CSE376 SAFETY TECHNOLOGY

Lecture 4 - Machinery hazard

Learning Objectives:
 Woodwork machine
 Abrasive wheel
 Cartridge operated tool
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Section 1
Woodwork Machine

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DIFFERENT WOODWORKS
 Circular saw
 Pendulum saw
 Band saw
 Planing machine
 Vertical spindle
machine
 Sanding
 Drilling 3

CIRCULAR SAW
 Two types
 The saw is fixed, it is the wood that moves.
 The wood is fixed, it is the saw that moves.

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GUARDING OF BENCH MOUNT
CIRCULAR SAW

 Under bench guard

 Crown guard
 Riving knives
 Anti-kickback device

GUARDING OF BENCH MOUNT

CIRCULAR SAW
 Below the bench
 Enclose the saw below the table.
 Minimum requirement, 2 metal plates, one on
each side of the saw, not more than 150mm
apart, extending from the axis of the saw
outwards to a distance of not less than 50mm
beyond the teeth of the saw.
 Sawdust must be removed efficiently by dust
extraction system. 6
RIVING KNIVES
 Splitter or spreader, is a high-grade steel set behind
and in line with the saw. It prevents the sides of an
incomplete cut from closing up. If this happen, the
workpiece is liable to thrown back violently at the
sawyer.
 Should be 10% thicker than the saw.
 Rigid and set accurately in line with the saw.
 Held firmly in position by a support below the
surface of the table.
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RIVING KNIVES

 Adjustable
 Not exceed 12 mm
the distance
between the front of
the knife and the
saw teeth
 Extend not more
than 25mm above
the top of the saw
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GUARDING OF CROWN
AND FRONT OF SAW
Guard over the crown
 strong and capable of
easy adjustment
 cover the top and has
flange on each side
Flange
 extend below the
roots of the saw teeth
The clearance between the
guard and the wood at the
cutting edge of the saw
should be as small as 9
practicable.

ANTI-KICKBACK DEVICE
 To be provided when a
circular table saw is used
for ripping purpose.
 To be hinged on the top
guard with points riding
on the stock to be cut to
oppose the tendency of
the saw to force the stock
upward and toward the
operator. 10
OPERATIONAL SAFETY OF CIRCULAR SAW

 If the diameter of the saw is less than 60% of the

maximum which the bench will accommodate, the
peripheral speed of the saw will be too low.
Inefficient cutting means increased risk.
 Badly set and badly ground saws
 produce poor work.
 Never try to clean a running blade.

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OPERATIONAL SAFETY
OF CIRCULAR SAW

 Use push stick when

(1) making any cut less than 300mm in length or
(2) feeding the last 300mm of a longer cut
 Sawdust should never be swept away by hand from
near the saw teeth while the saw is in motion.

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 WHAT ARE AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT
FOR THIS CIRCULAR SAW?

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BAND SAW
A. Steel framework
B. Rubber bonded saw wheels
C. Guide rollers
D. Sliding guide post
E. Hinged safety door
F. Cast table
G. Trunnion for tilting table
H. Adjusting knob
I. Handwheel control
J. Tension indicator
K. Starter
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L. Upper blade guard
M. Fan cooled motor
 Vertical band saw

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BAND SAW SAFETY

Guard narrow bandsawing machines (having a blade of
less than 45 mm
 to prevent contact with every moving part
 To follow manufacturers’ standard
An easily adjustable guard is fitted to protect the part
of the blade above the top guide so that exposure of
the down-running teeth of the saw may readily be
reduced to the minimum for each particular operation.

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 BAND SAW SAFETY
 The adjustable guard for the operative portion of the blade
is fixed to the bracket carrying the guide, so that the guard
is adjusted automatically as the guide is moved up or down.
 The guard is provided with flanges extending beyond the
blade and is long enough to overlap the fixed enclosure for
the top pulley sufficiently far to ensure that, whatever the
position of the guide, the saw teeth are not exposed
between the fixed enclosure for the top pulley and the top
of the adjustable guard.
 The blade of a bandsawing machine should never be
cleared by scraping while the machine is in motion.
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CROSS CUTTING SAW

 3 types:
 Travelling head cross-cut
 The saw and its motor
move along a
horizontal arm.
 Pull over saw.
 The pendulum saw
 The saw is mounted at
the lower end of a
pivoted arm
(pendulum) and is
drawn forward across 18

the work by hand.

LAYOUT AND SPACING IN THE FACTORY
 The machines are laid out so that the wood can be taken
from a stack at the delivery end of one machine and fed
directly to the table of the next one, thus avoiding
unnecessary transport.
 Machines are spaced to give ample room for the movements
of the machinist, and to allow the work in progress to be
stacked between operations.
 Gangways of adequate width enable work which departs
from the normal sequence to be moved to the appropriate
machine easily and quickly.
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LAYOUT AND SPACING IN THE FACTORY

 Adequate working space and unrestricted freedom of
movement allow a machinist to work more naturally, and
therefore more safely than if his movements are cramped and
unnatural.
 Unimpeded gangways reduce the risk of injuries resulting from
slipping or stumbling.
 Avoid untidy stacks of work, avoid irregular gangways which are
often blocked by materials.
 It is recommended that there should be on three sides of every
machine a clear space of 1m more than the maximum length of
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the material to be handled.
 FLOORS
 Irregular or slippery floor surfaces, or accumulations of debris in
passageways or around machines, promote accidents.
 When a machinist slip as he is feeding material, his balance will
be upset and he will naturally tend to fall towards the cutters .
 It is therefore essential that the floor surrounding every
woodworking machine:-
 should be maintained in good and level condition;
 should be maintained as far as practicable free from chips or
other loose materials;
 should not be allowed slippery. 21

FLOORS
 Use an efficient local exhaust ventilation system with
'sweep ups' at floor level. In the absence of such a
system, constant sweeping will be required to keep
the floors clear.
 Accumulations of material in loose piles, either work
in progress or off-cuts, are both dangerous and
untidy and require much more labour to remove
than if the materials are properly stacked or
collected in suitable containers.
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 FLOORS
 Most floor surfaces tend to become slippery in time,
particularly at the machinists' standing positions, as a
result of the constant friction.
 Sawdust has a burnishing effect. Non-slip abrasive
walks are now available on the market; these can be
conveniently stuck onto the floor surface.

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LIGHTING
 Provide adequate illumination for the work being done.
 Illuminate passages, gangways.
 Ensure a good standard of amenity.
 All lights should be shaded to prevent glare.
 Machine lights should be fitted with concentrating
reflectors so that light does not impinges directly on
the eyes of machinists.
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 LIGHTING
 Avoid reflections from work tables or shiny surfaces.
 The nature of the work determines the intensity of
light that is needed, and if it involves operating or
working near high speed cutters, a high standard is
necessary to afford clear definition without eye strain.
 An increase in illumination reduces the apparent
speed of moving objects, and a good standard is
essential to appreciate when high speed cutters are in
motion.
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LIGHTING
 Ill-lighted and gloomy interiors are depressing and
tend to diminish alertness and concentration, whereas
adequately lighted rooms are more cheerful and much
more pleasant workplaces.
 The windows of a woodworking factory should be
regularly cleaned, otherwise a layer of fine wood dust
will reduce the transparency of glazing and its ability
to transmit light.

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 LIGHTING
 Clean walls and ceiling finished in white provide good
reflecting surfaces, and allow the light, whether natural or
artificial, to be used to the best advantage.
 All factories need artificial lighting at some time or another,
and it may be necessary throughout the working period if
the natural illumination is inadequate and cannot be
improved.
 The intensity of lighting should be adequate and suitable
for visibility. Local light should be provided over the
operating areas of machines to supplement the general 27
illumination.

Section 2
Abrasive wheel

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 Abrasive wheels
For grinding or cutting.
Made up of fine particles of
hard substance called the
abrasive, embedded in
mixture called bond.
Aluminum oxide, silicon
carbide.

Grain size: size of abrasive grains, coarse #8 to fine 600.

Bond: vitrified, resinold, rubber, shellac, silicate.
Grade: from A (soft) to Z (hard) 29

HAZARDS OF ABRASIVE WHEELS

 Abrasive wheels can “burst”!
 Wheel breakage
 Defective wheel
 Over-speeding
 Faulty mounting
 Wheel out-of-balance
 Overloading of wheel
 Contact with running wheel
 Flying chips or dust
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 Electric shock
 ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS
 Examinations
 Wheels should be carefully
unpacked, cleaned with a
brush and examined for
possible damage in transit.
 The soundness of a vitrified
wheel can be further
checked by a 'ring' test in
that it is suspended vertically
and tapped with a light non- Immediately before
metallic instrument. If the mounting, all wheels shall
wheel sounds dead be closely inspected and
(cracked) , it should not be 31
sounded by the user
used.

ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
 Handling of abrasive wheels
 All abrasive wheels are relatively fragile
 Prevent dropping or bumping
 Do not roll the wheels
 Should not carry by hands, use trucks or
conveyor belt
 Stack wheels carefully

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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS

 Storage
 Appropriate bins /
drawers should be
provided to
accommodate various
sizes of wheels.
 Organic bond has life
time, it could expired,
normally a few years.
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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
 Wheel selection
 Correct wheel for the correct job, appropriate
size and abrasive.
 Wheel surface could be clogged with particles.
 Soft wheel are preferred for hard materials and
hard wheel for soft materials.

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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS
 Wheel speeds
 Speed in rpm is the
ratio of (peripheral
speed in m/s * 1000 *
60) to (π * diameter
in mm)
 The maximum
permissible speed in
rpm specified by the
manufacturer must be Max
clearly marked on the RPM
wheel. 35

ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
 The grinding machine
 Abrasive wheel must be mounted on the machine
for which they are intended.
 Makeshift machine will cause excessive vibration
and breakage.
 The spindle speed of the machine shall be checked
before mounting of the wheel to be certain that it
does not exceed the maximum operating speed
marked on the wheel.

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 ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS
 Speed control
 Never exceed permissible wheel speed
 Check that spindle speed (mark on machine) does
not exceed permissible wheel speed.
 Wheel will wear progressively, some machines are
fitted with stepped pulleys so that spindle speed
can be increased. A locking device should always be
provided which prevent the step up of spindle
speed before wheel diameter reduced.
 For pneumatic motors, a governor should be
attached to limit the speed. 37

ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
 Mounting of abrasive wheels
 Improper mounting of wheels increase its chance
of bursting.
 Mounting must be done by competent persons
appointed in writing.
 Eye Protection
 risk of eye injury by a wheel breaking or by
contact with the wheel.
 appropriate eye protection (goggles or effective
screens) for the particular work , e.g. grinding 38
and cutting-off operations.
 ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS
 Eye Protection (Cont’d)
 Provide screens on such machines used for short
periods by different workers, when operators are
often reluctant to wear goggles
 Be toughened or reinforced glass, or other suitable
transparent material allowing clear vision
 Comfortable to wear,
 Have the best possible ventilation

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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
Protective screen

Wheel guard with

minimum exposure angle

Gap cannot exceed 3.2mm

Work rest

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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF
HAZARDS
 Work rest
 To be provided wherever practicable.
 Be strong and rigidly clamped to the machine.
 Readily adjustable (otherwise result in risk of
jamming and break-up of the wheel)
 Dust removal
 Can be removed by using wet process or
extraction system
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 SUMMARY OF OPERATING
PROCEDURES
 Floors
 Wheel mounting
 Wheel speeds
 Wheel balance
 Guarding
 Workrests
 Eye protection
 Loose clothing
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ABRASIVE WHEELS – CONTROL OF

HAZARDS
 Portable electric grinder
 Certified double insulated models, i.e. effectively earthed.
 With a tough rubber or pvc sheathed cable incorporating an earth
conductor
 Connect properly constructed plug and socket with an effective
means of maintaining the continuity of the earth conductor circuit.
 Being tested and examined regularly and frequently
 Check the flexible cable and its connections and to the continuity of
the earth conductor

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Abrasive

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Section 4
Cartridge operated tool

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CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

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Components

The muzzle end of the tool shall have a protective shield or guard at least 3
1/2 inches in diameter

Cut-Away View

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 Fasteners

specifically manufactured for use in such tools.

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CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

HAZARDS
 Cartridge operated fixing tool is an instrument designed and
used for driving pins (e.g. nail, fastener) into structural material,
the driving force derived from a cartridge.
 Guns to drive nails into cement or steel for fast fixing purposes.
 Highly efficient but very dangerous.
 Hazards similar to guns
 Penetration of body by flying nails.
 It is common that injured persons are not only workers but
also passer-by.
 The pin could penetrate a wall and emerge in free flight on
the other side.
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 There is also a risk of rebound of nail.
 Nail was designed for concrete and steel, not wood

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“FATAL FACT”

Employee killed
when struck in
head by a nail
fired from a
powder actuated
tool. Tool
operator was
attempting to
anchor a plywood
form in
preparation for
pouring a
concrete wall.
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 “FATAL FACT”
Employees
performing
remodeling
operations building
a wall. Operator was
attempting to
anchor plywood to a
2”x 4” stud. The
nail penetrated the
stud and struck the
victim. One worker
killed when struck
by a nail from a
powder-actuated
tool.

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CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

SUPPLIERS
 Two types
 Direct-acting, the explosive driving force is
transmitted directly to the pin from the cartridge.
 Indirect-acting, the driving force act on a piston
which in turn transfer the force to the pin.
 Only tools approved by the Commissioner for Labour
may be used.
 The tool may only be used by a person holding a
certificate of competency in a form approved by the
commissioner for Labour.
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 OPERATIONAL CONDITION OF
TOOLS
 Every tool must be maintained in such condition that it can be
operated only:
 (splinter guard) When a splinter guard is fitted at the end
of the barrel and is at right angles to the axis of the barrel.
For direct-acting tool, the distance from the outer edge of
the splinter guard to the axis of the barrel shall be
maintained to be of not less than 50 mm.
 (Press against the wall) When a pressure exceeding 5 kg is
applied to the barrel and splinter guard against the surface
to be pierced. This prevent misfire due to dropping of the
tool.
 (normal to wall surface) In the case of direct acting tool,
when the axis of the barrel is at an angle of less than 7 55
degrees from a line perpendicular to the work surface.

Explosive actuated fastening tools

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 OPERATIONAL CONDITION OF TOOLS
 Every tool must be maintained in such condition that
it cannot be operated:
 When the tool is being loaded
 When the tool is dropped from a height of not
more than 300 cm onto a hard surface
 When the tool has been assembled incorrectly or
the separated apart required to be dismantled or
operated for loading have not been firmly locked
together.
 Every tool must be maintained properly and free from
obvious defects. 57

CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

 Pins
 Only pins which correspond to the manufacturer’s
specifications for that tool shall be used.
 The size of the pins, including their caps or rings
shall be in conformity with the bore of the barrel.
 Never try to interchange pins between different
manufacturers or makes and models.
 Cartridges
 In the operation of a particular type and make of
tool, only cartridges which correspond to the
manufacturer’s specifications for that tool shall be 58
used.
CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS
 Tool markings
 Every tool shall be clearly and permanently marked
either on the tool or on a plate fixed to it, with
 The manufacturer’s name and trade mark
 The type or model
 Its serial number
 Storage of tool and ancillary equipment
 All tools, pins and ancillary shall be stored in a tool
box, which is of strong construction and fitting with
suitable means for locking.
 Stored tools must not be loaded.
 A tool when not in use shall be kept in the tool box
which shall be locked and stored in secure place. 59

CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

 Tool box to contain instructions on care and
operation of tool
 The procedure for loading, firing and dismantling
the tool.
 The procedure for dealing with delayed ignition.
 The instruction on regular cleaning, oiling and
inspection.
 The correct method of dismantling or
reassembling the removable parts.
 Instructions on the selection of pins and cartridges
and a guide for distinguishing the strength of the 60
charge in the cartridges.
CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING
TOOLS
 Competent persons only
 Lighting and safe place of work
 Adequate lighting
 Firm foothold
 Safe atmosphere
 Beware of flammable vapours, gases or explosive dust
 Personal protective equipment
 Safety helmets,
 High impact type eye protectors
 Ear protectors
 Actions when defect discovered
 Stop work
 Report the fault 61

CARTRIDGE OPERATED FIXING TOOLS

 Person under 18 cannot use these tools

 No person shall misuse or without reasonable
excuse, interfere with
 Any tool, pin or cartridge
 Any protective equipment

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REGULATIONS
 FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS
ORDINANCE (Cap. 59)
 Factories and Industrial Undertakings
(Woodworking Machinery) Regulations (Cap.
59G)
 Factories and Industrial Undertakings
(Abrasive Wheels) Regulations (Cap. 59L)
 Factories and Industrial Undertakings
(Cartridge-Operated Fixing Tools )
Regulations (Cap. 59R)
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CONCLUSION
You should have learnt :
 Occupational safety on
 Woodwork machine
 Abrasive wheels
 Cartridge operated tools

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