"INDIVIDUAL SPORTS"

An Individual sports is where you play as one team and it refers to a sports in which participants compete
as an individual

Examples of individual sports:

1. ARCHERY

 Definition
-is the art, practice, or skill of propelling "arrows" with the use of a "bow".
-is the sport, practice or skill of using a bow to propel arrows. The word comes from
the Latin arcus. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is
mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is
typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is
sometimes called a toxophilite.

 History
The bow and arrow seems to have been invented in the later Paleolithic or
early Mesolithic periods. The oldest signs of its use in Europe come from the Stellmoor (de) in
the Ahrensburg valley (de) north of Hamburg, Germany and dates from the late Paleolithic, about
10,000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of pine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20
centimetres (5.9–7.9 inches) long fore shaft with a flintpoint. There are no definite earlier bows;
previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by spear-throwers rather than
bows. The oldest bows known so far come from the Holmegård swamp in Denmark. Bows
eventually replaced the spear-thrower as the predominant means for launching
 shafted projectiles, on every continent except Australasia, though spear-throwers persisted
alongside the bow in parts of the Americas, notably Mexico and among the Inuit.

 Equipment
While there is great variety in the construction details of bows (both historic and modern), all
bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the
user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: those drawn by pulling the
string directly and those that use a mechanism to pull the string.

2. BADMINTON

 Definition
- is a "racquet sport" played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs, who
take position on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net.

 History
Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia[n 1] but
the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a
variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term
for "racquet".)[3] Its exact origin remains obscure. The name derives from the Duke of
Beaufort's Badminton House in Gloucestershire,[4] but why or when remains unclear. As
early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet
titled Badminton Battledore—A New Game but unfortunately no copy has survived.[5] An
 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton as "battledore and
shuttlecock played with sides, across a string suspended some five feet from the ground".

 Equipments
Racquets, strings, grip, shuttlecock, shoes

3. BOXING

 Definition
- also called as "pugilism", is a combat sport in which two people engage in a contest using only
their fists.

 History
The earliest known depiction of boxing comes from a Sumerian relief in Iraq from the 3rd
millennium BCE[1] Later depictions from the 2nd millennium BC are found in reliefs from
the Mesopotamian nations of Assyria and Babylonia, and in Hittite art from Asia Minor. The
earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete (c.1650–
1400 BCE), and on Sardinia, if we consider theboxing statues of Prama mountains (c. 2000–1000
BC).

 Equipment
Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent damage
to bones in the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar withoutwrist
wraps and boxing gloves. Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves
are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force
than if they did not utilize them. Gloves have been required in competition since the late
 nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much heavier than those worn by early
twentieth-century fighters. Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to be used
in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more
damage. The brand of gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually
stipulated before a bout. Both sides are allowed to inspect the wraps and gloves of the opponent
to help ensure both are within agreed upon specifications and no tampering has taken place.
A mouth guard is important to protect the teeth and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw,
resulting in a decreased chance of knockout. Both fighters must wear soft soled shoes to reduce
the damage from accidental (or intentional) stepping on feet. While older boxing boots more
commonly resembled those of a professional wrestler, modern boxing shoes and boots tend to be
quite similar to their amateur wrestling counterparts.

4. GOLF

 Definition
- is a precision club and ball sport, in which competing players use many types of clubs to hit the
balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of stroke.

 Origin
While the modern game of golf originated in 15th-century Scotland, the game's ancient origins are
unclear and much debated. Some historians[3] trace the sport back to the Roman game
of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball. One theory
asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe as the Romans conquered most of the
 continent, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into the modern game.[4] Others
cite chuiwan ("chui" means striking and "wan" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese
game played between the eighth and 14th centuries.[5] A Ming Dynasty scroll dating back to
1368 entitled "The Autumn Banquet" shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging
what appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole. The game is
thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages. Another early game that
resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England and chambot in France.[6] The
Persian game chaugán is another possible ancient origin. In addition,kolven (a game involving a
ball and curved bats) was played annually in Loenen, Netherlands, beginning in 1297, to
commemorate the capture of the assassin of Floris V, a year earlier.

 Equipment
Golf clubs are used to hit the golf ball. Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance (or "grip") on
the top end and a club head on the bottom. Long clubs, which have a lower amount of degree
loft, are those meant to propel the ball a comparatively longer distance, and short clubs a higher
degree of loft and a comparatively shorter distance. The actual physical length of each club is
longer or shorter, depending on the distance the club is intended to propel the ball.

5. TABLE TENNIS
 Definition
- also known as "ping-pong, is a sports in which two or four players hit a lightweight hollow ball
back and fourth using table tennis rackets.

 History
The sport originated in Victorian England, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-
dinner parlour game.[4][5] It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were
developed by British military officers in India in around 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with
them.[6] A row of books stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served
as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball

 Equipments
- ball, table, paddle

6. CYCLING

 Definition
- Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use
of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport.[1] Persons engaged in cycling are
referred to as "cyclists",[2] "bikers",[3] or less commonly, as "bicyclists".[4] Apart from
two-wheeled bicycles, "cycling" also includes the riding
of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered
vehicles (HPVs).
  Equipment
In many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle.
These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road
and easing steering at low speeds. Utility bicycles tend to be equipped with accessories
such as mudguards, pannier racks and lights, which extends their usefulness on a daily
basis. As the bicycle is so effective as a means of transportation various companies have
developed methods of carrying anything from the weekly shop to children on bicycles.
Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has developed around the
bicycle as a primary form of transport. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the
most bicycles per capita and most often use bicycles for everyday transport.

7. SNOWBOARDING

 Definition
-is a recreational activity and Olympic and Paralympic sport that involves descending a
snow-covered slope while standing on a snowboard attached to a rider's feet.

 History
Modern snowboarding began in 1965 when Sherman Poppen, an engineer in Muskegon,
Michigan, invented a toy for his daughters by fastening two skis together and attaching a
rope to one end so he would have some control as they stood on the board and glided
downhill. Dubbed the "snurfer" (combining snow and surfer) by his wife Nancy, the toy
proved so popular among his daughters' friends that Poppen licensed the idea to a
manufacturer, Brunswick Corporation, that sold about a million snurfers over the next
decade. And, in 1966 alone over half a million surfers were sold
  Styles
- Jibbing, freeriding, freestyle, half-pipe, border cross, snowboardracing

8. SHOOTING 

 Definition
-is the act or process of discharging firearms or other projectile weapons such
as bows or crossbows. Even the firing of artillery,darts, grenades, rockets,
and missiles can be called shooting. A person who specializes in shooting is
a marksman. Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting,
in shooting sports, or in combat.

 Weapons
Shooting most often refers to the use of a gun, although is also used to describe the firing
of a bow or crossbow.[4] A person who shoots is called a shooter. The term 'weapon'
does not necessarily mean however that it is used as a weapon, but as a piece of
equipment to help the user achieve the best in which they can in the sport.

 Practical uses
 Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such
as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or
shooting pest animals. Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons
released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.
[6] Sometimes "shooting" refers to the hunting activity itself

9. BOWLING 

 Definition
-refers to a series of sports or leisure activities in which a player rolls or throws a bowling
ball towards a target. It is one of the major forms of throwing sports. In pin bowling variations, the
target is usually to knock over pins at the end of a lane. When all the pins are knocked down on
the first roll, this is a strike. In target variations, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to
amark as possible. The pin version of bowling is often played on a flat wooden or other synthetic
surface (which can be oiled in different patterns for different techniques), [1] while in target bowling,
the surface may be grass, gravel or a synthetic surface.

 History
- The earliest known forms of bowling date to ancient Egypt[5] and the ancient Roman empire.
Remnants of balls used at the time were found among artifacts in ancient Egypt going back to
3200 BC [6] Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in material such as leather, and
bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain or even plastic have also been found, indicating
that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight. [6] Some of
these resemble the modern day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms
 are also noted byHerodotus as an invention of the Lydians in Asia Minor.[7] About 2,000 years ago
a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as
close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian Bocce, or outdoor
bowling

 Variations
- Bowling games can be distinguished into two general classes, pin bowling and target bowling

10. RUNNING 

 Definition
- is a method of terrestrial locomotion allowing humans and other animals to move rapidly on foot.
Running is a type of gaitcharacterized by an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though
there are exceptions[1]). This is in contrast to walking, where one foot is always in contact with the
ground, the legs are kept mostly straight and the center of gravity vaults over the stance leg or legs in an
inverted pendulum fashion.

 History
It is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the
ape-like Australopithecus, an early ancestor of humans, to walk upright on two legs.

 Events by type
Track running
Track running events are individual or relay events with athletes racing over specified distances on an oval
running track. The events are categorised as sprints, middle and long-distance, and hurdling.
Road running
Road running takes place on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to track and cross
country running). These events normally range from distances of 5 kilometers to longer distances such
as half marathons and marathons, and they may involve scores of runners or wheelchair entrants.
Cross-country running
Cross country running takes place over the open or rough terrain. The courses used for these events may
include grass, mud, woodlands, hills, flat ground and water. It is a popular participatory sport and is one of
the events which, along with track and field, road running, andracewalking, makes up the umbrella sport
of athletics.
 "DUAL SPORTS"
Dual sports is a sports where in you played with someone else.

Examples of Dual sports:

1. CHESS

 Definition
- is a two player board game, played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64
squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid.

 History
- Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th century, being derived
from the Indian game of chaturanga. Chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern
strategy games xiangqi, janggi and shogi. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the
late 15th century; the rules were finally standardized in the 19th century. The first generally
recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886. Since 1948, the
World Championship has been controlled by FIDE, the game's international governing body; the
current World Champion is the Norwegian Magnus Carlsen. FIDE also organizes theWomen's
World Championship, the World Junior Championship, the World Senior Championship, the Blitz
and Rapid World Championships and the Chess Olympiad, a popular competition among teams
from different nations. There is also aCorrespondence Chess World Championship and a World
Computer Chess Championship. Online chess has opened amateur and professional competition
 to a wide and varied group of players. There are also many chess variants, with different rules,
different pieces, and different boards.

 Strategy and Tactics

- Chess strategy consists of setting and achieving long-term positioning advantages during the
game – for example, where to place different pieces – while tactics concentrate on immediate
maneuver. These two parts of the chess-playing process cannot be completely separated,
because strategic goals are mostly achieved through tactics, while the tactical opportunities are
based on the previous strategy of play. A game of chess is normally divided into three phases:
opening, typically the first 10 moves, when players move their pieces to useful positions for the
coming battle; then middlegame; and last the endgame, when most of the pieces are gone, kings
typically take a more active part in the struggle, and pawn promotion is often decisive.

2. WRESTLING 

 Definition
-is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch
fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds. The sport can
either be theatrical for entertainment, or genuinely competitive. A wrestling bout is a
physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners,
who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position. There are a wide range of styles
with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles. Wrestling techniques
have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand
combat systems.

 History
-Wrestling represents one of the oldest forms of combat. The origins of wrestling go back
15,000 years through cave drawings in France. Babylonian and Egyptian reliefs show
wrestlers using most of the holds known in the present-day sport. Literary references to it
 occur as early as in the ancient Indian Vedas. The Iliad contains references, in which
Homer recounts the Trojan War of the 13th or 12th century BC.[2] Indian
epics Ramayana and Mahabharata contain references to martial arts including wrestling.
In ancient Greece wrestling occupied a prominent place in legend and literature; wrestling
competition, brutal in many aspects, served as the focal sport of the ancient Olympic
Games. Theancient Romans borrowed heavily from Greek wrestling, but eliminated much
of its brutality.

 Mythology

- Some of the earliest references to wrestling, can be found in wrestling mythology.

 The Epic of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh established his credibility as a leader, after wrestling Enkidu.

 Greek mythology celebrates the rise of Zeus as ruler of the earth after a wrestling match with his
father, Cronus. Both Heracles andTheseus were famous for their wrestling against man and
beast.
 The Mahabharata describes a malla-dwandwa (wrestling match) between the accomplished
wrestlers Bhima and Jarasandha.
 Rustam of the Shahnameh (Book Of Kings) is regarded by Iranian pahlevans as the greatest
wrestler.

3. PANKRATION 
 Definition
-was a sporting event introduced into the Greek Olympic Gamesin 648 BC and was an
empty-hand submission sport with scarcely any rules. The athletes used techniques
from boxing and wrestlingbut also other types, such as kicking and holds, locks and
chokes on the ground. The only things not acceptable were biting and gouging out the
opponent's eyes.[1] The term comes from the Greek παγκράτιον [paŋkrátion], literally
meaning "all of power" fromπᾶν (pan-) "all" and κράτος (kratos) "strength, might, power"

 History
-In Greek mythology, it was said that the heroes Heracles and Theseus invented
pankration as a result of using both wrestling and boxing in their confrontations with
opponents. Theseus was said to have utilized his extraordinary pankration skills to defeat
the dreaded Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Heracles was said to have subdued the Nemean
lion using pankration, and was often depicted in ancient artwork doing that. [1] In this
context, pankration was also referred to as pammachon or pammachion (πάμμαχον or
παμμάχιον), meaning "total combat", from πᾶν-, pān-, "all-" or "total", and μάχη, machē,
"matter". The term pammachon was older,[3][page  needed] and would later become used less
than the term pankration.

 Preparation and practice

-The basic instruction of pankration techniques was conducted by the paedotribae
(παιδοτρίβαι, "physical trainers"[13]), who were in charge of boys' physical education.
[14]
 High level athletes were also trained by special trainers who were called gymnastae
(γυμνασταί),[14] some of whom had been successful pankration competitors themselves.
There are indications that the methods and techniques used by different athletes varied,
i.e., there were different styles. While specific styles taught by different teachers, in the
mode of Asian martial arts, cannot be excluded, it is very clear (including in
Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics) that the objective of a teacher of combat sports was to
help each of his athletes to develop his personal style that would fit his strengths and
weaknesses.
4. MIXED MARTIAL ARTS (MMA)

 Definition
- is a full-contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling, both standing and
on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts. The first
documented use of the term mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC 1 by television
critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993.[1] The term gained popularity when
newfullcontact.com, then one of the largest websites covering the sport, hosted and
republished the article.[2] The question of who actually coined the term is subject to
debate.

 History
- During the Classic Greek era there existed an ancient Olympic combat sport known
as Pankration which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills, similar to
modern mixed martial arts. This sport originated in Ancient Greece and was later passed
on to the Romans.

 Rules
-The rules for modern mixed martial arts competitions have changed significantly since
the early days of vale tudo, Japanese shoot wrestling, and UFC 1, and even more from
the historic style of pankration. As the knowledge of fighting techniques spread among
fighters and spectators, it became clear that the original minimalist rule systems needed
to be amended.[70] The main motivations for these rule changes were protection of the
health of the fighters, the desire to shed the perception of "barbarism and lawlessness",
and to be recognized as a legitimate sport.
5. SUMO (相撲 SUMŌ?) OR SUMO WRESTLING 
  Definition
-is a competitive full-contact wrestling sport where a rikishi (wrestler) attempts to force
another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohyō) or into touching the ground with anything
other than the soles of his feet. The characters, 相撲 literally mean "striking one another".

 History
-In addition to its use as a trial of strength in combat, sumo has also been associated with
Shinto ritual, and even certain shrines carry out forms of ritual dance where a human is
said to wrestle with a kami (a Shinto divine spirit); see Shinto origins of sumo. It was an
important ritual at the imperial court, where representatives of each province were
ordered to attend the contest at the court and fight. The contestants were required to pay
for their travels themselves. The contest was known as sumai no sechie, or "sumai
party".

 Ruels
- Some sumo organizations have minimum height requirements for their competitors. In
1994, the Japanese Sumo Association required that all sumo wrestlers be a minimum
1.73 m (5'8") in height. This prompted 16-year-old Takeji Harada of Japan (who had
failed six previous eligibility tests) to have cosmetic surgery to add an extra 15 cm (6
inches) of silicone to his scalp, which created a large, protruding bulge on his head. In
response to this, the Japanese Sumo Association stated that they would no longer accept
aspiring wrestlers who surgically enhanced their height, citing health concerns.

6. AQUATHLON (ALSO KNOWN AS UNDERWATER WRESTLING)

 Definition
-is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle
underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other's ankle band in order to win
the bout. The "combat" takes place in a 5-metre (16 ft) square ring within a swimming
pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in the event
of a tie. The sport originated during the 1980s in the former USSR (now Russia) and was
first played at international level in 1993. It was recognised by the Confédération
Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 2008.

 Rules
-The sport is conducted in a swimming pool with a water depth between 2 metres (6.6 ft)
and 6 metres (20 ft). The competition area consists of a 5 metres (16 ft) square ring and
a 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) wide free area around the ring, both marked with ropes floating on
the surface of the water. One side of the ring is marked with a red rope (known as the red
side) while the opposite side is marked with a yellow rope (known as the yellow side). At
the bottom of the pool, a 5 metres (16 ft) square mat with a white circle in the centre (1
metre (3.3 ft)in diameter) is placed immediately underneath the competition area. At
opposite sides of the mat, a red hoop and a yellow hoop, each measuring 1 metre (3.3 ft)
square in diameter, are located. The red hoop is located underneath the red rope floating
on the pool’s surface while the yellow hoop is below the yellow rope.

 Equipments
-Competitors wear a swimsuit, a diving mask, fins made of rubber or polyurethane,
a water polo cap and two ankle bands (40 centimetres (16 in) long by 5 centimetres
(2.0 in) wide) to which 2 coloured ribbons (20 centimetres (7.9 in) square long by 2
centimetres (0.79 in) wide) are fixed. The Competitor on the red side wears a red or blue
 cap and yellow ribbons while the Competitor on the yellow side wears a white or yellow
cap and red ribbons.

7. ARM WRESTLING

 Definition
-involves two participants. Each places one arm on a surface with their elbows bent and
touching the surface, and they grip each other's hand. The goal is to pin the other's arm
onto the surface, the winner's arm over the loser's arm.

 Equipments
- Technique and overall arm strength are the two greatest contributing factors to winning
an arm wrestling match. Other factors such as the length of an arm wrestler's arm,
his/her muscle and arm mass/density, hand grip size, wrist endurance and flexibility,
reaction time, as well as countless other traits, can add to the advantages of one arm
wrestler over another. It is sometimes used to prove who is stronger between two or
more people. In competitive arm wrestling, as sanctioned by the United States
Armwrestling Federation (USAF), arm wrestling is performed with both competitors
standing up with their arms placed on a tournament arm wrestling table. Arm wrestling
tournaments are also divided into weight classes as well as left and right-handed
divisions. Furthermore, strict rules such as fouls given to penalties (such as the
competitor's elbow leaving a matted area where the elbow is to remain at all times, or a
 false start), and trying to escape a possible arm pin by breaking the grip with the
opponent may result in a loss at the table. Paraphrasing USAF rules, arm wrestlers must
straighten their wrists without a time lapse of one minute during competition.

 Competitive styles
-John Brzenk is known mostly for his array of techniques which change almost every
time he is engaged in competition, even with the same opponent within the same match.
As of Summer 2008, John Brzenk is ranked #1 in North America Ron Bath is known for
his use of the Top Roll technique which emphasizes a 'roll' of the wrist as he brings the
opponent's wrist down.] Travis Bagent, like Brzenk, is known for his wide array of
techniques, coupled with his massive strength and explosive style. Many of Bagent's
matches have ended in seconds. Bagent is considered the best left-handed arm wrestler
in the world and is currently ranked second overall in North America, as of summer of
2008.

8. FENCING, ALSO CALLED OLYMPIC FENCING

 Definition
- is a sport in which two competitors fight using 'Rapier-style' swords, winning points by
making contact with their opponent. Based on the traditional skills of swordsmanship, the
modern sport arose at the end of the 19th century, with the Italian school having modified
the historical European martial art of classical fencing, and the French school having later
refined the Italian system. There are three forms of modern fencing, each using a
different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three
 competitive scenes: Foil, Épée, and Sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to
specialise in only one weapon.

 History

- Fencing traces its roots to the development of swordsmanship for duels and self

defense. The ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on
fencing were written. Treatise on Arms was written by Diego de Valera between 1458
and 1471 and is one of the oldest surviving manuals on western fencing [3] shortly before
dueling came under official ban by the Catholic Monarchs. In conquest, the Spanish
forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, one of the major areas
of strife between both nations.[4][5] Fencing was mentioned in the play The Merry Wives of
Windsor written sometime prior to 1602.[6][7] The mechanics of modern fencing originated
in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and under their
influence, were improved by the French school of fencing. [8][9] The Spanish school of
fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools.

 Equipments
- There are three weapons in modern fencing: foil, épée, and sabre. Each weapon has its
own rules and strategies.

9. SNOOKER (UK /ˈSNUːKƏR/, US /ˈSNƱKƏR/)
 Definition
- is a cue sport played on a table covered with a green cloth or baize, with pockets at each of the
four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A full-size table measures 11 ft
8 1⁄2 in × 5 ft 10 in (3569 mm x 1778 mm), commonly referred to as 12 × 6 ft.

 History
-Snooker in its modern form originated in the latter half of the 19th century. [8] Billiards had been a
popular activity amongst British Army officers stationed in India, and variations on the more
traditional billiard games were devised. One variation, devised in the officers' mess
in Jabalpur during 1874 or 1875,[8] was to add coloured balls in addition to the reds and black
which were used for pyramid pool and life pool.[9] The rules were formally finalised in 1884 by
Sir Neville Chamberlain at Ooty.[citation needed] The word snooker also has military origins, being a
slang term for first-year cadets and inexperienced personnel. [8] One version of events states that
Chamberlain, of the Devonshire regiment, was playing this new game when his opponent failed to
pot a ball and Chamberlain called him a snooker.[9] It thus became attached to the billiards game
now bearing its name as inexperienced players were labelled as "snookers".

 Equipments
- Table
The playing surface, 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 feet 10 inches for a standard full-size table, with six
pocket holes, one at each corner and one at the center of each of the longer side cushions. For
further information see Billiard table, specifically the section Snooker and English billiards tables.
Cloth
The fully wool cloth is usually green, with a directional nap running from the baulk end of the table
towards the end with the black ball spot. The cloth is often called "baize"; however baize is a
much inferior type of cloth sometimes used on pool tables. The nap will affect the direction of the
cue ball depending on which direction the cue ball is shot and also on whether left or right side
(spin) is placed on the ball. Even if the cue ball is hit in exactly the same way, the nap will cause a
different effect depending on whether the ball is hit down table (towards the black ball spot) or up
table towards the baulk line. The cloth on a snooker table is not vacuumed, as this can destroy
the nap. The cloth is brushed in a straight line from the baulk end to the far end with multiple
brush strokes that are straight in direction (i.e. not across the table). Some table men will also
then drag a dampened cloth wrapped around a short piece of board (like a two by four), or
straight back of a brush to collect any remaining fine dust and help lay the nap down. The table is
then ironed. Strachan cloth as used in official snooker tournaments is made up of 100% wool.
Some other cloths include a small percentage of nylon. [48][49]
Balls
22 balls (15 red, 6 colour balls and a white cue ball), 52.5 mm or 2  1⁄16 inches in diameter. For
further information see Billiard ball, particularly the section Snooker
Cue
A stick, made of wood or fibreglass, tapering to a tip, usually ending in leather, which is used to
strike the cue-ball.
Cue-tip chalk
The tip of the cue is "chalked" to ensure good contact between the cue and the cue-ball. This
"chalk" is generally a silica based compound rather than actual chalk of the type used on
blackboards.
Extension
A shorter baton that fits over, or screws into, the back end of the cue, effectively lengthening it. Is
used for shots where the cue ball is a long distance from the player.
Rest
A stick with an X-shaped head that is used to support the cue when the cue ball is out of reach at
normal extension.
Rest head adaptor
An attachment that slips onto a conventional rest head to make a spider or to give a slightly
different bridge.
Hook rest
Identical to the normal rest, yet with a hooked metal end. It is used to set the rest around another
ball. The hook rest is the most recent invention in snooker.
Spider
Similar to the rest but with an arch-shaped head; it is used to elevate and support the tip of the
cue above the height of the cue-ball.
Swan (or swan-neck spider or giraffe)
This equipment, consisting of a rest with a single extended neck and a fork-like prong at the end,
is used to give extra cueing distance over a group of balls. If not available, a regular X rest can be
placed on a spider so it in turn hangs the required distance beyond to provide similar support.
Triangle/rack
The piece of equipment is used for gathering the red balls into the formation required for the
break to start a frame.
Extended rest
Similar to the regular rest, but with a mechanism at the butt end which makes it possible to
extend the rest by up to three feet.
Extended spider
A hybrid of the swan and the spider. Its purpose is to bridge over large packs of reds. Is less
common these days in professional snooker but can be used in situations where the position of
one or more balls prevents the spider being placed where the striker desires.
Half butt
 Usually housed underneath the side of the table, the half butt is a combination of a table length
rest and cue which is rarely used unless the cue ball needs to be struck in such a way that the
entire length of the table is the actual obstacle.
Ball marker
A multi-purpose instrument with a "D" shaped notch, which a referee can place next to a ball, in
order to mark the position of it. They can then remove the ball to clean it; also used to judge if a
ball is preventing a colour from being placed on its spot and to judge if the cue ball can hit the
extreme edge of a "ball on" when awarding a free ball (by placing it alongside the potentially
intervening ball).

10. Judo 

 Definition
-(柔道 jūdō?, meaning "gentle way") was created as a physical, mental and
moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Kanō Jigorō(嘉納治五郎). It is generally
categorized as a modern martial art which later evolved into a combat and Olympic sport.
Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to
either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an
opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or
a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of
judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or
free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.
  History
-The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and
educator Kanō Jigorō (嘉納 治五郎?, Jigoro Kano, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke
Jigorō (嘉納 新之助?, Jigorō Shinnosuke). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family.
His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi
shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-
Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to
Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government.

 Techniques
-There are three basic categories of waza (技?, techniques) in judo: nage-waza (投げ技?,
throwing techniques), katame-waza (固技?, grappling techniques) and atemi-waza (当て
身技?, striking techniques).[20] Judo is most known for nage-waza and katame-waza.
[21]
Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to ukemi (受け身?,
break-falls), in order that nage-waza can be practiced without significant risk of injury.
Several distinct types of ukemi exist, including ushiro ukemi (後ろ受身?, rear
breakfalls); yoko ukemi (横受け身?, side breakfalls); mae ukemi (前受け身?, front
breakfalls); andzenpo kaiten ukemi (前方回転受身?, rolling breakfalls)[22]The person who
performs a Waza is known as tori (取り?, literally "taker") and the person to whom it is
performed is known as uke (受け?, "receiver").

“TEAM SPORTS”
A team sport is an activity in which individuals are organized into opposing teams which
compete to win. Examples are basketball, volleyball, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket,
baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey.
Example of team sports are:

11. SYNCHRONIZED SWIMMING

 Definition
- is a hybrid form of swimming dance and gymnastics, consisting of swimmers performing a
synchronized routine of elaborate moves in the water, accompanied by music.

 History
At the turn of the 20th century, synchronised swimming was known as water ballet. The first
recorded competition was in 1891 in Berlin, Germany. Many swim clubs were formed around that
time, and the sport simultaneously developed in Canada. As well as existing as a sport, it often
constituted a popular addition to Music Hall evenings, in the larger variety theatres of London or
Glasgow which were equipped with huge on-stage water tanks for the purpose.

 Basic skills
- Sculls, egg beater, lifts, positions, routine

12. BASKETBALL
 Definition
- is a dual sports, the objective being to shoot a ball through a basket horizontally positioned to
score points while following a set of rules.

 History
- In early December 1891, Canadian Dr. James Naismith,[4] a physical education professor and
instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School [5] (YMCA)
(today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts was trying to keep his gym class active
on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper
levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too
rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed
a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.0 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this
peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or
point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed,
[6]
 allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time.

 Equipment
- The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat, rectangular
surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment
such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated
stop-clock systems.

13. VOLLEYBALL
  Definition
- is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team
tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.
[1]
 It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Gamessince 1964.

 History
- On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G. Morgan,
a YMCA physical education director, created a new game calledMintonette as a pastime
to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of
its characteristics from tennisand handball. Another indoor sport, basketball, was
catching on in the area, having been invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometers) away in
the city of Springfield, Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to
be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still
requiring a bit of athletic effort.

 Skills
- Competitive teams master six basic skills: serve, pass, set, attack, block and dig. Each
of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over
the years and are now considered standard practice in high-level volleyball.

14. FOOTBALL 
 Definition
-is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with the foot to
score a goal. Unqualified, the wordfootball is understood to refer to whichever form of
football is the most popular in the regional context in which the word appears. Sports
commonly called 'football' in certain places include: association football (known as soccer
in some countries); gridiron football(specifically American football or Canadian
football); Australian rules football; rugby football (either rugby league or rugby union);
and Gaelic football.[1][2] These different variations of football are known as football codes.

 Etymology
- There are conflicting explanations of the origin of the word "football". It is widely
assumed that the word "football" (or the phrase "foot ball") refers to the action of the foot
kicking a ball.[10] There is an alternative explanation, which is that football originally
referred to a variety of games in medieval Europe, which were played on foot. There is no
conclusive evidence for either explanation.
Populatiry

 Popularity
- Several of the football codes are the most popular team sports in the world. [7] Globally,
association football is played by over 250 million players in over 200 nations, [107] and has
the highest television audience in sport,[108] making it the most popular in the world,
[109]
 American football is the most popular sport in the United States, [110] with the
annual Super Bowl game accounting for seven of the top eight of the most watched
broadcasts in U.S. television history.[111] Australian rules football has the highest spectator
attendance of all sports in Australia.[112][113] Similarly, Gaelic football is the most popular
sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance,[114] and the All-Ireland Football Final is the
most watched event of that nation's sporting year
15. RUGBY

 Definition
- is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many
versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century.[1] The two main
types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union. Although rugby league initially used
rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports.

 History
- The Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which
involved the use of the feet. The Roman gameharpastum is believed to have been
adapted from a Greek team game known as "ἐπίσκυρος" (Episkyros)[4][5] or "φαινίνδα"
(phaininda),[6]which is mentioned by a Greek playwright, Antiphanes (388–311 BC) and
later referred to by the Christian theologian Clement of Alexandria (c.150-c.215 AD).
These games appear to have resembled rugby football. [7][8][9][10][11] The Roman
politician Cicero (106–42 BC) describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a
shave when a ball was kicked into a barber's shop. Roman ball games already knew the
air-filled ball, the follis.[12][13] Episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA

 Forms
- Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two forms rugby league and rugby
union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified,
resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union
joined rugby league and most other forms of football as an openly professional sport.
16. FIELD HOCKEY

 Definition
- is a team sport of the hockey family. The earliest origins of the sport date back to
the Middle Ages in England, Scotland and the Netherlands.[1] The game can be played
on a grass field or a turf field as well as an indoor board surface. Each team plays with
eleven players, including the goalie. 

 History
- There is a depiction of a hockey-like game in Ancient Greece, dating to c. 510 BC,
when the game may have been calledΚερητίζειν (kerētízein) because it was played with
a horn (κέρας, kéras, in Ancient Greek) and a ball.[5] Researchers disagree over how to
interpret this image. It could have been a team or one-on-one activity (the depiction
shows two active players, and other figures who may be teammates awaiting a face-off,
or non-players waiting for their turn at play).

 Equipments
- Players use sticks made out of wood, carbon fibre, fibre glass or a combination of
carbon fibre and fibre glass in different quantities (with the higher carbon fibre stick being
more expensive and less likely to break) to hit a round, hard, plastic ball. The length of
the stick depends on the player's individual height.[2] Only one end of the stick is allowed
to be used. Goalies often have a different kind of stick, however they can also use an
ordinary field hockey stick. The specific goal-keeping sticks have another curve at the
end of the stick. The uniform consists of shin guards, shoes, shorts, a mouth guard and
a jersey. Today, the game is played globally, with particular popularity
 throughout Western Europe, the Indian subcontinent,Southern Africa, Australia, New
Zealand, Argentina, and parts of the United States (such
as Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Kentucky,Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania). Field
Hockey is the national sport of Pakistan, and is sometimes assumed to be India's
national sport as well.[3] The term "field hockey" is used primarily in Canada and
the United States where ice hockey is more popular. InSweden the term landhockey is
used.

17. ICE HOCKEY 

 Definition
-is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use
their sticks to shoot avulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice
hockey teams usually consist of six players each: onegoaltender, and five players who
skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing
team.
 History
- The name "hockey" has no clear origin. Its first known mention is from the 1773
book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author:
Including a New Mode of Infant Education, by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel
Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey". [7] The
belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of
England is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in
Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad
Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". The English historian and biographer John Strype did
not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720.

 Game
 - While the general characteristics of the game stay the same wherever it is played, the
exact rules depend on the particular code of playbeing used. The two most important
codes are those of the IIHF[42] and the NHL.[43] Both of the codes, and others, originated
from Canadian rules of ice hockey of the early 20th Century.

18. HANDBALL (ALSO KNOWN AS TEAM HANDBALL OR OLYMPIC HANDBALL)

 Definition
is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a
goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the
other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that
scores more goals wins.

 History
- There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball
called expulsim ludere.[3] There are records of handball-like games in medieval France,
and among the Inuit in Greenland, in the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, there existed
similar games ofhåndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech
Republic, hádzaná in Slovakia, handbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.

 Rules

- Two teams of seven players (six field players plus one goalkeeper) take the field and
attempt to score points by putting the game ball into the opposing team's goal. In
handling the ball, players are subject to the following restrictions:
  After receiving the ball, players can pass, keep possession, or shoot the ball.
 If possessing the ball, players must dribble (similar to a basketball dribble), or can take up to
three steps for up to three seconds at a time without dribbling.
 No attacking or defending players other than the defending goalkeeper are allowed to touch the
floor of the goal area (within six metres of the goal). A shot or pass in the goal area is valid if
completed before touching the floor. Goalkeepers are allowed outside the goal area, but are not
allowed to cross the goal area boundary with the ball in their hands.
 The ball may not be passed back to the goalkeeper when they are positioned in the goal area.

Notable scoring opportunities can occur when attacking players jump into the goal area. For example, an
attacking player may catch a pass while launching inside the goal area, and then shoot or pass before
touching the floor. Doubling occurs when a diving attacking player passes to another diving team-mate.

19. BOBSLEIGH OR BOBSLED

 Definition- is a winter sport in which teams of two or four teammates make timed runs
down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. The timed runs are
combined to calculate the final score.

 History- Although sledding on snow or ice had been popular in many northern countries
( such as Arctic), bobsleighing as a modern sport originated relatively recently. It
developed from two crestas (skeleton sleds) attached together with a board and with a
steering mechanism attached to the front cresta. The sport had humble beginnings,
starting when the successful marketing of hotelier Caspar Badrutt (1848–1904) enticed
English tourists were to stay over the winter in the mineral spa town of St. Moritz,
Switzerland. Badrutt, annoyed with the limitations of a season of a mere four months for
the rooms, food, alcohol and activities he provided, successfully "sold" the idea of "winter
resorting" to some of his English regulars. In the 1870s some of his more adventurous
English guests began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreation and began colliding
with pedestrians while speeding down the village's lanes, alleys and roads.
  Tracks- Modern tracks are made of concrete, coated with ice. They are required to have
at least one straight section and one labyrinth (three turns in quick succession without a
straight section). Ideally, a modern track should be 1,200 to 1,300 metres (3,900–
4,300 ft) long and have at least fifteen curves. Speeds may exceed 120 kilometres per
hour (75 mph), and some curves can subject the crews to as much as 5 g.

20. CURLING 

 Definition
-is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is
segmented into four concentriccircles. It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard. Two
teams, each with four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granitestones, also
called rocks, across the ice curling sheet towards the house, a circular target marked on
the ice.[2] Each team has eight stones. The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for
a game; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the
conclusion of each end, which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their
stones. A game usually consists of eight or ten ends.

 History
-Curling was invented in medieval Scotland, with the first written reference to a contest
using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire, in February
1541. Two paintings, "Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap" and "The Hunters in the Snow"
(both dated 1565) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling—Scotland
 and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period, which is
also evident in the history of golf.

 Equipment
-The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of
Curling.[16] It is a rectangular area of ice, carefully prepared to be as flat and level as
possible, 146 to 150 feet (45 to 46 m) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet (4.4 to 5.0 m) in
width. The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards. Because of the
elongated shape, several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena, allowing
multiple games to be played simultaneously.

Nabua National High School

Nabua Cam. Sur

s/y 2016-2017
INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM
SPORTS
Submitted by:

Albert Llanes

Josette Bonador

Rizalyn Quiambao

Abegail Abitan]

Catherine Melitante

Mae Pebres

Doninador Sabordo

Jonalyn Nierva

11-HUMSS 2

Submitted to:

Ms. Lalaine P. Tolentino

P.E. & HEALTH Tchr.