Battad, Elieza G.

BSMT 1A

Activity 1

A. Make an illustration for the following laboratory instruments,

make sure to label the parts, give the appropriate definition and
principles used.

1. Compound Microscope
- an optical instrument for
forming magnified images of
small objects, consisting of an
objective lens with a very
short focal length and an
eyepiece with a longer focal

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length, both lenses mounted in

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the same tube.
Parts:

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Eyepiece: The lens the viewer looks
through to see the specimen. The

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eyepiece usually contains a 10X or
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Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a means
to change focus on one eyepiece so as
to correct for any difference in
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vision between your two eyes.

Body tube (Head): The body tube
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connects the eyepiece to the

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objective lenses.
Arm: The arm connects the body tube
On/off switch: This switch on the to the base of the microscope.
base of the microscope turns the Coarse adjustment: Brings the
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illuminator off and on. specimen into general focus.

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Illumination: The light source for Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus
a microscope. Older microscopes and increases the detail of the
used mirrors to reflect light from specimen.
an external source up through the Nosepiece: A rotating turret that
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bottom of the stage; however, most houses the objective lenses. The
microscopes now use a low-voltage viewer spins the nosepiece to select
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bulb. different objective lenses.

Base: The base supports the Objective lenses: One of the most
microscope and it’s where important parts of a compound
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illuminator is located. microscope, as they are the lenses

Stage: The flat platform where the closest to the specimen.
slide is placed. Iris diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of
Stage clips/holder: Metal clips light that reaches the specimen.
that hold the slide in place. Condenser: Gathers and focuses light
from the illuminator onto the
specimen being viewed.

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 Battad, Elieza G.
BSMT 1A

Principle:

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Autoclave

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An autoclave is a machine that provides

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a physical method of sterilization by
killing bacteria, viruses, and even

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spores present in the material put
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pressure.

Principle:
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• The autoclave works on the principle

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of moist heat sterilization where steam

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under pressure is used to sterilize the

material present inside the chamber.
•The high pressure increases the boiling
point of water and thus helps achieve a
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higher temperature for sterilization.

•Water usually boils at 100°C under
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normal atmospheric pressure (760 mm of

•Water usually boils at 100°C under normal Hg); atmospheric
however,pressure (760 point
the boiling mm of ofHg);
water
however, the boiling point of water increases if the pressure is
increases if the pressure is to be to be increased.
•Similarly, the high pressure also facilitates the rapid penetration of heat into
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increased.
deeper parts of the material, and moisture •Similarly, present in the the steam causes the
high pressure also
coagulation of proteins causing an irreversible loss of function and activityofof
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facilitates the rapid penetration

microbes. heat into deeper parts of the material,
•This principle is employed in an autoclaveand where the water
moisture boils
present in at
the121°C
steamatcauses
the
pressure of 15 psi or 775 mm of Hg. the coagulation of proteins causing an
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•When this steam comes in contact on the surface, irreversible it kills lossthe
of microbes
function by andgiving
off latent heat. activity of microbes.
•The condensed liquid ensures the moist killing •This of the microbes.
principle is employed in an
•Once the sterilization phase is completed autoclave (which depends where on thethe level
water of at 121°C
boils
contamination of material inside), the pressure is released from
at the pressure of 15 psi or 775 mmthe inside of of
the chamber through the whistle. Hg.
•The pressure inside the chamber is then restored •When this backsteamtot eh ambient
comes pressure
in contact on the
while the components inside remain hot for surface, some time. it kills the microbes by giving
off latent heat.
•The condensed liquid ensures the moist
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killing of -05:00
the microbes.
•Once the sterilization phase is
https://www.coursehero.com/file/82479048/Activity-1Adocx/ completed (which depends on the level of
 pressure is released from the inside of
the chamber through the whistle.
•The pressure inside the chamber is then
Battad, Elieza G. restored back tot eh ambient pressure
BSMT 1A while the components inside remain hot
for some time.
Clinical Centrifuge
is a motor-driven device used in
laboratories for the purposes of
separating the components of a liquids.

Principle:
This is achieved through the
sedimentation principle, where
centripetal acceleration results in
denser substances moving towards the
radial direction.

The rotor holds the tubes, bottles, or

bags containing the liquids to be
centrifuged. Different rotor types and
sizes, interchangeable with one another,

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can be mounted on the drive shaft, which
connects to the motor. The motor

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provides the power to turn the rotor.

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Usually, a cabinet surrounds and supports these parts, and also protects the
operator should a tube break or any metal parts fail while the centrifuge is
running. The operating controls and indicator dials for speed and time are mounted
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on the cabinet. Most centrifuges have a brake system to bring the rotor to a
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standstill shortly after the run is finished.

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As the device spins, a large force is created that causes denser substances in the
liquid to start moving and eventually settle outward while the less dense move to
the middle.
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2. Dry Bath
- It is used to heat samples. Dry baths are
often used in molecular biology,
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microbiology, biochemistry and genetic

applications. That capacity of these baths is
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measured in blocks.
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5. Water Bath
- It is used to heat samples. Dry baths are
often used in molecular biology,
microbiology, biochemistry and genetic
applications. That capacity of these baths is
measured in blocks.

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 Battad, Elieza G.
BSMT 1A

6. Hot Air Oven

Hot air oven is the most common
method of sterilization in the
laboratory working on dry heat.
It is a physical method of
sterilization due to dry heat.
Factors influencing sterilization by
heat are nature of heat i.e dry or
moist, temperature and time, number
of microorganism, nature of
microorganisms, type of
microorganism and presence of
organic material.

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Principle

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It works on the principle of conduction where heat is absorbed by the exterior

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surface of an item and then passed inward to the next layer. This method was
introduced by Louis Pasture.

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Electrical device that work on the principle of dry and hot air convection (that
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is circulation of heated air), conduction and radiation. Hot air convection
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process is of two types. a. Gravity convection process: Heated air expands and
possess less density than cooled air which rises up and displaces the cooler air
(the cooler air descends). It produces inconsistent temperature within the chamber
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thus has a slow turn over. b. Mechanical convection: Use of fitted blower or fan
that actively forces heated air throughout all areas of the chamber. This dry heat
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destroys bacterial endotoxins (or pyrogens ) which are difficult to eliminate by

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other means. This property makes it applicable for sterilizing glass bottles which
are to be filled aseptically. Dry heat kills by oxidation, protein denaturation
and toxic effects of elevated levels of electrolytes and it is more efficient.
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7. Incubator
Incubator, in microbiology, is
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an insulated and enclosed device

that provides an optimal
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condition of temperature,
humidity, and other
environmental conditions
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required for the growth of

organisms. An incubator is a
piece of vital laboratory
equipment necessary for the
cultivation of microorganisms
under artificial conditions. An
incubator can be used for the
cultivation of both unicellular
and multicellular organisms.
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 Battad, Elieza G.
BSMT 1A

Principle of Incubator
Once the cultures of organisms are created, the culture plates are to be
placed inside an incubator at the desired temperature and required period of time.
In most clinical laboratories, the usual temperature to be maintained is 35–37°C
for bacteria.
The following are the steps to be followed while running an incubator:
1. Before using the incubator, it should be made sure that no remaining items
are present in the incubator from the previous cycles. However, in some cases, if
the same incubator is being used for multiple organisms, and they require the same
set of parameters, they can be placed together in the same incubator.
2. The door of the incubator is then kept closed, and the incubator is switched
on. The incubator has to be heated up to the desired temperature of the growth of
the particular organism. The thermometer can be used to see if the temperature has
reached.
3. In the meantime, if the organism requires a particular concentration of CO2
or a specific humidity, those parameters should also be set in the incubator.
4. Once all the parameters are met, the petri dish cultures are placed on the

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perforated shelves upside down, i.e., media uppermost. This is necessary because

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if the plates are incubated normally, condensation collects on the surface of the

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medium and prevents the formation of isolated colonies.

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5. If it is necessary to incubate Petri dish cultures for several days, the
plates are sealed with adhesive tapes or are placed in plastic bags or plastic

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food containers.
6.
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Now, the door is locked, and the plates are kept inside for the required
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time before taking them out.
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8. Microtome
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A Microtome is a tool used to cut

extremely thin sections of material
for microscopic examination and
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used in clinical, research and

industrial applications for cutting
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uniform sections of tissue of

appropriate thickness.
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Microtomy is a method for the

preparation of thin sections for
materials such as bones, minerals
and teeth, and an alternative to
: electropolishing and ion milling.
is a sectioning instrument that Microtome sections can be made thin
e cutting of extremely thin slices ofenough to section a human hair
l known as section. Microtome are across its breadth, with section
icroscopy , allowing for the thickness between 50 nm and 100 μm.
on of This
sample for observation under
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ed light or electrons radiation. It
od for the preparation of thin
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 Battad, Elieza G.
BSMT 1A

9. Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometry is a method to
measure how much a chemical
substance absorbs light by
measuring the intensity of light
as a beam of light passes through
sample solution. This measurement
can also be used to measure the
amount of a known chemical
substance.

Principle:
The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a

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certain range of wavelength
1. A sample solution is placed inside the spectrophotometer.

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2. A light source shines light toward the sample.

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3. A device called a monochromator splits the light into each color, or

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rather, individual wavelengths (just like a raindrop makes a rainbow). An
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adjustable slit allows only one specific wavelength of light through to the
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sample solution.
4. The wavelength of light hits the sample, which is held in a little
container called a cuvette. We need to be careful when handling cuvettes; even
a slight fingerprint can interfere with the results.
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5. Whatever light passes through the sample is read and displayed on the
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output screen.
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10. Automatic Pipette

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An automated pipetting system is generally a

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device which performs programmed transfers of

liquid between preselected groups of
containers. An automated pipetting system
obtains a volume of liquid from a source by
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creating suction, or aspirating, and

dispensing this liquid over the destination
container.

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