78oC. Condensation:- The change of
state of matter from gas to liquid by cooling is called condensation e.g., condensation of water.

Sublimation:- The direct change of state of matter from solid to gas is called sublimation e.g., sublimation of Carbon
dioxide and Iodine.

Deposition:- The direct change of state of matter from gas to solid is called deposition e.g., deposition of Carbon dioxide
and Iodine.

Explanation of melting or boiling:-On heating solid, particles gain K.E, move faster and gain enough energy to overcome
attractive forces between them.

Explanation of freezing or condensation:-On cooling, particles lose K.E, move more slowly and attractive forces
develops between them. On compressing a gas, particles come close together and collide more frequently.

Sample Question: Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.

(a) The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures

Answer:- The particles have more energy, move faster, collide more frequently and more particles have energy greater
than Ea.

(b) A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the container but it

does not have a fixed vo (3)

Answer:- The particles move randomly / in all directions in both liquids and gases. No bonds / very weak forces between
particles in gases and molecules can move apart to fill entire volume.The bonds / intermolecular forces between particles
in liquids are stronger than gases and molecules cannot move apart, so fixed volume in liquids.
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Practice Questions
Q.1)

The states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. The diagram below shows how the molecules are arranged in these three
states.

(a) State the name given to the change of state labeled. (3)

(i) A __________________________________________________________________

(ii) B __________________________________________________________________

(iii) C __________________________________________________________________

(b) Which of the changes A, B or C, is endothermic? Explain your answer. (2)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

The diagrams show four sets of apparatus, A, B, C and D.

(a) (i) Which set of apparatus would be most suitable to determine the boiling point of a
liquid?___________________________________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii) Indicate with an arrow on this diagram where heat should be applied. (1)

(b) What would be the effect if the liquid in A was heated strongly? Explain your answer.

Effect:- __________________________________________________________________

Explanation:- ______________________________________________________________ (2)

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Q.2)
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Heating Curve

Cooling Curve
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Practice Questions

Q.1)
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Q.2) The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X.

(a) Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C? (1)

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(b) Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC. (2)

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(c) Name the change of state which occurs in region DE. (1)

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(d) Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used. (2)

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Q.3) Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It has the typical acid properties and forms compounds
called ethanoates.

A pure sample of ethanoic acid is slowly heated from 0oC to 150oC and its temperature is measured every
minute. The results are represented on the graph below.

(i) Name the change that occurs in the region D to E. (1)

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(ii) What would be the difference in the region B to C if an impure sample had been used? (1)

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(iii) Sketch on the graph how the line would continue if the acid was heated to a higher temperature. (1)

(iv) Complete the following table that compares the separation and movement of the molecules in regions C to D with
those in E to F.

BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
“The random motion of particles in gases and liquids is called Brownian movement.”
It can be seen by looking at smoke particles in air through a microscope. The smoke particle (shown as ball) has
a jerky motion. As invisible) air molecules collide with the smoke particle,
they push it about in different directions at random.
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DIFFUSION:-

The mixing and spreading of particles to occupy total available space is called diffusion.

Diffusion does not occur in solids because particles only vibrate. Diffusion in liquids is much slower than in gases because
particles move much more slowly.

Diffusion in Bromine:- Liquid Bromine evaporates due to weak forces of attraction between particles. The particles with
a lot of energy escape from the surface of liquid. The particle spread uniformly to occupy whole container due to
random movement of particles due to diffusion.

Sample Question 2:- A student placed a crystal of silver nitrate and a crystal of potassium iodide in a dish of water. After
an hour she observed that

● the crystals had disappeared,

● a yellow precipitate had appeared near the middle of the dish.

Use your knowledge of the kinetic particle theory and reactions between ions to explain these observations. (4)

Answer:- The crystals dissolve to form solution. By the process o f diffusion, particles spread out due to random motion.
The particles collide and react to form precipitate.
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Further Practice questions Paper 4

Q.1)

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Q.4)
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Q.5) A teacher placed a small amount of liquid bromine in the bottom of a sealed gas jar of air. After two minutes
brown fumes were seen just above the liquid surface. After one hour the brown colour had spread completely
throughout the gas jar. Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations. (3)

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b) Explain why nitrogen gas diffuses faster than chlorine gas. (1)
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c) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses? (1)

Q.6)
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Q.7)

Q.8) The distinctive smell of the seaside was thought to be caused by ozone, O3. Ozone is a form of the element oxygen.
A mixture of oxygen and ozone is formed by passing electric sparks through oxygen.

Suggest a technique that might separate this mixture. Explain why this method separates the two forms of oxygen. (2)
oxygen.Technique: _______________________ Explanation: ___________________________
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Q.9)

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